Presentation on the history of the Crimean Khanate. Presentation on history on the topic of the Crimean Khanate. The palace was surrounded by beautiful gardens, which gave it its name Bakhchi-Saray, which translates as “palace in the garden.”

By the beginning of the 13th century, the population of Crimea was a cocktail of descendants of dozens of peoples who appeared on the peninsula at different times. These were the Scythians, Cimmerians, Goths, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Khazars and others. The first Tatar troops invaded Crimea in January 1223. They ravaged the city of Sugdeya (Sudak) and went to the steppe. The next Tatar invasion of Crimea dates back to 1242. This time the Tatars imposed tribute on the population of northern and eastern Crimea.

Batu gave Crimea and the steppes between the Don and Dniester to his brother Maval. The capital of the Crimean ulus and the residence of the ulus emir became the city of Kyrym, built by the Tatars in the valley of the Churuk-Su river in the southeast of the peninsula. In the 14th century, the name of the city of Kyrym gradually passed to the entire Tauris peninsula. Around the same time, on the caravan route from the steppe Crimea to the southern coast in the eastern part of the peninsula, the city of Karasubazar (“bazaar on the Karasu River”, now the city of Belogorsk) was built, which quickly became the most populous and richest city in the ulus.

After the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, Italian city-colonies emerged on the banks of Tauris. Conflicts repeatedly arose between the Italians and Tatars, but on the whole the Ulus emirs tolerated the existence of the colonies. Trade with the Italians brought good profits to the emirs. The founder of the Girey dynasty, Hadji-Devlet-Girey, was born in the 20s of the 15th century in the Lithuanian castle of Troki, where his relatives fled during the Horde strife. Hadji-Girey was a direct descendant of the Golden Horde Khan Tash-Timur - a direct descendant of Tukoy-Timur - the grandson of Genghis Khan. Therefore, the Gireys, considered Chingizids, claimed power over all the states that arose from the ruins of the Golden Horde.

Hadji Giray first appeared in Crimea in 1433. According to the peace treaty of July 13, 1434, the Genoese recognized Hadji Giray as the Crimean Khan. However, a few months later, the Nogai Khan Seyid-Akhmet drove Giray out of Crimea. Giray was forced to flee to his “homeland” in Lithuania, where in 1443 he was proclaimed Crimean Khan. With the military and financial support of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV, Giray moved to Crimea. Having again become the Crimean Khan, he made the city of Crimea-Solkhat his capital. But soon Seyid Akhmet again expelled Hadji Giray from Crimea. Hadji Giray finally became the Crimean Khan only in 1449.

In Crimea, Hadji Giray founded the new city of Bakhchisarai (“Palace in the Gardens”), which became the new capital of the state under his son Mengli Giray. In Soviet historical literature, until 1990, not a single book was published on the history of the Crimean Khanate. This was due both to the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, and to the discrepancy between the history of the Khanate and Marxism-Leninism. Marxists believed that in the Middle Ages there were two classes - feudal lords and serfs, with the former living off the backbreaking labor of the latter. In the Crimean Khanate, the feudal method of production did not bring even half of the gross product of the khanate. The main method of production was robbery of neighbors. This method of production was not described by Marx for the reason that there were no such states in Western Europe in the 13th – 19th centuries.

Europeans, waging large and small wars, also burned and plundered villages, raped women, and killed civilians during the fighting. But this was a by-product of the war. The purpose of the war was to sign a profitable peace (territorial acquisitions, trade benefits, etc.). Several years of war were followed by 50 or even 100 years of peace.

The Crimean Tatars raided their neighbors almost every year. Their goal of war is to loot and take away the loot safely. The Crimean khans had practically no regular troops. The army on a campaign is assembled from volunteers. As historian D.I. wrote Yavornitsky: “There was never a shortage of such hunters among the Tatars, which depended mainly on three reasons: the poverty of the Tatars, their aversion to hard physical labor and fanatical hatred of Christians.”

Historian V. Kokhovsky believes that the Crimean Khan raised a third of the entire male population of the country for campaigns. In the middle of the 16th century, Devlet Giray led 120 thousand people with him to Rus'. Thus, it was not the Crimean feudal lords who took part in the robberies, as Soviet historians claim, but, in fact, all the male population of Crimea without exception.

The Tatar troops are well described by the French military engineer G. de Beauplan, who was in Polish service from 1630 to 1648. The Tatars always went on a campaign lightly: they did not carry with them either convoys or heavy artillery. Tatar horses, the number of which reached 200 thousand heads, were content with steppe grass and were accustomed to obtain food in winter by breaking the snow with their hoofs. The Tatars did not use firearms, preferring well-aimed shots from bows. With arrows they could hit the enemy at full gallop from 60 or even 100 steps. Each Tatar brought with him on a campaign from 3 to 5 horses. Riders had the opportunity to replace tired horses with fresh ones, which increased the speed of movement of troops. Some of the horses were used as food for the Tatars.

The Tatars dressed very easily: a shirt made of paper fabric, trousers made of nankee, morocco boots, a leather hat, and in winter - a sheepskin sheepskin coat. The Tatar's weapons were a saber, a bow, a quiver with 18 or 20 arrows, and a whip (instead of spurs). A knife, a fire-making tool, an awl with ropes, threads and straps, and 10-12 meters of rawhide leather rope for tying slaves were hung from the belt. In addition, every ten Tatars took with them a cauldron for cooking meat and a small drum on the pommel of the saddle. Each Tatar had a pipe to call his comrades together if necessary. Noble and rich Tatars stocked up on chain mail, which was very valuable and rare among the Tatars.

The main food of the Tatars on the campaign was horse meat. Each Tatar had with him a certain amount of barley or millet flour and a small supply of dough fried in oil and dried over a fire in the form of crackers. The Tatar's equipment included a leather tub to water his horses and drink himself. They cared more about the horses than themselves. “If you lose your horse, you’ll lose your head,” they said. At the same time, they fed their horses little on the way, believing that they could better withstand fatigue without food.

The Tatars sat on their horses with their backs bent, because they pulled the stirrups too high to the saddle in order, in their opinion, to lean more firmly and sit more firmly in the saddle. Tatar horses, called bakemans, were not shod. Only noble nobles tied cow horns to their horses with thick belts instead of horseshoes. The bakemans were mostly short, lean and clumsy. But bakemans were distinguished by their extraordinary endurance and speed. They could ride 90-130 km in one day without rest.

