Presentation on the topic of conditioned reflexes in humans. Presentation for a biology lesson "reflex theory of behavior." Reflex arc diagrams

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Primitive reflexes According to the conditioned reflex theory of I.P. Pavlov, the basis of somatic disorders is a “collision” of reflex processes that imitate a situation of uncertainty and contradiction or the formation of pathological conditioned reflexes. Free presentations http://prezentacija.biz/

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It appears in the early period of intrauterine life and should normally be integrated by 9–10 weeks of gestation. In utero, it manifests itself in the form of “block movement of the head, neck and body away from the stimulus.” The reflex is a reaction of elimination and defense. A delayed reflex may contribute to conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome, selective mutism, hypersensitivity to sensory input, and as a result may lead to physical and psychological disorders such as phobias and seizures. If the Moro reflex can be regarded as a sympathetic response and a trigger for a sympathetic storm, then the fear reflex can be regarded as a parasympathetic response and a trigger for a parasympathetic storm. FEAR PARALYSIS REFLEX Possible additional signs may be an increase in systolic and pulse pressure in combination with muscle hypotension. It appears to be a maladaptive response in humans to conditions with which the individual cannot cope. The fear reflex is replaced by the Moro reflex. Delayed reflex occurs more often in men than in women. The reflex manifests itself in the form of immediate motor paralysis accompanied by: respiratory arrest, decreased muscle tone, insensitivity to external stimuli, bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, activation of the pain suppression mechanism.

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The Moro reflex is a startle response that involves abducting the arms, straightening the legs, and then flexing the hips. Appears between 9 and 32 weeks of intrauterine life. The reflex exists in all healthy full-term newborns. An unconscious and immediate reaction to a threat that protects the child during a period of insufficient, in terms of assessing the reality of the threatening stimulus and choosing appropriate behavior and development. The Moro reflex indicates symmetry of functioning nervous system and preservation of the spinal cord and lower parts of the brain stem. The Moro reflex usually fades away at the age of 4-5 months. The Moro reflex is the rapid extension and extension of the arms and, to a lesser extent, the legs, the extension of the neck and upper body, the opening of the arms, and the rapid inhalation. After instantly freezing in this position, the child bends, brings his limbs together, crosses his arms on his chest, exhaling in a call for help. Basically, in its pure form, the reflex transfers the child from the fearful position to the fetal position. The reflex remains hardwired in the brainstem, but once integrated it is not evoked except in extreme circumstances. MORO REFLEX

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Professor, doctor medical sciences Vaclav Vojta Vojta diagnostics allows you to identify functional pathologies at an early stage of infant development and promptly correct psychophysical pathologies of newborns. Seven positional reactions are regularly used, which can be used already in the newborn period. They are described below in order of how informative they are. Vojta reaction (Vojta 1966/67/69) Traction test (modified by Vojta) Vertical suspension by Papert (Papert-Isbert 1927) Vertical suspension by Collis (Collis 1954) (vertical by Collis, modified by Vojta) Horizontal suspension by Collis (Collis 1954) 1954) (horizontal according to Collis, modified according to Voyta) Landau reaction (Landau, A., 1923) Axillary suspension

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Appears by the 11th week of intrauterine life. Disappears by 2-3 months after birth. It is one of a group of reflexes that occur during intrauterine development, the main characteristic of which is “grasp.” Light touch or pressure on the palmar surface causes the fingers to compress. By 18 weeks after conception, the response becomes more generalized and includes a grasping reflex when the tendons of the finger muscles are pulled. Both responses intensify during fetal development and are fully formed by the time of birth. They should be bright and active during the first 3 months of life and transform by 4-5 months so that the child can hold an object between the thumb and forefinger, like tweezers. The ability to let go of an object appears after a few weeks and, after repeated training, is carried out with noticeable skill. Delayed palmar reflex may result in a lack of manual dexterity, inability to grasp in a pincer-like manner, speech problems due to a persistent hand-mouth relationship that makes independent control of the oral muscles difficult, a hypersensitive palm to tactile stimulation, and mouth movements when attempting to write and draw. Long-persistent palmar reflex is the cause of poor handwriting and inability to draw. The reflex is replaced by the ability to volitionally relax and grasp like tweezers. The plantar reflex occurs at 2-4 months of age and disappears by 6 months. PALMAR REFLEX

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Appears by the 18th week of intrauterine development. Disappears by 4-6 months after birth. Facilitates movement, promotes the development of muscle tone, and stimulates the vestibular apparatus. It has a significant impact on the child’s active participation in the birth process and must be fully formed by birth. Turning the baby's head to the side causes abduction and extension of the limbs on the side to which the face is facing. ASYMMETRICAL CERVICAL TONIC REFLEX The reflex plays an important role in the development of coordination in the hand-eye system. It generates movements of the hand towards an object that causes visual concentration, thus promoting the fusion and potentiation of tactile and visual concentration at an arm's length distance. By 6 months, hand-eye coordination should be well developed and the reflex integrated. If it persists, turning the head when walking will lead to straightening of the ipsilateral limb, imbalance and deformation of gait.

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Thus, the writing process requires significant effort, since it is struggling with an invisible obstacle. Compensation involves squeezing a pen or pencil and applying excessive force, disrupting both quality and quantitative characteristics handwriting The process of writing always requires intense concentration due to the process of recognition, thus the patient may have coherent speech without the complete lack of ability to express thoughts in writing. Preservation of the reflex can lead to repeated traumatic injuries to the shoulder and cervical spine in adult life. The reflex is replaced by a symmetrical cervical tonic reflex. A delayed reflex gives rise to the problem of perceiving the middle. Establishing dominance (leg, eye, ear, arm) is difficult, as is fluidity of movements bilaterally, eye tracking and distance estimation. Rotation of the head can cause a short-term disappearance of the picture or loss of fragments of the visual field. Handwriting may change, since every time you turn your head, the hand is sent to straighten, and the fingers are sent to unclench.

