Adjectives ending in -ee, -ey, -him, -him, -em. Spelling of suffixes and endings of adjectives. Features of spelling of case endings of adjectives.

Adjective suffixes

Adjectives replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language as actively as nouns, due to various methods of morphological formation: from the stems of nouns ( kind, plastic, bearish), adjectives ( red-brown, sweet and sour), verbs ( marketable, deceitful, grouchy). The most productive way of formation is suffixal. In this case, suffixes, as a rule, are used depending on the part-speech stem. Thus, adjectives are formed from nominal stems using suffixes -enn-, -onn-, -an-(-yan-), -m-, -iy-, -ov-(-ev-), -iy- etc.; from verbs - -chiv-, -nn-, -eat-, -im-, -ist- etc.

The spelling of suffixes in denominal and verbal adjectives is regulated by special rules

Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns and adjectives

1. The suffix -iv- is written on stressed adjectives, suffix

-ev- - without accent : playful, beautiful, whiny, polite, but: aluminum, ermine, guest, mud, lobe, yeast, potassium, astrakhan, glue, bullet, steering, soy, core.

Exceptions: gracious, holy fool.

2. The suffixes -liv-, -chiv- are written only with a vowel and (in Russian there are no suffixes “-lev-”, “-chev-”): bizarre, sympathetic, conscientious, reckless.

In adjectives gutta-percha, enamel suffix -ev-, and the consonants ch, l are included in the root (gutta-percha, enamel).

3.Suffix -й (variant suffix -j-) written for adjectives formed from nouns with the suffixes -ik-, -nik-, -chik-, while k alternates with h : cab driver(cab), hunting(hunter), carpenter(carpenter), colonel(Colonel), landowner(landowner). In indirect cases these adjectives are written with the letter ь ( landowner, landowner etc.).

In adjectives like froglike And froglike in unstressed position only e is written: turkey - turkey, old lady, boyish, feline(writing feline outdated).

4. The suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit- are written after hard consonants (except c); -ev-, -evat-, -evit- are written after soft consonants, after sibilants and c : whitish, businesslike, angular, homely, verbal, spongy, reddish, glossy, scarred.

5. The suffix -onk- is written after the back lingual g, k, zh; after other consonants the suffix -enk- is written: tall, light, dry; blue, cheap, trashy (from trashy), lukewarm.

6. In adjectives before the suffix -sk-, the final consonant stems of the noun from which the adjective is formed, in some cases remain unchanged, and in others they alternate or disappear :

1) the consonants d, t, z, s are preserved: abbot-sk-y, adjutant, Abkhazian, Vosgesian, Volgograd, Dutch, gigantic, amateurish, decadent, Canadian, Kronstadt, Kurdish, occupier, post office, positivist, Polesie.

If the stem of a noun ends in ts (or tsts), preceded by a vowel, then the suffix -k- is used in the adjective: Cherepovets (Cherepovets), Nitstsky (Nice), German;

2) the consonants k and ch of the bases of nouns alternate with c, while in adjectives it is written - To-: batrats-k-iy (farm-hand), burlatsky (burlak), gornyatsky (miner), kabatsky (tavern), Kalmyk (Kalmyk), permyak (Permyak), fisherman (fisherman), Slovak (Slovak), tkatsky (weaver).

For some adjectives, the final consonant of the base does not change and a suffix is ​​written -sk -: Uzbek-sk-iy (Uzbek), Tajik (Tajik), Uglich (Uglich);

3) if the stem of a noun ends in s, which is preceded by a consonant, then the final s in the stem of the noun disappears: Reims (Reims), Welsh (Wales), Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkasy).

Exception: Helsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).

In adjectives Abosky(Abo is the Swedish name for the Finnish city of Turku), Bordeaux(Bordeaux), Tartu(Tartu) is written alone with (suffix -sk-);

4) in adjectives formed from Russian geographical names ending in sk, one s is written, since the suffix -sk- is superimposed on the sk stem: Amur(Amursk), Omsk(Omsk), Privolzhsky(Privolzhsk). Foreign-language names of this type lose the finite k at the base, so ss is written in adjectives: Damascus(Damascus), San Francisco(San Francisco) Etruscan(Etruscan).

Exception: Basque(Basque), Oskskiy(oski).

7. In adjectives, the letter ь is not written before the suffix -sk-, if the noun stem ends in н or р: Amgun-sky (Amgun), Kuban (Kuban), Ryazan (Ryazan), Jaeger (jaeger), znakharsky (witch doctor), monastic (monastery), pisarsky (clerk).

Exceptions: a) adjectives formed from the names of the months: June, September, October, November, December (but: January), as well as the combination day-day; b) adjectives formed from foreign names: Sichuan, Taiwanese, Tien Shan.