The riders themselves were distinguished by their lightness, agility, and dexterity. Rushing at full speed on a horse, the Tatar held the bridle with the little finger of his left hand, held the bow with the remaining fingers of the same hand, and with his right hand quickly shot arrows in any direction, right at the target.

An important governing body in the Crimean Khanate was the council - the divan. In addition to the khan, the divan included: kalgi-sultan (deputy and mentor), khansha valide (senior wife or mother), mufti, chief beks and oglans. In 1455, Haji Giray managed to completely defeat the army of Khan Seyid-Akhmet. A year earlier, the Crimean Khan, finding himself in a difficult situation, entered into an alliance with the Turks, who captured Constantinople and became masters of the straits. In June 1456, the first joint Turkish-Tatar operation was carried out against the Genoese in Cafe. This action ended with the signing of a peace treaty, according to which the Genoese began to pay tribute to the Turks and Tatars.

In May 1475, the Turks, with the support of the Tatar troops of Mengli Giray, captured Kafa. Turkish troops defeated and occupied the Principality of Theodoro and all the cities on the southern coast of Crimea. The Genoese presence in Crimea was ended.

In the spring of 1484, the combined troops of Sultan Bayazid II and the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray attacked Poland. On March 23, 1489, Poland signed a peace treaty, according to which Türkiye retained the captured lands in the Northern Black Sea region. The Crimean Khanate became a vassal of Turkey for 300 years. Türkiye was the only buyer of prisoners captured by the Tatars and looted property. The only exceptions were prisoners released for ransom.

The Crimean Khanate was constantly at war with the Golden Horde, and Muscovy in this became an ally of the Crimean Gireys. Moreover, from the very beginning, Grand Duke Ivan III took a subordinate position in relation to Khan Mengli Giray. Ivan III “beat” the khan with his forehead, Mengli Girey “didn’t hit Ivan with his forehead,” but he called Ivan his brother. From the moment diplomatic relations with Crimea began, Muscovy actually began paying tribute to the Gireys. Moreover, in Moscow this money, furs and other goods sent annually to Crimea were called gifts (funerals).

In 1485, the Golden Horde army invaded Crimea. Only with the help of the Turks and Nogai Tatars did Mengli Giray manage to drive the Golden Horde out of Crimea. At this time, Moscow troops attacked the Golden Horde from the north.

At the end of the summer of 1482, the horde of Mengli Giray burned Kyiv and took thousands of townspeople and villagers into slavery. In 1489, the Crimean Tatars invaded Podolia several times. Podolia was devastated by them and in 1494. The Tatar army, together with the Turkish army, defeated Galicia and Podolia in 1498, capturing about 100 thousand people. In 1499, the Crimean horde again plundered Podolia. All this suited Ivan III quite well.

In the spring of 1491, the Golden Horde troops moved to Perekop. To the rescue of his ally, Ivan III sent a 60,000-strong army into the steppe. Having learned about the campaign of the Moscow army, the Golden Horde left Perekop. In response, they raided Aleksin in 1492, and Kozelsk in 1499.

The Golden Horde Khan Shig-Akhmet in the fall of 1500 came to southern Tavria and approached Perekop. He failed to break into Crimea. He retreated to Kyiv. The next year, Shig-Akhmet appeared in the steppes again, and again unsuccessfully. Then he destroyed Novgorod Seversky and a number of small towns, and then began to wander between Chernigov and Kiev.

In May 1502, Khan Mengli Giray gathered all the Tatars who could mount a horse and moved towards Shig-Akhmet. A battle took place near the mouth of the Sula River. Shig-Akhmet was defeated and fled.

“This is how the existence of the famous Golden Horde ceased,” wrote historian S.M. Soloviev, “Crimea finally liberated Muscovy from the descendants of the Batyevs.”

But, while helping the Crimeans finish off the decrepit Golden Horde, the Moscow princes and boyars did not understand what kind of enemy they were raising for their misfortune. Already in 1507, the Crimean Tatars attacked the Moscow state. They plundered the Belevskoye, Odoevskoye and Kozelskoye principalities. Thus began the 270-year war of Muscovy-Russia with the Crimean Tatars, which ended in the 18th century with the defeat of Crimea and the annexation of its territory to the Russian Empire.

Material taken from the website www.perekop.info

CRIMEA KHANATE(1441/1443–1783), medieval state in Crimea. It was formed on the territory of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde during the period of its collapse. The founder of the Crimean Khanate was Hadji Giray (1441/1443–1466). The borders of the Crimean Khanate during the period of its power (mid-15th century) included the territories of the Northern Black Sea region from the mouth of the Dniester in the West to the right bank of the Don in the East, to the Vorskla River in the North.

The administrative division of the Crimean Khanate was traditional for the medieval Turkic-Tatar states and consisted of four large possessions of the Argyn, Baryn, Kipchak and Shirin clans. The nomadic possessions of Yedisan, Budzhak, and Small Nogai depended on the Crimean Khanate. During its heyday, the Khanate was divided into beyliks, which united the lands of several settlements and were ruled by representatives of various Tatar clans.

The capital is the city of Bakhchisarai - a large religious, political and commercial center. There were other large cities: Solkhat (Iski-Crimea), Kafa, Akkerman, Azak (Azov), Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), Gezlev, Sudak. All of them were centers of beyliks and the focus of administrative power, crafts, trade, and religious life.

Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Karaites, and Crimeans lived on the lands of the Crimean Khanate; There are also Italian merchants in port cities.

The nobility called themselves Tatars, sometimes with the addition of “Krymly” (that is, Crimean), and the main population most often defined themselves on religious grounds - Muslims.

The main language in the Crimean Khanate was Turkic; office work, diplomatic correspondence and literary creativity were also carried out in it; Since the 16th century, numerous Ottomanisms began to penetrate into it.