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Appears at 20 weeks of intrauterine development. Disappears by 3-9 months of life. If you put a child on his stomach and irritate lateral surface body, this will lead to flexion at the hip joint and abduction of the lower limb 45 degrees towards the stimulus. The reflex must be symmetrical. Simultaneous bilateral stimulation leads to urination. The reflex may play an important role in the birth process. Contractions of the uterus and vagina stimulate the lumbar region and cause slight rotational movements of the hip, similar to movements of the head and shoulder when provoking the asymmetric cervical tonic reflex. This helps the baby move through the birth canal. The reflex may provide the initial conduction of sound during fetal development, facilitating propagation sound vibrations along a body floating in the fluid of the amniotic sac. This allows the fetus to sense sound. A delayed reflex can lead to urinary incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome, lack of perseverance even for a short time, and discomfort when wearing clothes that are tight at the waist. This can lead to poor concentration and impairment short term memory, to deformation of posture and gait, the occurrence of scoliosis. The reflex is replaced by the amphibian reflex. SPINAL GALANT REFLEX

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Appear at 24 - 28 weeks of intrauterine life. Disappears by 3 - 4 months of life. Searching, sucking and swallowing reflexes should be well developed in full-term babies. A light touch on the cheek or irritation at the corner of the mouth causes the baby's head to turn toward the stimulus, the mouth to open, and the tongue to extend in preparation for sucking. It must be called from all 4 quadrants of the mouth. An irritant for this reflex can be strong pressure simultaneously on both palms of a child lying flat on his back. Stimulation is followed by flexion of the neck, opening of the mouth and closing of the eyes. The baby turns towards the food source and opens his mouth wide enough to grasp the nipple or bottle. The sucking and swallowing movements that follow are vital for early feeding. The reflex is most strongly expressed in the first few hours after birth, then weakens without being reinforced. A delayed reflex leads to the appearance in later life of a feeling of unfulfillment of desires, frustration of hopes, and the inability to “discard” thoughts about any subject. The patient remains sensitive and immature in response to touch in the mouth, especially the lips. The child will have difficulty eating solid foods because the persistent sucking reflex will interfere with the formation of the perfect combined tongue movements necessary for swallowing. The tongue will move too far forward, preventing effective chewing. This may cause saliva to splash into the school age. Manual dexterity may also be impaired, as immature sucking and swallowing movements will interfere with the hands, causing unconscious synchronized movements of the palms. Perhaps the preservation of the reflex leads to the emergence of the habit of sucking a thumb, pen and other objects, and later to smoking, as a manifestation of the need to reinforce the reflex. SEARCHING AND SUCKING REFLEXES

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Appears in utero – flexus habitus. At birth there is. Disappears at approximately 4 months of age. Tonic labyrinth reflex posterior Tonic labyrinth reflex anterior Tonic labyrinth reflex Tonic labyrinth reflex. In the supine position, there is a maximum increase in tone in the extensor muscle groups, in the prone position - in the flexor groups. The labyrinthine and tonic cervical reflexes are constantly observed during the newborn period, but are not as pronounced as all other reflexes. [i] Both are vestibular in origin and both are provoked by stimulation of the labyrinths. Caused by moving the head forward or backward. Flexus habitus (fetal position in the uterine cavity) is the earliest manifestation of the reflex in the “forward” position. Extension of the head with the reflex intact will cause immediate extension of the arms and a step. This enables the child to respond to gravitational influences. Any movement of the head in the vertical direction beyond the midline will lead to flexion and extension, caused by a corresponding redistribution of muscle tone. The reflex is the basis for the formation of a mechanism for establishing balance, balancing muscle tone and proprioception. A delayed reflex leads to poor posture, hypertonicity when the reflex persists in the flexion position, and hypertonicity when the reflex persists in the extension position. Dysfunctions of the vestibular apparatus lead to imbalance and the appearance of movement disorders. There is no desire for sports and physical exercise, oculomotor disorders occur (difficulties visual perception and awareness of space). Poor understanding of cause-and-effect relationships and weak organizational skills. Lack of sense of time. The reflex is confused by the Landau reflex, the symmetrical tonic reflex of the neck and the labyrinthine head positioning reflex.

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A child with a pronounced tonic labyrinthine reflex in the supine position is unable to raise his head or does it with difficulty. with great difficulty, cannot extend his arms forward to grasp an object, and later, having grabbed support, pull himself up and sit down, join his hands in front along the midline and bring them to his mouth. Due to shoulder retraction and lack of rotation, turning from the back to the side and to the stomach is difficult. When traction is applied to the arms to move the child to a sitting position, the head is thrown back and the extensor tone increases. If the tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is pronounced in the child, then he sleeps in a prone position with his knees bent under him (picture) with clenched fists. In the supine baby position, the baby lies with his elbows pulled up and pressed towards him (picture). In the worst case, the child bends his head forward and lifts his legs (heels) off the supporting surface.

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Flexion. Appears at the age of 6-9 months. Disappears at the age of 9-11 months. In a position on all fours, tilting the head forward causes the arms to bend and the legs to extend. Symmetrical tonic neck reflex. Extension. Appears at the age of 6-9 months. Disappears at the age of 9-11 months. Tilt of the head back, on the contrary, leads to bending of the legs and extension of the arms. Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

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The normal development of a child’s movements after the neonatal period is ensured by two interrelated and interdependent processes: a) the development of postural reflexes, which are absent in a newborn, but appear later and become more complex and varied over time. These include reactions of straightening, balance, protective and other adaptive reactions integrated at the level of the midbrain; b) inhibition of congenital reflex automatisms of the spinal-trunk level (grasping reflex, support reaction and automatic walking, Moro reflex, tonic cervical and labyrinthine reflexes, etc.), as well as inhibition and modification of motor reactions, which, as they develop, become unnecessary and interfere with voluntary purposeful motor activity. The straightening reactions carry out the following functions: 1) contribute to the installation and holding of the head in a vertical position while maintaining the parallelism of the line of the mouth to the plane of support (labyrinthine straightening installation reflex to the head); 2) help keep the head and neck in line with the body so that the body follows the movements of the head and neck, for example when turning (cervical straightening reaction); 3) maintain the normal position of the head and torso when any part of the body touches the support (straightening reflexes from body to head and from body to body).