8. The spelling of consonants before suffixes differs - at-, -an- in adjectives like plank, paving stones: ш is written in cases where the sounds it denotes belong to the same morpheme (meaningful part of the word): planks-at-th- dosk-a (sch alternates with sk within one morpheme - root), wax-en-oh - wax.

9. Before the suffix -chat- the final c of the noun stem alternates with t: croup-chat(grain), ciliated(eyelash), tiled(tiles).

10. Adjectives end in -Insky:

1) if they are formed from nouns ending in -a, -ы (-и): Elninsky(Yelnya), Okhtinsky(Ohta), Mytishchi(Mytishchi), Taborinsky(Tabors);

2) if it is possible to form possessive adjectives in in from the corresponding nouns: Elizabethan(Elizabeth - Elizavetin), Mariinsky(Maria - Mariin), Olginsky(Olga - Olgin), sister(sister - sisters);

3) if the adjective is formed from a noun in English: military(warrior), Hellenic(Hellene).

In other cases, adjectives end in -ensky: Grozny(Grozny), Zarechensky(Zarechye), Kerch(Kerch), cemetery(cemetery), beggarly(beggar).

Adjectives Kolomensky(Kolomna), Krapivensky(Krapivna), Lebanese (Livny) and some similar ones are formed from nouns using the suffix -sk-, and the vowel e (denoting a fluent sound) is part of the root.

Adjectives Inzensky, Lopasnensky, Penza, Presnensky written with e according to tradition (although Inza, Lopasnya, Penza, Presnya).

13. In adjectives formed from the stems k, c, h, h is written before the suffix -n- (although it can be pronounced [sh]): mustard(mustard), peppery(pepper), fist(fist), starling n y (starling), lactic(milk), bakery(bun), boring(boredom).

In adjectives formed from stems ending in x, w is written before the suffix -n- : buckwheat(buckwheat), funny(fun), hectic(commotion).

Spelling variations everyday And everyday are equally valid, although the first is preferable.

Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs

1. Suffixes -iv-, -liv- Verbal adjectives are written only with a vowel and regardless of whether they are stressed or unstressed: flattering, mellifluous, envious, talkative, hardy.

2. Suffixes -eat-, -im- are used in the formation of adjectives with and without the prefix not- from intransitive verbs, as well as from transitive verbs of the perfect form: -em- is written without stress, -im- - under stress: indescribable, indisputable, waterproof, unscathed, irresistible, irrefutable, invincible, unquenchable.

3. Suffix -ist- written only with a vowel and: bubbly, sparkling, quirky, hysterical, rolling. Wed. also for adjectives formed from nouns: clayey, broad-shouldered, glib.

Adjective endings

Adjectives are characterized by the fact that they do not have independent morphological characteristics of gender, number and case. These characteristics are determined by the noun with which the adjective is combined, i.e. is subject to approval. In other words, the meanings of gender, number and case of an adjective are expressed syntactically.

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what , which is given as a noun: with oars th(How them?) character, oh cheerful ohm(How ohm?) character etc.

It is necessary to distinguish:

a) masculine and neuter adjectives have singular endings -ym(s) in the instrumental case ( by the wind How them ? fresh them, abroad How them ? far them ) and endings -om(s) in the prepositional case ( about the wind How ohm ? fresh I eat, about abroad How ohm ? far I eat );

b) feminine singular endings for adjectives -yu (-yu) in the accusative case ( the road How wow ? exactly wow, dawn How wow ? spring yuyu ) and endings -oh (-ee) in the instrumental case ( dear How oh ? exactly oh, the dawn How oh ? spring by her ).

2. In the singular genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives at the end -Wow(-his) the letter is written according to tradition G , although pronounced V, eg: kind, good, big, blue.

3. Possessive adjectives on -y, -ya, -ye, -y (hare, hare, hare, hare) in all cases, except for the nominative and similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, about bearish; bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, oh bearish.

Such adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), so before the ending the separator ь is written as an indicator of this suffix.

4. Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban are changed according to the solid variety of declension and are written with endings

-y, -aya, -oe, -b/e; the adjectives nonresident, beskrayny change according to the soft variety of declension and are written with endings -y, -yaya, -ee, -oe(forms out-of-town And boundless- outdated). Adjective intercity has an option intercity.

5. Adjectives ending in -yny, have a short form in the nominative singular masculine form on -en: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender. Exception: worthy - worthy.

In the Russian language, case endings are characteristic only of complete adjectives, which depend on such grammatical features as gender, number, and case. Short adjectives are never declined by case and have several constant endings. The article provides many accessible examples of adjective endings.

Peculiarities of spelling case endings of adjectives

The spelling of adjective endings depends on the grammatical features of the word - its gender, number, case, and in some cases, lexico-grammatical category.