The economic activities of the population of the Crimean Khanate were strictly zoned: agriculture, gardening and viticulture were cultivated in the southern foothills, semi-nomadic cattle breeding - in the steppe part of Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. Wheat, barley, millet, rice, and lentils were grown. Peaches, pears, apple trees, plums, cherries, and nuts were grown in the gardens. The population was engaged in beekeeping, fishing and hunting. Cities, especially port cities, were centers of highly developed crafts such as ironworking, weapons, weaving, leatherworking, woodworking, pottery, jewelry, and construction. Trade relations with Turkey, Russia, Poland, and the countries of Transcaucasia were developed. The main items exported from the Crimean Khanate were wheat, honey, and slaves; import - weapons, fabrics, spices, luxury goods. Famous trade fairs are in Cafe, Gezlev, Sudak and Or-Kapu (Perekop).

The supreme power in the Crimean Khanate belonged to the khans from the Girey clan, descendants of Khan Jochi. The tamga (coat of arms) of the Crimean Khanate was a sign in the form of a trident comb, and the tughra was a calligraphically written tamga, preserved in various forms in the diplomatic correspondence of the Crimean khans. After the establishment of vassal dependence of the Crimean Khanate on the Turkish Empire in 1475, a different system of power was formed here. The real ruler of Crimea was the Turkish Sultan, who had the right to remove and appoint khans, control all international relations of the Khanate, and also call upon Crimean troops to go on campaign. Formally, the khans of the Crimean Khanate were autocratic monarchs, but in reality their power was limited by the Turkish sultans and ruling clans. The khans sealed all the laws of the country with their seal and performed other representative functions. The basis of the khan's wealth was his ulus, located in the valleys of the Alma, Kacha and Salgir rivers. The residence of the khans from the end of the 15th century was in Bakhchisarai. The second most important representative of the Gireys was the heir to the throne - kalga, usually the eldest representative of the clan after the khan. His residence and administration were located in Ak-Mosque. Ownership of kalga - kalgalyk was not inherited, but was state property. Since 1578, another heir to the throne appeared in the Crimean Khanate - Nuraddin, the third in importance; his possessions were located in the Alma valley in Kachi-Saray. In fact, power in the Crimean Khanate belonged to the Tatar nobility, in which there were 4 ruling families: Shirin, Argyn, Baryn and Kipchak (Yashlav). Later they were joined by the Nogai clans Mangyt (Mansur) and Sidzheut. In the 16th–18th centuries, there was probably a rotation of clans, when the Mangyts ousted the Argyn, Kipchak or Baryn clans from power structures. The form of influence of the aristocracy on state affairs was the council under the khan - the divan. It included Kalga, Nuraddin, Shirin Bey, Mufti, representatives of the highest Tatar nobility led by Karachibeks from the four ruling clans, the rulers were the serakesirs of the three nomadic hordes (Budzhak, Yedisan, Nogai). The Divan was in charge of all state affairs, and also resolved complex legal cases that were not subject to the jurisdiction of estate and local courts; was involved in determining government expenditures, including for the maintenance of the khan and his court.

The highest administrative and military power was exercised by Ulug Karachibek from the Shirin clan, his residence was in Solkhat. Ensuring the external security of the state was carried out by the or-bek, residence in Perekop. Financial affairs and taxes were in charge of the khan-agasy (vizier), as well as various officials: kazandar-bashi, aktachi-bashi, defterdar-bashi, killardzhi-bashi. After establishing dependence on the Turkish Empire, the representative of the Sultan began to play an important role in the life of Crimea.

The social organization of the nobility in the Crimean Khanate had a hierarchical system associated with the rights to land ownership or levying a certain tax, for which the owners were obliged to serve their overlord. Ownership was divided into conditional - iqta, suyurgal and unconditional - tarkhan (exemption from all or part of taxes and duties). The highest stratum of the nobility consisted of the descendants of the Gireys - Kalga, Nuraddin, Sultans, Murzas, Beks and small serving nobility - Emeldyashi and Sirdashi. The army of the Crimean Khanate consisted of the Khan's guard (kapy-kulu) and militias of Tatar clans, as well as troops of nomadic tribes with a total number of 4 thousand to 200 thousand soldiers. The basis of the army was the serving nobility, which comprised a cadre of military leaders and professional warriors, mainly heavily armed cavalrymen, whose total number reached 8–10 thousand people. At the beginning of the 16th century, under the khan, a permanent professional army began to form, similar to the Turkish one, consisting of detachments of infantrymen armed with muskets (janissry and tyufenkchi), as well as field artillery (zarbuzan). Artillery was used in field battles and in the defense of fortifications. Combat and transport fleets were used for crossings and battles on rivers. In the 16th–18th centuries, the detachments of the Crimean Khan most often acted as part of the Turkish troops. In field battles, operational maneuvers, flanking, and false retreats were used. During the battle, the Tatars tried to maintain their distance, hitting the enemy with arrows.

The bulk of the population consisted of the tax-paying class, which paid taxes to the state or feudal lord, the main of which was yasak, traditional for the Tatar states. There were other taxes, fees and duties: supplies of provisions to the troops and authorities (anbar-mala, ulufa-susun), yam duty (ilchi-kunak), taxes in favor of the clergy (gosher and zakat). Large revenues to the treasury of the Crimean Khanate were provided by payments for the participation of military contingents of the Crimean Tatars in the campaigns of the Turkish sultans, monetary indemnities from Poland and Russia issued to prevent raids on their territory, as well as military booty.

The state religion in the Crimean Khanate was Islam. The head of the clergy was a mufti from the Sayyid family. Muftis and seyids actively participated in the political life of the country and were also involved in legal proceedings. The clergy also operated religious educational institutions - mektebs and madrassas. In them, the bulk of the country's population learned to read and write and the basic canons of religion. Data have been preserved about the existence of handwritten libraries and book copyists at the madrasah and the khan’s court. The literacy and culture of the population are evidenced by preserved objects with inscriptions, tombstones with epitaphic inscriptions, and documents on office work. Literature was actively developing. A collection of poems and poems “The Rose and the Nightingale” by Khan Gazi-Girey has been preserved. Khans Bogadyr-Girey and Selim-Girey were also poets. There was an official historiography in the Crimean Khanate. In the 16th–17th centuries, “The History of Khan Sahib-Girey” by Remmal Khoja, the anonymous “History of Dasht-i Kipchak”, around 1638, and “The History of Khan Said-Girey” by Haji Mehmed Senai appeared. The famous fundamental work of the 18th century “Seven Planets” by Sayyid Muhammad Riza. The main motive of these works is the desire to prove the intrinsic value of Tatar history, to determine the role and place of the Crimean khans in the history of Turkey.