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LANDAU REFLEX. Appears 2 - 4 months after birth. Disappears by 3 years of age. Motor reaction a child placed in a horizontal position (back up), allows you to assess how the child controls head position and motor functions: at the age of 4 months. he holds his head horizontally parallel to the floor and arches his back. Appears at the same time as the head positioning reflexes and increases the tone of the extensor muscles of the whole body in the pronation position if the child is supported under the abdomen. The reflex is not truly primary, as it appears after birth. It is not truly postural, since it disappears by the age of 3. The reflex contributes to the inhibition of the tonic labyrinthine reflex, enhances muscle tone and is involved in the formation of vestibulo-ocular motor skills. It allows the child to raise not only his head, but also his chest, which is an important prerequisite for the future development of more advanced movements of the shoulders and hands. Delayed reflex leads to increased activity of primary reflexes and disruption of the development of the posture retention system, difficulty in volitional control of muscle tone in rapidly changing conditions. When the patient starts running, this manifests itself in the form of “ossified” awkward movements of the lower half of the body. Exercises with a hoop, skipping, jumping are difficult, since the patient cannot exercise volitional control of the leg flexor muscles. The reflex is replaced by control of body position through the distribution of flexor and extensor tone.

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AMPHIBIAN REFLEX. The amphibian reflex thus significantly inhibits the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. Releasing it makes independent movements of the legs and arms possible, which is essential for the development of crawling, and later for the coordination of the work of large muscles. Underdevelopment of the amphibian reflex prevents the formation of cross crawling and contributes to the further development of hypertonicity, interfering with the implementation of acts determined by the coordination of large muscles (for example, sports exercises, etc.). Complete absence reflex presupposes the presence of uninhibited primary reflexes, in particular, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex and the tonic labyrinthine reflex. Appears 4-6 months after birth. Doesn't disappear. It occurs first in the pronation position, then in the supination position. Raising the pelvis causes automatic flexion of the arm and leg on the same side. Flexion of one leg, regardless of head position, is a sign of increased mobility and marks the onset of an important stage in the development of crawling on the stomach. Previously, bilateral flexion and extension of the legs depended on the position of the head and was determined by the activity of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex.

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Appear between 6 and 10 months after birth. They don't disappear. They are often called trunk and cervical-trunk righting reflexes. To perform a segmental revolution, they must be evoked in two key areas of the body: in the shoulder area and in the hip area. The movements begin from the head, then the shoulder girdle, chest, pelvis or vice versa are involved in the revolution. These reflexes begin to appear at 6 months of age, turning first from the prone to the supine position, then, at 8-10 months of age, from the supine to the prone position, followed by sitting, crawling on hands and knees, and finally standing. As the child gains experience, the reflex becomes redundant, but remains for life, facilitating changes in body position and giving a certain smoothness to movements when running, jumping, skiing. The child is in a supine position. Gently elevate the patient's shoulder 45 degrees while pressing on the opposite shoulder and roll over to the opposite side. As you lift your shoulder, the knee on the same side should begin to bend. SEGMENTAL TURN REFLEXES (Chain alignment reflexes).

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Appears at the age of 2-3 months. Doesn't disappear. Postnatal motor development occurs in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal sequence. The development of postural reflexes should reflect this fact. The first problem that the child must solve before consciously controlled movement becomes possible is perfect control of head position and regulation of muscle tone. Control in the pronation position appears earlier than control in the supination position. By 6 weeks of age, the baby, lying on his stomach, can raise his head and hold it in this position for several seconds. By 12 weeks of age, his legs are no longer fixed, and when lying on his stomach, his pelvis touches the surface of the table. By 16 weeks of age, he can, leaning on his forearms, raise his head and upper body, stretching his limbs and performing “swimming” movements in this position. This sequence heralds the development of the ocular and labyrinthine head position reflexes. POSTURAL REFLEXES. OCULAR REFLEX OF HEAD INSTALLATION.

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REFLEX APPEARANCE DISAPPEARANCE TRANSFORMATION Paralysis of fear 4-6 weeks. in/morning 9-10 weeks in/morning Moro Moro reflex 9-12 weeks. in/morning 2-4 months Reflex Strauss Palmar 11 weeks. in/morning 2-3 months Volitional relaxation Plantar 11 weeks. in/morning 7-9 months Plantar adult As.tonic cervical 18 weeks. in/morning 4-6 months Sim. tonic cervical Searching/sucking 24-28 weeks. in/morning 3-4 months Sucking Adult Spinal Galanta 20 weeks in/morning 3-9 months Amphibians Tonic. libirintn. in flexion 12 weeks. in/morning 3-4 months Head settings Tonic libirintn. in extension At birth 2-4 months. Head settings Sim.tonic. cervical 6-8 months. 9-11 months Landau head installations 2-4 months. 3 years Balance of flexors and extensors Amphibians 4-6 months. Segmental is preserved. Turning 6-10 months. The Oculus is preserved. Head installations 2-3 months. Labir is preserved. Head installations 2-3 months. Saved

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N pp Reflex Recommended exercises 1 Avoidance reflex (fear paralysis according to K. Smith) Careful unexpected tactile, auditory and vestibular stimulation, from the fearful position in the inhalation position to the fetal position in the exhalation for 1 minute 3 times a day. 2 Moro reflex Exercises: - vestibular training, - tactile stimulation, - sound therapy, - cross crawling 3 Palmar and plantar reflexes Squeezing and unclenching an object with fingers, movements only with the thumb, moving into its abduction and movements with other fingers, exercises for fingers separately for each hands and then various movements fingers for both hands together. 4 Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex In the supine position, slow exercises, starting with homolateral movements of the body in response to turning the head in the same direction. Transition to extension on the side opposite to the direction of head rotation, and finally, cross crawling for 1 minute 3 times a day, training to follow with the eyes the thumb of the patient’s leading hand, slowly moving from side to side at a distance of 20 cm from the face with a motionless head. First, ask the patient to do this with his eyes closed, asking him to imagine that he is fixing his gaze on the finger (6 times), then do it with his eyes open, slowly moving the thumb back and forth from close to arm's length, fixing his gaze on the finger, increase the focusing distance to a spot on the wall, then again to a finger at arm's length and at the closest point.