Word Which helps to determine the ending of an adjective in the simplest way - just select the desired form of the question for the case form of the adjective. The ending of the question will coincide with the ending of the adjective (for adjectives with a solid base, vowels will be written at the endings -s-, -o-, -u- with a soft base and a sizzling base - -i-, -e, – -yu-).

Examples: snowy oh(How oh?) field, in large wow(How wow?) plate, over green th(How them?) meadow.

Important! In Russian, only full adjectives have case endings, short case adjectives are not declined and have only four endings - zero, -a(-i), -o(-e), -s(-i). Examples: light, green A, great O, hot And .

Case endings of full adjectives

The system of endings for adjectives is given in the table with examples.

Case	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
I. p.	Funny Ouch, Good th, Loud th, Ptich th	Funny oh, Good oh, Loud oh, Ptich ya	Funny oh, Good her, Loud oh, Ptich ye	Funny s, Good no, Loud no, Ptich yi
R. p.	Funny Wow, Good his, Loud Wow, Ptich his	Funny Ouch, Good to her, Loud Ouch, Ptich oh	Funny Wow, Good his, Loud Wow, Ptich his	Funny s, Good their, Loud their, Ptich their
D. p.	Funny wow, Good to him, Loud wow, Ptich I'm talking to him	Funny Ouch, Good to her, Loud Ouch, Ptich oh	Funny wow, Good to him, Loud wow, Ptich I'm talking to him	Funny th, Good them, Loud them, Ptich yim
V. p.	Funny Ouch/funny Wow, Good th/good his, Loud th/loud Wow, Ptich th/bird his	Funny wow, Good wow, Loud wow, Ptich yu	Funny oh, Good her, Loud oh, Ptich ye	Funny s/funny s, Good no/good their Loud no/loud their Ptich yi/bird their
etc.	Funny th, Good them, Loud them, Ptich yim	Funny Ouch, Good to her, Loud Ouch, Ptich oh	Funny th, Good them, Loud them, Ptich yim	Funny them, Good them, Loud them, Ptich with them
P. p.	Oh funny ohm, Oh good I eat, Oh loud ohm, Oh bird I eat	Oh funny Ouch, Oh good to her, Oh loud Ouch, Oh birds oh	Oh funny ohm, Oh good I eat, Oh loud ohm, Oh bird I eat	Oh funny s, Oh good their, Oh loud their, Oh bird their

adjectives are related in meaning and form to nouns.

3) The gender, number and case of adjectives depend (consistent) on the gender, number and case of the nouns with which the adjectives are associated.

4) Singular adjectives have the following case endings

Zh.r aya, aya, oh, ey, oh, ey, yu, yuyu, oh.ey, oh, her

M.r oh, y, y, oh, him, oh, him, oh y, him, oh.

Wed her oh his oh him oh her oh his oh him ohm he

the same person, number and case?
1) I didn’t dare take it from her ransom. He let me in there her into the blue sea.2) On him the old woman shouted. To serve in the stables his sent.3) Serve to her boyars to nobles. They pour to her overseas wines.4) They found the old man and led him to her.
Write down phrases with highlighted pronouns, substitute them and write down questions for them. Determine person, number and case. Underline the letter of each pronoun N at the beginning of the pronoun.

One day I was going down to the sea and saw a little penguin. He has just grown three feathers on his head and a short tail. He watched as

adult penguins are swimming. The rest of the chicks stood near the stones heated by the sun. The little penguin stood on the rock for a long time; he was afraid to throw himself into the sea. Finally he made up his mind and approached the edge of the cliff. A small naked penguin stood at the height of a three-story building. The wind blew it away. From
Out of fear, the little penguin closed his eyes and rushed down. He emerged, spun in one place, quickly climbed onto the rocks and looked at the sea in surprise.
This was a very brave little penguin. It was his first time swimming in the cold sea. Write down all the nouns, determine declension and case!

Water vapor does not remain in the air all the time. Some of it turns back into water. This is called condensation and occurs when the air cools.

Cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air, so some water vapor condenses into tiny droplets of water. A white trail in the sky, trailing behind a high-flying airplane, is formed as a result of condensation. WATER IN A FROZEN STATE IS LIGHTER THAN LIQUID WATER. Glass has a lower temperature than the air surrounding it. Ships float because they have air in their holds, not water, and it holds a ship is afloat, and submarines float, only they have air in cylinders (ballasts); if they need to sink to the bottom, they pump it out, the boat becomes heavy and sinks, and if you need to surface, you can pump air into the ballasts and the boat will float up. Rainbow This is a refraction of light, which is formed due to the fact that when it rains and the sun shines, the rays of the sun fall on the rain and are reflected in seven colors.