Construction and architecture were at a high level of development, for example, white-stone Bakhchisaray was famous for its mosques - Takhtaly-Jami (1704), Yeshel-Jami (1764), Khidzhi-Jami (1762–1769). The Jumi-Jami mosque (XVI century) was created in Yevpatoria. Mausoleums (dyurbe) of the Crimean khans and khan-bike - Turabek-khanum, Mengli-Gireya, Muhammad-Gireya were also built. The art of stone carving reached a high level; tombstones with floral ornaments were made. Music developed; famous musicians were some representatives of the Girey family who were educated in Turkey: Sahib-Girey, Gazi-Girey.

The population of the Crimean Khanate became the basis for the formation of the modern Crimean Tatar nation, laying down its main political, cultural and linguistic traditions.

The Crimean Khanate pursued an active foreign policy. Having strengthened the internal position in the state, Hadji Giray and his immediate descendants fought with the khans of the Great Horde, and often entered into an alliance with the Russian state. However, during this period the influence of the Ottoman Empire sharply increased, which extended its power to the entire Black Sea coast. On June 1, 1475, the Turkish fleet captured Cafa and other Italian colonies and Gothic fortresses. From that time on, the Crimean Khan became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan. In the first third of the 16th century, as Turkey strengthened and Russia began to expand in the Volga region, Russian-Crimean contradictions intensified. They sharply intensified after the deposition of the Russian protege Shah-Ali in Kazan and the elevation of Khan Sahib-Girey to the throne. The installation of Sahib-Girey and then his younger brother Safa-Girey on the Kazan throne caused a series of conflicts and wars between Moscow and the Crimean Khanate. Russian military campaigns became more frequent after the death of Safa-Girey in 1546 and ended with the conquest of Kazan (1552). Wars between the Crimean Khanate and Russia began, in which the main demand of the Crimean Khan was the return of khans from the Girey clan to Kazan. In these wars, the Crimean Khanate was supported by Türkiye, which, in an effort to expand its influence in the North Caucasus, undertook an unsuccessful campaign against Astrakhan (1569). In 1571, Khan Devlet-Girey approached Moscow and burned it, but in 1572 he was defeated in the Battle of Molodi, which forced him to sign peace with Moscow. All attempts to liberate Kazan from Russian rule were unsuccessful. In the 17th–18th centuries, the Crimean Khanate participated in all military enterprises of the Turkish Empire: in wars against Hungary, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Austria and Iran. The territories of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Wallachia were subjected to repeated attacks by Crimean troops.

At the end of the 17th century, during the war with Turkey, Russia launched Crimean campaigns (1687, 1689), which ended in vain. In 1711, the troops of the Crimean Khanate took part in the war with Russia, which ended with the Prut Peace Treaty, which ensured the preservation of the Crimean Khanate. At the end of the 18th century, the aggressive policy of the Russian Empire led to a series of Russian-Turkish wars. According to the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty of 1774, the Crimean Khanate ceased to be a vassal of Turkey and moved into the sphere of influence of Russia. The policies of Khan Shagin-Girey (1777–1783) caused discontent among the population and aristocracy and provoked an uprising. Under the pretext that the new khan was not approved by Russia, Russian troops were brought into Crimea. In 1783, the Crimean Khanate was annexed to the Russian Empire. On April 8, 1783, Empress Catherine II issued a manifesto, according to which Crimea, Taman and Kuban became Russian regions. The population formally retained its former rights and was ensured a peaceful life and justice. A new era began for Crimea - the period of Russian colonization and the gradual displacement of the Tatars.

• Hadji Giray (1443–1466)
• Nur-Devlet (1466–1469, 1474–1477)
• Mengli-Girey I (1469–1515, with a break in 1474–1478)
• Janibek-Girey I (1477–1478)
• Muhammad-Girey I (1515–1523)
• Gazi-Girey I (1523–1524)
• Saadet Giray I (1524–1532)
• Islam Giray I (1532)
• Sahib Giray I (1532–1551)
• Devlet-Girey I (1551–1577)
• Muhammad-Girey II (1577–1584)
• Islam Girey II (1584–1588)
• Gazi-Girey II (1588–1597, 1597–1608)
• Fath Giray I (1597)
• Selamet-Girey I (1608–1610)
• Janibek-Girey II (1610–1622, 1627–1635)
• Muhammad-Girey III (1622–1627)
• Inet-Girey (1635–1638)
• Bahadur-Girey (1638–1642)
• Muhammad-Girey IV (1642–1644, 1654–1665)
• Islam Giray III (1644–1654)
• Adil-Girey (1665–1670)
• Selim Giray I (1670–1677, 1684–1691, 1692–1698, 1702–1604)
• Murad-Girey (1677–1683)
• Hadji Giray II (1683–84)
• Saadet-Girey II (1691)
• Safa-Girey (1691–92)
• Devlet-Girey II (1698–1702, 1707–13)
• Gazi-Girey III (1704–07)
• Kaplan-Girey I (1707, 1713–16, 1730–36)
• Kara-Devlet-Girey (1716–17)
• Saadet-Girey III (1717–24)
• Mengli-Girey II (1724–30, 1737–39)
• Fath Giray II (1736–37)
• Selim Giray II (1743–48)
• Arslan-Girey (1748–56, 1767)
• Maksud-Girey (1767–68)
• Halim-Girey (1756–58)
• Crimea-Girey (1758–64, 1767–69)
• Selim Giray III (1764–67, 1770–71)
• Devlet-Girey III (1769–70, 1775–77)
• Kaplan-Girey II (1770)
• Maksud-Girey II (1771–72)
• Sahib-Girey II (1772–75)
• Shagin-Girey (1777–83)

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Crimea and Sevastopol: their historical significance for Russia

Cultural monuments Crimea, the famous Taurida - a priceless treasury of cultural monuments of many nations. A meeting place of such world cultures as Hellenic, Iranian, Judaic, Byzantine, Muslim.

The most beautiful place on the planet Crimea is one of the most beautiful places on the planet, crowned with beautiful creations of nature and man, captivating you with its special romantic mood. And how much magic there is in such names as Koktebel, Foros, Chufut-Kale, Massandra, Balaklava, Kara-Dag, Ai-Petri, Livadia...