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5 Search-sucking reflex Inhibition by regular stimulation of reflexes for 1 minute 3 times a day. 6 Spinal reflex Galanta Exercises in the supine position will slow down the pelvic tilts “cross crawling” 7 Tonic labyrinthine reflex in flexion and extension Vestibular stimulation: rotation, lateral bending, flexion-extension, first performed with eyes closed, Exercises for straightening and flexion, performed on the floor, lying on your back and stomach with your eyes closed. Cross crawling with eyes closed. 8 Symmetrical tonic neck reflex Crawling on hands and knees, bending (in severe cases using an inclined board). Setting vision to a distant object with the head tilted back, setting vision to a close object with the head tilted forward. Cross-crawling on your knees and hands reinforces visual skills and promotes the integration of information received from other senses. This ability is essential for developing the ability to read without missing words in the middle of a line. It is through crawling that the vestibular, proprioceptive and visual systems are first coordinated to collaboration. Without this integration there will be no sense of balance, sense of space and depth.

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9 Landau reflex Exercises: From a lying position, lift your upper body, keeping your feet on the ground. 10 Amphibian reflex Roll from a prone position to a supine position and vice versa, initiating movements of one of the body parts (for example, bend one leg and slowly move it to the other side to stimulate rotation of the upper body. 11 Segmental turn reflex Roll from a prone position to the supine position and vice versa, initiating movements of one of the body parts (for example, bending one leg and slowly moving it to the other side to stimulate rotation of the upper body. 12 Ocular head installation reflex and labyrinthine head installation reflex Training eyeballs, for example, slow rotation “eyes open”, turns and bends, after improving balance and head position, do exercises with eyes closed. Skate bard, wobble bard, first lying down, then standing and using a springboard. Vestibular apparatus training: slow rotation, eyes closed, turns and tilts, after improving balance and head position, do exercises with open eyes. Skate bard, wobble bard first lying down, then standing and using a springboard.

Reflexes.

Reflexes

Unconditional

(congenital)

Conditional

(purchased)

• Available from birth and passed on by inheritance.
• The same for all organisms of a given species.
• They do not change or disappear during life.
• Adapt the body to constant conditions.
• Carried out thanks to the work of the spinal cord and subcortical structures of the brain

1- nerve ending

2 – sensitive neuron

3 – interneuron

4 – motor neuron

5 - working body

Orienting reflex

• Experiment: subjects are asked to read a short text. The rest of those present are watching them

While reading, the experimenter makes a loud sound.

At this moment, most subjects will stop reading and involuntarily turn their heads towards the source of the sound (orienting reflex).

Swallowing reflex

• Experience: The subjects are asked to quickly make several swallowing movements in a row.

Proves that the unconditioned swallowing reflex cannot be carried out without irritation of the root of the tongue, the reflexogenic zone of this reflex. When an irritant is exposed to the root of the tongue, the act of swallowing occurs involuntarily, and a person can swallow an inedible object.

Pupillary reflex

• Experiment: The subjects look towards the curtained window, observers carefully look at their pupils. The experimenter quickly changes the room's illumination

Proves that constriction of the pupils occurs reflexively in response to changes in illumination

• They are acquired during life and are not inherited.
• Each organism produces its own
• They change and disappear when conditions change.
• Adapt the body to changing conditions.
• They are carried out with the participation of the cerebral cortex.

• salivation at the sight of lemon

• baby's reaction to a bottle of milk

Unconditional

Conditional

• Congenital, inherited

• Acquired, not inherited

• Carried out using the spinal cord
• help survival in conditions common to the species, “ancestral experience”

• Carried out using the brain
• help adapt to changing environmental conditions

• Size: 443.5 Kb
• Number of slides: 30

Description of the presentation Presentation Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes on slides

HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY, a set of complex reflex reactions that ensure individual adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions; carried out by the higher parts of the brain.

The doctrine of I. P. Pavlov about higher nervous activity was created on the basis of generalization and further development achievements of natural science for previous periods.

In 1902, I. P. Pavlov formulated the main principles of the reflex theory. The scientific community was offered the terms: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex.

The main form of nervous activity is the reflex. Reflex is a causally determined reaction of the body to changes in external or internal environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system in response to irritation of receptors. This is how the emergence, change or cessation of any activity of the body occurs.

According to Pavlov's teachings, GNI is based on conditioned reflexes(UR), produced by the higher parts of the central nervous system (mainly the cerebral cortex), as well as complex unconditioned reflexes (instincts) carried out by subcortical formations.

Hierarchy of the functional organization of the brain 1. Molecular level. 2. Level of neurophysiological processes. 3. Level of higher nervous activity 4. Level of mental activity

An unconditioned reflex is an innate species-specific reaction of the body, reflexively arising in response to the specific influence of a stimulus, to the influence of a biologically significant (pain, food, tactile irritation, etc.) stimulus adequate for a given type of activity.

Unconditioned reflexes: Congenital hereditary reactions, most of them begin to function immediately after birth. They are specific, that is, they are characteristic of all representatives of a given species. Permanent and maintained throughout life. They are carried out by the lower parts of the central nervous system (subcortical nuclei, brain stem, spinal cord). They arise in response to adequate stimulation acting on a specific receptive field.

A conditioned reflex is a complex multicomponent reaction that is developed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes using a previous indifferent stimulus. It has a signaling character and the body meets the impact of an unconditioned stimulus prepared.