Crimea It was about Crimea that the great Russian poet A.S. wrote. Pushkin has the following lines: Everything is alive there, everything there is a delight to the eyes, Gardens of the Tatars, villages, cities; The bulk is reflected by the waves of rocks, Ships are lost in the distance of the sea, Amber hangs on the grape vines; Roaming herds roar in the meadows...

Referendum Quite recently, on March 18, 2014, after a referendum, an international agreement was signed on the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol to Russia. A new Crimean Federal District has been created in the Russian Federation. Of course, this is a very significant event and our lesson today will be dedicated to Crimea and its influence on Russian history and culture.

History of Crimea The history of Crimea is unique. For millennia, waves of peoples and conquests swept across its land - Cimmerians, Hellenes, Scythians, Sarmatians, Romans... Since the 6th century, Crimea has come under the influence of Byzantium. The Byzantine emperors began to strengthen existing fortresses (primarily Chersonesos near modern Sevastopol) and build up Taurida with new ones in order to protect themselves from the attacks of nomadic steppe inhabitants. This is how Alushta, Gurzuf and other fortifications appear. Crimea is becoming an outpost for the spread of Orthodoxy in the region.

Crimea Starting from the 2nd half of the 7th century and until the middle of the 9th century, the territory of Crimea, without Chersonesos, is called Khazaria in all Western European sources. These Turks converted to Judaism and created a powerful state in the North Caucasus and in the steppes of the Caspian and Northern Black Sea regions. In the 10th century, the Khazar Khaganate ceased to exist as a result of the victory of Russian squads. However, the descendants of the Jews (Karaites and Krymchaks) continue to live in the mountainous regions of Crimea even now.

Kiev Prince Vladimir Kiev Prince Vladimir, the baptist of Rus', accepted Christianity from the hands of the Byzantine Church precisely in the Crimean Chersonese, which from now on the Russians will call Korsun. Thus, from here, from Crimea, the spread of Orthodoxy across Russian soil began. This spiritual bond is strengthened by the creation of the Russian Tmutarakan principality on part of the peninsula and on Taman. From this time on, in a number of Arab chronicles the Black Sea began to be called Russian.

Golden Horde From the 13th century to the mid-15th century, the peninsula was actually under the influence of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde people call it Crimea. The population is divided into nomadic, living in the steppe regions, and sedentary, who have mastered the mountainous part and the southern coast. Former Greek city-states turned into centers of Genoese trade.

Bakhchisarai The Khans founded the city of Bakhchisarai as the capital of the Crimean ulus. Already from the end of the 14th century. Crimean rulers pursue a fairly independent policy, sometimes challenging even the Golden Horde khans. One of the most famous Crimean rulers of that time was Mamai, who was defeated by Russian troops on the Kulikovo field in 1380.

Ottoman Empire The collapse of the Golden Horde allowed the Ottoman Empire to capture the south of Crimea, defeat the eternal enemies of the Genoese, and make the newly created Crimean Khanate its protectorate (1478-1483). From this time on, active Islamization of Crimea began.

Polish-Lithuanian state The huge need of the Ottoman Empire for slaves, as well as the constantly ongoing wars, in which a large role was given to the light Crimean Tatar cavalry, led to the fact that the most profitable craft in the Crimean Khanate became war and slave trade. From now on, Crimea is a constant source of threats for the Moscow, later Russian state and Ukraine, which was then part of the Polish-Lithuanian state.

Crimean Khanate The danger posed by the Crimean Khanate was multiplied for Russia by the presence of dynastic and military ties with other fragments of the Golden Horde - the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. As a result, the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible subjugated Kazan and Astrakhan within 4 years (1552-1556). This led to a serious conflict of interests between a strengthening Russia and Crimea and the Ottoman Empire.

Russian-Crimean Tatar War Since 1569, the Russian-Crimean Tatar war actually began, which led to the burning of Moscow in 1571 and the terrible Molodin massacre in 1572 near Serpukhov, as a result of which the Crimean-Nogai army of many thousands was destroyed. From that time on, although Crimean Tatar raids remained regular, they were no longer as destructive for the country as before.

Left Bank Ukraine Already at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. Russia launched an offensive on the lands of the Crimean khans. This happened after the annexation of Ukraine to Russia in 1654. The main external factor that prompted our country to move south was the need to eliminate predatory raids by individual Crimean-Nogai feudal lords and the entire Crimean Khanate on neighboring countries (Russia and its dependent Left Bank Ukraine and Kabarda).

Russian-Polish struggle Another factor was the direct intervention of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire in the Russian-Polish struggle for Ukraine. As a result, Russia begins a protracted struggle with Turkey and Crimea for control of the Northern Black Sea region. This struggle lasted for more than 100 years (Crimean campaigns of Prince Golitsyn, Azov campaigns of Peter I, wars of 1710-1711 and 1735-1739).

Annexation of Crimea to Russia The result of the next Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 was the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty of 1774, according to which the Turks renounced their claims to Crimea. A few years later, on April 7, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the Manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia.

Southern Battle Thus, the hundred-year “southern battle” was crowned with a triumphant victory for Russia, which secured access to the Black Sea and thereby secured its status as a great power. The regular army on the southern and western borders, squadrons of the Black Sea Fleet, and caravans of merchant ships were visible confirmation of its new position in the world. Now, as the Chancellor of Russia under Catherine the Great, A.A., figuratively noted. Bezborodko, without Russia’s permission, “not a single cannon in Europe dared to fire.” Victories of Russian weapons and diplomacy of the 18th century. laid the foundation for the further political and socio-economic development of the country in the 19th-20th centuries.

Questions for consolidation 1. What are the main reasons for the constant raids of the Crimean Tatars on Rus' and Ukraine? 2. What battle helped the Muscovite kingdom somewhat weaken the onslaught of the Crimean Khanate to the north? 3. In what year did Russia annex the Crimean Khanate?

Crimea Peninsula With the annexation of Crimea, the rapid development of industry and trade begins on the peninsula, inextricably linked with the name of the first governor, Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky. New cities of Simferopol and Sevastopol are being built. The latter becomes the base of the emerging Russian Black Sea Fleet.

Diversity of cultures Of course, a significant part of the Crimean Tatar population could not accept the changes. This was connected both with religion and with the cessation of the practice of Crimean raids and the slave trade. Over the course of several decades, a large number of Tatars moved to Turkey, and Crimea began to be populated by immigrants from Russia, Poland, and Germany. As a result, Crimea has again, like several centuries ago, become a region with a great diversity of languages, cultures and religions.

Resort At the beginning of the 19th century, viticulture (Magarach) and shipbuilding (Sevastopol) developed in Crimea, and roads were laid. Under Prince Vorontsov, Yalta begins to develop, the Vorontsov Palace is founded, and the southern coast of Crimea is turned into a resort.

Pearl of the Empire In the middle of the 19th century. Crimea, which turned into the “pearl of the empire,” and Sevastopol, the base of the already crowned Black Sea Fleet, became the scene of the Crimean War (a war between the Russian Empire and a coalition consisting of the British, French, Ottoman Empires and the Kingdom of Sardinia).

Battle of Sinop The war began with the Battle of Sinop, in which the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral Nakhimov almost completely destroyed the Ottoman fleet. This victory led to the entry into the Black Sea of ​​a huge Anglo-Franco-Ottoman fleet (34 battleships, 17 frigates and 38 steam frigates).

Sevastopol Bay Troops of the anti-Russian coalition managed to land in Crimea and inflicted a number of defeats on the Russian army. Sevastopol was besieged. The Russian fleet (14 battleships, 6 frigates and 6 steam frigates) could not resist the enemy, so some of the ships were sunk before entering the Sevastopol Bay, which further strengthened the city from the sea.

Defenders of Sevastopol More than 20 thousand sailors went ashore and stood in line with the soldiers. For 11 months, 48.5 thousand defenders of Sevastopol, with the support of ordinary citizens, heroically resisted the 175 thousand-strong coalition army. During this time, admirals Kornilov, Nakhimov and Istomin died, and the commandant of the fortress, General Totleben, was seriously wounded. With great difficulty, almost completely destroying the city, on September 8, 1855, the French and British occupied Malakhov Kurgan. The southern part of Sevastopol had to be abandoned, and the remnants of the fleet were sunk.

Defenders of Sevastopol However, the unparalleled courage of the defenders of Sevastopol exhausted the forces of the coalition (losses in Crimea exceeded 128 thousand people) and Russia did not lose Crimea, as the allies initially wanted, although it was prohibited from having a navy in the Black Sea.

Defenders of Sevastopol This feat of the defenders of Sevastopol shook all of Russia and, despite the heavy defeat, united society. It is no coincidence that already in 1870-1871. Sevastopol was restored, and the Russian fleet returned to the Black Sea.

Poet Fyodor Tyutchev Poet Fyodor Tyutchev wrote a poetic appeal to Chancellor A.M. on this occasion. Gorchakov: Yes, you kept your word: Without moving a gun or a ruble, The native Russian land comes into its own again - And the sea bequeathed to us Again, with a free wave, Forgetting about the brief shame, It kisses its native shore.

Development of Crimea After the Crimean War, the most active development of Crimea began. Since the 70s XIX century Crimea (with the exception of Sevastopol) is developing as a Russian resort. At the same time, agriculture becomes the predominant occupation of the Crimean population. By the 1890s Grain crops occupied 220 thousand acres of land. Another 10 thousand dessiatines were occupied by orchards and vineyards.

Main cities On the eve of the 1917 revolution, 800 thousand people lived in Crimea, including 400 thousand Russians and just under 200 thousand Tatars. At the beginning of the 20th century, Crimea in economic terms was an agricultural region with a small number of industrial cities. The main ones were Simferopol and the port cities of Sevastopol, Kerch, Feodosia.

Names of great Russians During the 19th-20th centuries, Crimea became a place of pilgrimage for writers, poets, artists, and composers. Memorable places are associated with the names of the great Russians A.S. Pushkina, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhova, I.K. Aivazovsky, A.I. Kuindzhi, I.I. Levitan, I.A. Bunina, M.A. Voloshina, A.S. Grina, S.S. Prokofiev and many others.

Questions for consolidation 1. What were the main reasons for the emigration of the Crimean Tatar population to Turkey after the annexation of Crimea to Russia? 2. What happened to the Russian Black Sea Fleet following the Crimean War? 3. What were the main cities in Crimea at the beginning of the twentieth century?

Soviet power After the revolution, Soviet power won in Crimea later than in the center of Russia. The Bolsheviks' stronghold in Crimea was Sevastopol. However, already at the end of April 1918, German troops captured Crimea, and in November 1918 they were replaced by the British and the French.

Soviet power In the summer of 1919, Denikin’s army occupied the entire Crimea. However, in the fall of 1920, the Red Army led by M.V. Frunze restored Soviet power here. Hundreds of thousands of people then emigrated from Crimea and found themselves scattered all over the world. These events are shown very vividly in the film “Running,” filmed in 1970 based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. Crimea forever in the hearts of many Russian people, cut off from their homeland, became the last memory of Russia.

As part of the RSFSR In the fall of 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed as part of the RSFSR. From the end of 1921 to June 1941, a real industrial revolution took place in Crimea. The Kerch Metallurgical Plant was built. The production of iron ore, natural building materials and salt has increased significantly; The chemical industry developed. Canning factories were completely reconstructed. By 1940, industry provided almost 80% of the total gross output of the Crimean national economy.

The Great Patriotic War During the Great Patriotic War, German-Romanian troops invaded Crimea in the fall of 1941. The peninsula was of strategic importance as one of the routes to the oil-bearing regions of the Caucasus (through the Kerch Strait and Taman). In addition, Crimea was important as an aviation base. With the loss of Crimea, Soviet aviation would have lost the ability to raid Romanian oil fields, and the Germans would have been able to strike targets in the Caucasus.

Defense of Sevastopol After difficult 2-month battles, the Red Army retreated to Taman. Only Sevastopol for another 250 days, led by Vice Admiral F.S. Oktyabrskiy held back a 300,000-strong enemy army at his walls. By July 1942, Sevastopol had fallen. Its heroic defense received the unofficial name of the Second Defense of Sevastopol, drawing clear parallels with the events of the Crimean War of the mid-19th century.