Conditioned reflexes: Reactions acquired in the process of individual life. Individual. Impermanent - can appear and disappear. They are primarily a function of the cerebral cortex. They occur in response to any stimuli acting on different receptive fields.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) First level: elementary unconditioned reflexes. These are simple unconditional reflex reactions, carried out at the level of individual segments of the spinal cord. Implemented in accordance with genetically determined programs. Stereotypical. They are carried out unconsciously.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) Second level: coordination unconditioned reflexes. These are complex acts of contraction and relaxation of various muscles or stimulation and inhibition of the functions of internal organs, and these reciprocal relationships are well coordinated. In the coordination of unconditioned reflexes great value have feedback. They are formed on the basis of elementary unconditioned reflexes (the first level of reflex reactions). These are locomotor acts and vegetative processes aimed at maintaining homeostasis.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The third level of organization of reflex reactions is integrative unconditioned reflexes. They arise under the influence of biologically important stimuli (food and pain). Integrative unconditioned reflexes are complex behavioral acts that are systemic in nature with pronounced somatic and vegetative components. For example, locomotor acts are accompanied by increased blood circulation, respiration, etc.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The fourth level is the most complex unconditioned reflexes (instincts). Herbert Spencer was the first to suggest that instincts are also reflexes. The most complex unconditioned reflexes are carried out according to genetically specified programs, the trigger stimulus triggers them entirely.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The fifth level is elementary conditioned reflexes. They are developed in the process of individual life. At an early age, simple conditioned reflex reactions are formed. Over the course of life they become more complex. The cerebral cortex is involved in the formation of conditioned reflexes. The conditioned reflex mechanism of behavior is distinguished by a high degree of reliability, which is ensured by the multichannel nature and interchangeability of nerve connections in the plastic structures of the central nervous system.

Levels of reflex behavioral reactions (according to A. B. Kogan) The sixth level of behavioral acts is complex shapes mental activity. It is based on the integration of elementary conditioned reflexes and analytical-synthetic mechanisms of abstraction.

Instinct is understood as that part of animal behavior that is characteristic of organisms of a given species and assigned to them hereditarily.

Criteria and signs of instincts: 1) Inspiration (motivation) and the ability to act are among the hereditary properties of the species; 2) such actions do not require preliminary training (although training can develop and improve its implementation!); 3) are performed essentially identically in all normal representatives of the species; 4) are associated with the normal functioning of its organs (for example, the instinct to dig holes is combined with the corresponding structure of the paws adapted for digging); 5) adapted to the ecological conditions of the species’ habitat (i.e., ensure survival in specific environmental conditions).

Male threespined stickleback models that cause attacks by a male guarding his territory. The four models shown below are very primitive, but their red bottom part proves to be a sufficiently effective irritant to provoke an attack.

A "predator goose" silhouette used to study alarm responses in geese and other birds. The bird's reaction depends on which direction the researchers move the model.

Complexes of fixed actions (= fixed complexes of actions, fixed patterns of actions) are complex stereotypical movements that form a highly organized sequence / Complexes of fixed actions are innate, carried out almost the first time, species-specific (the same for all individuals of the same species), characterized by stereotypes (stereotypical in order and form of execution).

Typical examples of complex sets of fixed actions are various rituals that have symbolic meaning and serve for communication (mating rituals, battles between males), and singing in songbirds. There are also many striking examples in the behavior of insects: weaving webs by spiders, building honeycombs by bees. Many types of behavior of mammals and birds are inherently laid down as complexes of fixed actions, but can be improved with the accumulation of individual experience: the construction of dams and lodges by beavers, hunting by predators, etc.

An example of a set of fixed actions: a gray goose returns an egg that has rolled out of the nest, moving its head from side to side. The key stimulus that triggers this behavior is the sight of an object near the nest. If the goose loses an egg during this process, it will stop shaking its head, but will continue to make a "pushing" motion towards itself. To notice the lost egg, he must first sit on the nest, and only after that a new set of fixed actions will be launched. If you place some inappropriate object (a toy dog, a doorknob) next to the nest, the goose will roll it to the nest, but most likely will not leave it there.

Examples of some complex stereotypical human actions, similar to fixed sets of actions: laughter, crying (and other expressions of emotions), coughing, sneezing (and other protective reflexes), etc. The more developed the brain and the more complex the behavior, the less the role of innate stereotypical forms of behavior , and the greater the role of learning and intelligence. Man is capable through learning and consciousness and willpower change the course of these reactions within certain limits.

Classification of conditioned reflexes According to the degree (depth) of abstraction: Conditioned reflexes of I, II and higher orders. The tertiary conditioned reflex was developed in the 20s of the 20th century by I.P. Pavlov’s collaborator, D.S. Fursikov. The IV order reflex cannot be developed in dogs, but it can be developed in dolphins. In horses, the depth of abstraction is reflexes of the V – VI orders.

Classification of conditioned reflexes Based on structure: simple and complex Based on the time relationship between signal and reinforcement: Present (the reinforcing stimulus is supplied during the action of the signal stimulus). Trace (take a pause between the end of the conditioned stimulus and the beginning of reinforcement; as the experiment becomes more complex, the pause is from 15-20 s to 4-5 minutes).