Defense of Sevastopol As the Sovinformburo reported: Sevastopol was abandoned by Soviet troops, but the defense of Sevastopol will go down in the history of the Patriotic War of the Soviet Union as one of its brightest pages. The people of Sevastopol enriched the glorious fighting traditions of the peoples of the USSR. Selfless courage, rage in the fight against the enemy and dedication of the defenders of Sevastopol inspire Soviet patriots to further heroic deeds in the fight against the hated occupiers (Message of the Soviet Information Bureau of July 3, 1942).

V. Lebedev - Kumach The poet Vasily Lebedev-Kumach wrote about the defense of Sevastopol: Rise from the ashes, Sevastopol, Hero, glorified forever! Every surviving poplar of yours will grow as a Russian man. Those stones where Nakhimov walked became doubly dear to us, When we, having washed them with our blood, returned them to our native country. Wounded, but majestic, You will enter the chronicle of centuries - The immortal city of our glory, The Shrine of Russian sailors. And our children will tell our grandchildren in the blue bay, How proudly you stood on guard, Covering your homeland with yourself!

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR In the spring of 1944, Soviet troops cleared Crimea from the occupiers. In the same year, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians and Greeks were unjustifiably evicted from the peninsula, who were accused of collaborating with the occupiers (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 493 of September 5, 1967 “On citizens of Tatar nationality living in Crimea " admitted that "after liberation of Crimea from fascist occupation in 1944, the facts of active cooperation with the German invaders of a certain part of the Tatars living in Crimea were unreasonably attributed to the entire Tatar population of Crimea.”

Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR On November 14, 1989, the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On recognizing illegal and criminal repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced resettlement and ensuring their rights” appeared. The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated and the Crimean region and the city of Sevastopol were created as part of the RSFSR.

Reunification of Ukraine and Russia In 1954, the Soviet Union prepared to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine and Russia with pomp. It is in connection with this event that the decision of the then leadership of the country, headed by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, to transfer the Crimean region and Sevastopol from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR is connected. This is what was done in violation of the then current constitutional legislation of the RSFSR. As he wrote in the early 90s. 20th century Russian writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn regarding this act: “The whole region was “gifted” without any laws by the whim of a rogue sultan! "

All-Union health resort In 1954-1991, the Crimean region was part of the Ukrainian SSR. Over the years, Crimea has become an “All-Union health resort”, receiving hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Winemaking is receiving a new impetus - the wines of Massandra, Koktebel and Inkerman have become widely known outside the USSR. Manufacturing industry and transport were well developed.

Crimean ASSR The commonality of the laws of the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR within the framework of a single state, as well as the official bilingualism of the region with the actual predominance of the Russian language, did not create serious preconditions for discontent among the residents of Crimea. However, on January 20, 1991, a referendum was held in Crimea on the issue of re-establishing the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a separate subject of the USSR, in which 1.4 million citizens (81.37% of voters) took part.

Another state 93.26% voted for the re-establishment of an autonomous republic. However, in violation of the results of the referendum in Crimea, the Supreme Council of Ukraine adopted on February 12, 1991 the law “On the restoration of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” as part of the Ukrainian SSR, and 4 months later introduced corresponding changes to the 1978 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR. Thus, after the collapse of the USSR, Crimea and Sevastopol ended up in another state, although on May 21, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted Resolution No. 2809-1, which recognized the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of February 5, 1954 “On the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to composition of the Ukrainian SSR" "has no legal force from the moment of adoption" due to the fact that it was adopted "in violation of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR and legislative procedure."

Crimea Peninsula Nevertheless, pro-Russian sentiments were very strong on the peninsula. In the spring of 1995, the new Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma persuaded the Supreme Council of Ukraine to eliminate the statutory post of President of Crimea and abolish the Crimean constitution. As a result of the decisions taken in Kyiv, the government of the autonomy was completely subordinated to the President of Ukraine.

Constitution of Crimea On October 21, 1998, the Crimean parliament adopted a new constitution of Crimea, which spoke of the peninsula’s belonging to Ukraine as its integral part and its subordination to its legal acts. Obviously, when making this decision, the results of the Crimean referendum of 1991 were not taken into account.

Political and economic crisis Since that time, artificial Ukrainization has been proceeding at an accelerated pace in Crimea, infringing on the rights of both the Russian majority and other peoples of the peninsula. At the end of 2013 - beginning of 2014, a deep political and economic crisis broke out in Ukraine, which led to an armed rebellion and the forceful removal of the current President of Ukraine from power.

Power in the country At the same time, right-wing radical and Russophobic elements supported by NATO countries seized power in the country. This significantly infringed on Russian national interests in the region. This moment was felt with even greater acuteness in Crimea and Sevastopol, where the overwhelming majority of the Russian-speaking population lives and where the Russian cultural tradition is strong.

Declaration of Independence On March 11, 2014, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. On March 16, 2014, a referendum was held on the status of Crimea. 96.77% of residents voted for reunification with Russia in a referendum in Crimea. On March 18, 2014, in the Georgievsky Palace of the Kremlin, an agreement was signed on the accession of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol to the Russian Federation as new entities.

As part of the Russian Federation, on March 21, 2014, the Federal Constitutional Law “On the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the formation of new subjects within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol” was ratified.

Motherland - Russia Thus, the Crimean peninsula and the city of Sevastopol, abundantly watered with Russian blood and covered with military and labor glory, once again found themselves with their Motherland - Russia!

Questions for consolidation 1. How did the structure of the Crimean economy change during the pre-war period? 2. Why is the Sevastopol defense against Nazi troops called the Second Defense of Sevastopol? 3. In what year was the decision made to transfer Crimea to Ukraine? 4. What event prompted the Crimeans to hold a referendum on secession from Ukraine?

The presentation was prepared by Siroshtanova E.A., MBOU Secondary School No. 76, Gigant village 2014

Creation of Crimean khanates.

1223 First appearance of Tatars in Crimea .

• In the early 20s of the 13th century. The Tatar-Mongol army, Jebe and Subedei passed through Northern Iran and Eastern Transcaucasia. In the Kuban region she defeated the Alans, then the Kipchak-Polovtsians. Pursuing them, Jebe and Subedey entered the Crimea, destroyed Surozh, and then defeated the combined Polovtsian and Russian troops at the Battle of Kalka.

Second floor. 30s of the 13th century - first quarter of the 15th century. Crimea as part of the Horde.