Higher nervous activity refers to those functions of the brain that are associated with the inner world of a person, his psyche. VND is the activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, ensuring the most perfect adaptation of animals and humans to the external environment. The study of higher nervous activity in Russia is associated primarily with the names of two great scientists: Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905) and Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). The merit of I.M. Sechenov is that he proved that the brain can both enhance the reflexes of the spinal cord and inhibit them. It was the discovery of central inhibition that brought fame and world recognition to I.M. Sechenov. He showed that the higher parts of the nervous system are capable of regulating the work of the lower parts. This proved the multi-level organization of brain function. The higher the part of the brain is located, the more complex functions he fulfills. I.P. Pavlov continued his research and found that all reflexes can be divided into two large groups. Congenital (unconditioned) reflexes acquired (conditioned) IP Pavlov associated the formation of conditioned reflexes with the work of the cerebral cortex. They arise under the obligatory condition of a combination of some irritation, even a minor one, with vital irritations (for example, food, pain, danger) and become their signals. The concept of congenital and acquired forms of behavior. The need for something to maintain the life and development of the organism causes a special state called need. A complex complex of adaptive motor acts aimed at satisfying the body’s needs and manifested in purposeful activity is called behavior. Behavior is a combination of physiological and mental processes. Behavior Innate Acquired No clear boundary Innate behavior refers to those forms of behavior that are genetically programmed and which are almost impossible to change. Acquired (as a result of learning) are all forms of behavior that are formed as a result of the individual experience of a living organism. Unconditioned reflexes, their characteristics and classification Unconditioned reflexes (species reflexes) are relatively constant, stereotypical, innate, genetically fixed reactions of the body to internal and external stimuli (stimuli), carried out with the participation of the central nervous system (CNS). The term “unconditioned reflex” was introduced by I.P. Pavlov - an obligatory species characteristic - has ready-made reflex arcs. - carried out by spinal or cranial reflex arcs. - centers are located in spinal cord and in the brain stem, i.e. in the lower parts of the central nervous system. - the participation of the cerebral cortex is not necessary. - feedback – information about the results and degree of success of the action taken. Thanks to unconditioned reflexes, the integrity of the body is preserved, the constancy of the internal environment is maintained, and reproduction occurs. Unconditioned reflexes underlie all behavioral reactions of animals and humans. Classification of unconditioned reflexes (I.P. Pavlov) – food (swallowing, sucking, etc.); – sexual (“tournament fights”); – protective (coughing, sneezing, blinking, etc.); – indicative (alertness, listening, turning the head to the source of sound, etc.) The emergence of an internal need is a condition for the implementation of an unconditioned reflex Instincts and their characteristics Instinct (from the Latin instinctus - urge) is a complex innate form of behavior that arises in response to certain changes in the environment and are of great importance for the survival of the organism. - specific for each species - a whole chain of reflex acts sequentially connected with each other. Examples: the building of nests by birds, a dam by beavers, etc. This instinct manifested the following chain of innate reflexes: birth --> CO2 --> inhale --> cry. Instinctive behavior provides the body with a set of ready-made behavioral reactions, which allows the economical use of nerve cells. Answer question No. 2 on page 106 using the textbook text. Innate trigger mechanism Acquired forms of behavior. The basis of acquired forms of behavior is learning. Learning is a process based on individual experience that leads to adaptive changes in the behavior of an individual. Basic methods of learning Habituation, or habituation, is a process as a result of which already existing reactions are lost. This is how the cubs of the South African black-footed cat react to the first meeting with a person: bared teeth and flattened ears are a sign of anxiety. After the photographer began to appear every day, this reaction faded away. Conditioned reflexes are individually acquired systemic adaptive reactions of animals and humans, arising on the basis of the formation of a temporary connection between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned reflex act. The term “conditioned reflex” - P. Pavlov in 1903 - is strictly individual and unstable - The arcs of acquired reflexes are closed in the cerebral cortex and are temporary. Trial and error Skinner Camera Insight (from English. insight - intuition, understanding) - a sudden decision by animals regarding difficult task after a few random, chaotic attempts to achieve the desired result. Köhler's experiment on chimpanzees Imprinting, or imprinting (from the English imprint - to imprint, imprint), is the formation in the early period of development of an individual of stable individual selectivity to external stimuli. 30s XX century Konrad Lorenz. An apparatus used to study imprinting. It consists of a treadmill along the circumference of which a duck decoy moves. The duckling follows the decoy. Control equipment in the foreground Conditioned reflexes are individually acquired systemic adaptive reactions of animals and humans, arising on the basis of the formation of a temporary connection between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned reflex act. I.P. Pavlov developed a method for the formation of conditioned reflexes. Experiment on the development of conditioned reflexes according to I.P. Pavlova. On the left is the inner part of the experimental chamber, on the right is the outer part. Conditions necessary for the formation of a catch reflex 1. The presence of two stimuli: an indifferent (indifferent), which they want to make conditional, and an unconditional one, which causes some activity of the body. 2. An indifferent stimulus (light, sound, etc.) must precede the unconditional one and accompany the action of the latter for some time. 3. The unconditioned stimulus must be stronger than the conditioned one. 4. Lack of distracting extraneous stimuli. 5. Active state of the cortex Development of a conditioned reflex 1. The dog sees the light bulb turned on, but does not react to it in any way. There is no reflex. 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. 2. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. A bowl full of food was placed in front of the dog. The dog begins to eat. The unconditioned reflex turns on. A signal is sent from the dog’s olfactory receptors to the brain - from the subcortex to the cerebral cortex and back, and then to the dog’s salivary glands. Saliva begins to flow. 3. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. The dog eats from a bowl. There is a light bulb in her field of vision as she eats. Information about the light bulb being turned on is transmitted from the visual receptors to the visual center of the dog’s brain. If the light comes on dozens of times in a row every time the dog eats, a new connection will be formed in his brain between the visual center and the salivation center. This way the dog will acquire a conditioned reflex that starts working when the light bulb is turned on. 4. 1 – Salivation center in the subcortex, 2 – Visual center in the cerebral cortex, 3 – Salivation center in the cerebral cortex, 4 – Salivary gland. Now, when the light bulb is turned on, the dog salivates, even if there is no bowl of food in front of him. A nerve impulse is transmitted from the eyes to the brain, which passes from the visual center to the salivary center of the cerebral cortex, then to the subcortex and from there to the dog’s salivary gland. General signs of conditioned reflexes are absent in newborns; – are an individual’s highest adaptation to changing living conditions; - carried out by the highest department of the central nervous system; – acquired through the formation of temporary neural connections and are lost if the environmental conditions that caused them have changed; – represent a warning signal reaction. A dynamic stereotype is the ability of the brain to combine a number of individual reflex acts into a system. - Human habits, daily routine, ability to skate, bike, ski - Plays a big role in the formation of a variety of work, sports, and play skills in humans and in the behavior of animals, if the activity is monotonous and often repeated. - Ensures the body’s adaptation to stable or habitually changing environmental conditions. - The ability for dynamic changes weakens with age. Rational activity is the ability of animals to grasp patterns connecting objects and phenomena in the environment, and also to use knowledge of these patterns in new conditions. - The more developed the nervous system, the higher the level of rational activity. - The highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions. Excitation and inhibition Excitation is an active state of nervous tissue in response to the action of various stimuli of sufficient strength. Inhibition is an active nervous process leading to inhibition of excitation. Types of unconditional (congenital) inhibition - transcendental (protective) inhibition - external inhibition - some innate reflexes in which certain stimuli cause the cessation of certain actions Types of conditioned (acquired) inhibition - Extinctional inhibition - Differentiative, or discriminative, inhibition - Delayed inhibition Tasks Conditional inhibition reflex If a dog that has developed a food conditioned reflex to a light bulb is not fed after turning on the light, then after a while it will stop giving a food conditioned reflex reaction to the light and the conditioned reflex will fade. The extinction of conditioned reflexes is a biologically important adaptation. Thanks to it, the body stops wasting energy by reacting to a signal that has lost its meaning. Without inhibition, it would be impossible for the body to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Law of Mutual Induction The focus of excitation “induces” the process of inhibition on neighboring or competing areas. Dual images Different forms of inhibition I.M. Sechenov discovered central inhibition. I.P. Pavlov found out how the processes of excitation and inhibition interact with each other. He showed that there is innate inhibition and conditioned inhibition acquired during life. Innate inhibition includes external inhibition. The appearance of any other, stronger stimulus causes a new reflex in the body, and the previous one ceases its activity according to the law of mutual induction. With the help of external inhibition, the action that was performed before is automatically interrupted, and space is given for the functioning of new reflexes or other types of activity. Acquired inhibition refers to internal inhibition that occurs when a conditioned reflex is not reinforced, for example, when it fades. Dominant Behavior is determined by life needs. When the need intensifies, a focus of excitation temporarily dominant in the central nervous system arises, aimed at satisfying this particular need. Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky (1875-1942) Russian physiologist A.A. Ukhtomsky called such a mechanism of temporary dominance of excitation dominant. The dominant focus is distinguished by a number of features: 1 - it is capable of inhibiting all competing centers of excitation. 2 - any stimulus is sufficient for an animal in a state of food dominance to respond to any irritation with salivation and food-procuring activity. It is the dominant that makes it possible to close the temporary connection in the cerebral cortex between neutral and vitally important events. The phenomenon of dominance is associated with illusions of attitude: we, as a rule, do not notice what we do not expect to see. Sources of materials http://school.xvatit.com/index. http://rugrad.eu/communication/blogs/Paralipomenon/1598/?commentId=18855 http://nashavlast.ru/article_description/107/1070.html http://medicinkoff.ru/page/76/ http:/ /andrey-dol.spb.ru/golovolomki/litso_saksafon.shtml http://clubs.ya.ru/4611686018427406302/replies.xml?item_no=13720 http://www.kcnlp.com.ua/illusions/2D/ http ://biology.ru/course/content/scientist/uhtonsky.html

Topic: “Higher nervous activity”

• Tasks:
• 1. Characterize unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
• 2. Show that human GNI is based on the formation and inhibition of reflexes

• Pavlenko S.E.

• Higher nervous activity- another, most important function of the nervous system.
• R. Descartes. The founder of the doctrine of higher nervous activity is I.M. Sechenov, his book “Reflexes of the Brain” was published in 1863. Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.
• Higher nervous activity- the activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, ensuring the adaptability of animals and humans to environmental conditions.

• Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

• I.P. Pavlov experimentally confirmed the validity of I.M. Sechenov’s views and created the doctrine of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
• Unconditioned reflexes are characterized by:
• 1. These are innate reflexes that are inherited (swallowing, salivation, breathing);
• 2. They are specific, characteristic of all individuals of a given species;
• 3. They have constant reflex arcs;
• 4. Relatively permanent;
• 5. Carried out in response to a certain irritation;
• 6. Reflex arcs close in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain.

• Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

• An example of an unconditioned reflex is salivation in a dog with a fistula salivary gland . When food enters the oral cavity, the receptors of the tongue are excited, the excitation is transmitted through the processes of sensory neurons to the medulla oblongata, where the salivary center is located, then the excitation is transmitted through motor neurons to the salivary gland and salivation begins.

• Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

• Unconditioned reflexes include food, respiratory, defensive, sexual, and orientation reflexes.
• Conditioned reflexes are characterized by:
• 1. Acquired by the body during life;
• 2. Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience;
• 3. They do not have ready-made reflex arcs; arcs are formed under certain conditions;
• 4. Non-permanent, can disappear (slow down);
• 5. Formed on the basis of innate reflexes in response to any irritation;
• 6. Carried out due to the activity of the cerebral cortex.

• Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

• The formation of a conditioned reflex occurs when combined in time indifferent irritant with unconditional.
• The indifferent stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus. Then he becomes conditional.
• To form a strong temporary connection, it is necessary to repeatedly reinforce the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned one.

• Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

• The action of an indifferent stimulus leads to the appearance of excitation in one nerve center cortex, then in another nerve center excitation occurs under the influence of an unconditioned stimulus and a temporary connection arises between them.
• With repeated combinations, this connection becomes stronger, and a conditioned reflex to a given stimulus is developed.
• An example is the secretion of saliva in response to the sight of food, its smell, during feeding, or to any conditioned food stimulus.

• Inhibition of reflexes

• In the cerebral cortex, along with excitation processes, inhibition processes also occur. There are two types of braking - external and internal.
• External braking. Occurs as a result of the action of a new stimulus. The new focus of excitation inhibits the existing focus. Characteristic not only of the cortex, but also of the lower parts of the central nervous system, therefore the second name is unconditional inhibition. For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

• Inhibition of reflexes

• Internal inhibition develops only in the cortex. Hence the second name - conditioned inhibition. An indispensable condition is the non-reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned. If the dog's reflex to light is not reinforced with food, the reflex weakens and disappears.
• In nature, unsupported conditioned reflexes are inhibited and new ones are formed.. For example, the drying up of a reservoir from which animals drank will lead to the fact that they will stop coming to it and will find a new reservoir. Some conditioned reflexes will be inhibited and new ones will form.