• Tatar raids on Crimea were repeated in 1238, 1242, 1249.
• The peninsula became part of the Golden Horde as one of its uluses.
• In the XIV century. the Tatars began to distinguish from their midst urban element, concentrated in Solkhat. The Tatars gave it the name Kyrym (Crimea)

• The governors of the Golden Horde khans had their residence in Kyrym.

XIII-XV centuries Genoese in Crimea.

• In the middle of the 13th century. The Genoese defeated the Venetians in the six-year war and until 1475. dominated the Black Sea trade. In the 70s of the XIII century. they acquired from the Golden Horde governors the right to establish a trading post on the site where Feodosia had previously existed. This is how the famous Kafa, the center of the Genoese possessions in Crimea, arose.

• Trade brought great income to the Genoese, especially the trade in slaves.
• The Genoese colonies, which paid tribute to the Tatars, were independent in their internal affairs.
• In the XIV–XV centuries. The Genoese colonies in Crimea flourished.
• In 1380 During the battle between the Russians and the Tatars on the Kulikovo Field, among the Tatar army of Mamai there were also detachments of Crimean “Fryags” (Italians).

1433–1465 Hadji-Girey - founder of the Crimean Khanate.

• As a result of many years of struggle for the peninsula with pretenders from other families, Hadji-Girey in 1443. returned to Crimea and, with the support of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the Turks, proclaimed the Crimean ulus an independent khanate.

1475 Turk invasion of Crimea.

• In 1475 The Turks captured a number of coastal cities and Crimea became part of the Ottoman state. In addition, in strategically important areas of the steppe part of the peninsula, the Turks built fortresses and maintained permanent garrisons in them. These were Or (Perekop), Arabat, Yenikale, Gezlev.

1475–1774. The Crimean Khanate is a vassal of Turkey.

• After their establishment in Crimea, the Turks retained control of the steppe part of the peninsula in the hands of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey. He became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan. He, at his own discretion, appointed and removed khans from the Girey dynasty. . The Crimean Khanate was autonomous within the Ottoman state.

Territories of the Crimean Khanate.

• Initially, the Khanate included the foothill and steppe Crimea, the eastern part of the Black Sea and Azov steppes. Then the khans captured the Black Sea cities that belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Dashev (Ochakov), Khadzhibey (Odessa), Akkerman (Belgorod), etc. As a result of the Tatar raids, the strongholds of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the steppe part of Ukraine were destroyed. After the liquidation of Moscow in the middle of the 16th century. The Crimean khans annexed the Kuban region of the Astrakhan Khanate. Since then, the Khanate included a significant part of the North Caucasus, the Azov region and the Northern Black Sea region.

State structure of the Crimean Khanate.

• Khans were appointed by special Sultan firmans. The khans were obliged, at the first request of the Sultan, to go together with their troops against any enemy of Turkey.
• The power of the khan was limited.
• The Khan commanded troops, minted coins, set duties and imposed taxes on Christians at his discretion.
• There was no standing army in the Khanate. Its armed forces consisted of militia.

National composition

• The Crimean Khanate was multinational. The largest group of its population were the Nogai - nomadic Tatars. In the steppe part of the peninsula, a nomadic way of life prevailed. In the foothills and mountains, the Tatar population led a sedentary lifestyle.
• The proportion of the Christian population – Greeks and Armenians – was also significant. They were engaged in agriculture, handicraft production, and trade.
• There were many Turks in the coastal cities.

• People of other nationalities also lived on the territory of the Khanate.

XV-XVIII centuries, Crimean Khanate and Little Russia (Ukraine).

After the destruction of Kyiv by Mengli-Girey in 1482, the Little Russian lands were subjected to annual raids. The Tatars stole many prisoners. To protect against them, magnates built castles. Peasants going out into the field were forced to take guns and sabers with them to protect their lives. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. In the Little Russian lands, farmsteads and settlements of the Cossacks appeared, which gradually conquered the steppe from the Tatars. In the 40s of the 16th century. The Zaporozhye Sich arose, which played an outstanding role in the national liberation struggle in the 16th-17th centuries. and in protecting it from Tatar raids.

“Invasion from the East” - The Power of Genghis Khan. December 21 - Ryazan is taken by the Mongols. Trek to Southern Rus'. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Battle of Kalka. Legends about Evpatiya Kolovrat. Hike to Novgorod. March 1238 - Battle of the Sit River. Result: the Russian army was defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. Invasion of Ryazan land. Invasion from the East.

“Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'” - The term “yoke,” meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Russia, does not appear in Russian chronicles. The small town of Kozelsk offered the most stubborn resistance to the foreigners, holding out for seven weeks. Events during the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita achieved great success. In order to avoid senseless bloodshed, they regularly paid tribute to the khan and gradually accumulated strength.

“Battle of Kalka” - Well done. Prince of the Vladimir-Volyn principality. Coalitions. Qualitative characteristics of the army. The smallest military unit. Subjugation of the Buryat tribes. The conquests of Genghis Khan. Khan, head of the united forces of the Cumans. Scheme of the Battle of Kalka. Russian Land. Allies of the Russian princes. Folk epic. Great Khan.

“Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars” - Belonging to a clan was above all else. Batu's campaigns. Mongol Empire and dominions in 1300-1405. Chronicle of the battle. Defense of Kyiv. Control. About the attire of the Mongols. Lifestyle and activities. Human losses. Defense of Kozelsk. Mongol-Tatar invasion. You must believe everything we write. Stages of Genghis Khan's campaigns.

“The Golden Horde and Rus'” - Conclusion. Was the Golden Horde able to defeat Rus'? Determine the level of development of military skill in the Golden Horde. Target. Military innovations. The level of army organizations among the Mongol Tatars was much superior to the Russian one. Hypothesis. Tasks. Progress of the study. Organization level. Problematic question. Chelubey and Peresvet.

“Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus'” - Crusaders. Battle of the Neva. The flight of the Swedes to the ships. Genghis Khan and Father. Alexander Nevsky. The feat of the Novgorodian Misha. Tatar-Mongols. Could Rus' of the 13th century have repelled the Tatar-Mongol invasion? The king of the northern country is making plans to conquer Rus'. What was the strength of the Tatar-Mongol army? Diamond Star.

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