• Inhibition of reflexes

• Another type of internal inhibition is differentiation. If one stimulus is reinforced, but a similar one is not reinforced, then a conditioned reflex reaction will occur only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of a conditional knock on the door, you can determine who came - your own or someone else's.
• A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the fundamentals of the doctrine of the dominant - the predominant system of interconnected centers that temporarily determine the nature of the body's response to external and internal stimuli. There are food, sexual, defensive and other types of dominants. In cats during heat, any sound...

• GNI of humans and animals

• Higher nervous activity is inherent in both humans and animals. In animals, higher nervous activity depends on the complexity of the nervous system; the more complex it is, the less role instincts play, the greater the role of learning.
• For example, the offspring of a cross spider appear in the spring, when the parents have already died, but young spiders are able to build a trapping web, and their behavior is quite strictly programmed.

• A certain sequence of unconditioned reflexes that determines certain forms of behavior is called instinct. An example of instinctive activity is the construction of a trapping net by a cross spider and a dam by beavers.

• GNI of humans and animals

• GNI of humans and animals

• Plays an important role in learning imprinting - imprinting. In animals, it manifests itself in the reaction of newborns following the first moving object. For example, K Lorenz and the geese….
• In humans, it manifests itself between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 months, and is associated with the mother and the feeling of comfort and security that arises during feeding, hygienic care, and communication between mother and child.

• GNI of humans and animals

• Human children raised by animals will never become full-fledged people due to lack of proper upbringing.
• Unlike animals, the human cortex has a greater ability to perceive patterns in the world around us.

• GNI of humans and animals

• And the main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is associated with the presence of speech - the second signaling system according to I.P. Pavlov.
• The first signaling system supplies information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is associated with the perception of words heard when pronounced or visible when read. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to save and transmit information to future generations, and a basis for development appeared. abstract thinking, consciousness. “The Word,” wrote I.P. Pavlov, “made us people.”
• Thinking . One of the main functions of the brain is associated with the work of associative zones, especially the frontal cortex. Allows you to choose the most optimal behavior in response to incoming information. The choice is based on personal experience or already available information, provides human rational activity .

• Protective adaptation of the body from overwork, protective inhibition of the cerebral cortex. During sleep, brain cells restore their functionality. Sleep Center located in the midbrain, a mediator that causes the development of a sleepy state - serotonin. Destruction of the sleep center leads to a decrease in the amount of serotonin and the person is unable to fall asleep.

• Wakefulness depends on reticular formation the medulla oblongata, the pons and the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, the axons of which support the excitation of the cerebral cortex.
• The EEG (electroencephalogram) shows that the sleep process is divided into several cycles, which last approximately 90 minutes. 70-80 minutes lasts slow wave sleep, when the brain is more inhibited, rests.

• Slow and large electrical waves appear in the cerebral cortex. Then 10-15 minutes fast wave, paradoxical sleep, which is accompanied by involuntary movements of the eyes, fingers, facial muscles, metabolism increases, pulse and breathing quicken. It is during these periods that a person dreams, and small and fast electrical waves appear in the cortex.

• During 6-8 hours of sleep, REM sleep phases appear 4-5 times, becoming increasingly longer. In general, REM sleep takes up about 20% of the time.
• A person usually wakes up in REM sleep; the peptide that interrupts sleep is thyroid-stimulating hormone.
• Interesting facts: Napoleon and Edison slept 2 hours a day.

• Repetition

• Fill out the tables:

• Repetition

• What is the sequence of elements of the reflex arc of the unconditioned salivary reflex.
• What is the sequence of elements of the reflex arc of the conditioned salivary reflex.

• Repetition

• Correct judgments:
• For the formation of a conditioned reflex, an unconditioned stimulus is necessary.
• Conditioned reflexes are associated with the formation of temporary connections between different centers in the cortex.
• For the formation of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary that the indifferent stimulus begins to act a few seconds earlier than the unconditioned one; after several repetitions it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned reflexes are formed throughout life.
• Conditioned reflexes are inherited.
• The doctrine of conditioned reflexes was developed by I.M. Sechenov.
• The formation of conditioned reflexes is associated with the cerebral cortex.
• Unconditioned (external) inhibition is associated with the extinction of a conditioned reflex without its reinforcement by the unconditioned.

• Repetition

• Correct judgments:
• Internal inhibition allows you to adapt to changing living conditions.
• External inhibition allows you to adapt to sudden changes in the world around you.
• The reaction of students to the bell from class is an example of internal inhibition.

• Which Russian scientist was the first to show that human mental activity is based on reflexes?
• Which Russian scientist created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes?
• What reflexes are called unconditioned?
• What reflexes are called conditioned?
• What is instinct?
• Give a definition of higher nervous activity.
• Is higher nervous activity inherent in animals?
• Which reflex arcs exist from birth and persist throughout life?

• Repetition

• Give short answers to the questions:
• Which reflex arcs are formed during life and can fade away?
• What is the name of the nervous connection that arises between different centers during the formation of a conditioned reflex?
• What conditions are necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex?
• What two types of reflex inhibition do you know?
• In response to the car's horn, the pedestrian stopped. What type of braking is this?
• The dog has developed a food reflex to the sound of a rattle. Subsequently, he stopped feeding and slowed down. What type of braking is this?
• What information does a person perceive using the first signaling system?
• What information does a person perceive using the second signaling system?

• Repetition

• Give short answers to the questions:
• What is a dominant?
• Who developed the doctrine of dominance?

• Key terms of the topic:
• Unconditioned reflexes.
• Conditioned reflexes.
• Temporary connections.
• An unconditional irritant.
• Conditioned stimulus.
• Unconditional inhibition.
• Conditioned inhibition.
• The principle of dominance by A.A. Ukhtomsky.
• Second alarm system.
• Imprinting.