In the interests of current and future generations, the USSR is taking the necessary measures to protect and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to preserve clean air and water, ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment.

Environmental management, or more precisely, rational environmental management, should be called a set of measures, the implementation of which ensures the most effective use of the natural resources of a particular territory in the national economy, as well as the protection and transformation of the environment in order to improve people's living conditions.

The time of spontaneous, reckless use of natural resources and conditions has already passed, and environmental management at present should be carried out only on a scientific basis, taking into account all those complex processes that occur in the environment both without and with human participation. It cannot be otherwise, since the anthropogenic impact on nature has now become exceptionally strong.

It is believed that as a result of human economic activity over the past 50 years, our planet has changed to a greater extent than in the 800 thousand years that separate us from the beginning of mankind’s mastery of fire.

Human economic activity unfolds within the biosphere, the main components of which are: the lithosphere (the earth's crust), the hydrosphere (various waters - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps and underground), the atmosphere (air) and living organisms (including humans ). Most of all, people change landscapes - natural complexes on the border between the lithosphere and the atmosphere, which are the main place of their life. Landscapes represent the face of the biosphere and are complex combinations of components that interact naturally, such as: climate associated with the influence of the sun on the Earth; rocks that make up the earth's crust; features of the structure of the Earth's surface; water, in its various forms; plants and animals.

The final result of human management on the surface of our planet in all cases is the depletion of the biosphere in useful components with the simultaneous contamination of all its components with industrial waste. Surface and partly groundwater are polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater. The atmosphere changes its chemical and physical properties, into which gases and solid particles of various compositions enter in ever greater quantities, emitted by industrial enterprises, boiler houses, large thermal power plants, internal combustion engines, etc. Minerals are extracted from the bowels of the earth, and in In places where they are mined, quarries with surrounding dumps or mine waste heaps remain. Natural vegetation on the site of plowed fields is destroyed, and their unprotected soil cover is destroyed. Grazing by domestic animals leads to a reduction in natural biological resources and depletion of the species composition of vegetation. This general result of human activity determines the need to develop ways of using the biosphere in which its pollution would be minimal and the use of natural resources would be the most complete and rational. Rational environmental management includes:

Organization of the fullest use of natural resources, ranging from various types of mineral raw materials to climate, vegetation and soil cover;

Nature protection, including in this concept not only the preservation of vegetation and animals and their reproduction from destruction, but also the fight against pollution of the earth’s surface, water and air, as well as the protection of remarkable corners of nature that delight the human eye and have a beneficial effect on his psyche;

Transformation of nature, which comes down to improving existing natural conditions that have developed historically, are stable, but do not meet the requirements that people living in certain parts of our country place on them. For example, the creation of oases rich in water and vegetation in deserts, ensuring the most efficient use of the large amount of solar heat that the southern regions receive.

Each of the listed areas of environmental management can develop independently. However, at present, given the rapid growth of the population and the continuous increase in its impact on the environment during the modern scientific and technological revolution, the use of natural resources, the protection and transformation of nature must be planned in a comprehensive manner. Only in this case will a person be able to create a controlled natural environment favorable for livelihoods of people and facilitating their most efficient use of natural resources in the interests of the development of the national economy of our country as a whole. An indicative example of a thoughtful organization of rational use of natural resources, protection and transformation of nature can be considered the construction of the large Karakum Canal, which ensured the comprehensive development of the national economy and transformation of nature of the southern edge of the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan.

In all cases, the organization of rational environmental management should be carried out with the expectation of creating landscapes that are stable under new physical and geographical conditions arising as a result of the activities planned during the organization of the development of certain natural resources. The organization of rational environmental management should be carried out with the calculation of the maximum approximation of newly created natural environments to those zonal physical and geographical conditions that exist within the developed territory and are largely a function of climate. Then the emerging natural-territorial complexes will be the most stable and capable of permanent existence. For example, provided there is a constant supply of water from rivers flowing from the mountains, cultural oases have existed in our Central Asian deserts with their stable cultural landscapes for many millennia. The creation of new anthropogenic landscapes that harmoniously combine the zonal features of nature with the characteristics of technical systems is the most important task of modern geographical science and practice.

The changes made by man to the natural conditions of certain territories during the development of their raw material resources will be sustainable only in those cases if the new natural conditions created by him turn out to be close to the existing zonal conditions or to the natural conditions of neighboring zones. For example, in the steppe zone, you can plan to introduce into the landscape such components as semi-desert or forest-steppe vegetation, with which the steppe zone is connected by gradual transitions. This situation is adjusted by azonal conditions, which significantly change the physical and geographical conditions of some areas and natural zones located in the steppe zone. For example, on the hilly sands of the Borovka and Malaya Khobda river basins in the Orenburg region, with their unique water and air regime, various tree species, including pine trees, thrive. Naturally, the transformation of the nature of the hilly sands in this part of the steppe zone should consist, first of all, in their afforestation, the feasibility of which is proven by the centuries-old existence of the Buzuluksky forest on the Borovka River and the Shubaragash massif on the Malaya Khobda River.

Azonal changes in natural conditions within natural zones are primarily associated with differences in the physical and chemical properties of the soils of the parent rocks in individual areas. For this reason, they are more often found in folded mountainous areas, where the parent rocks have different ages, petrographic compositions and properties that change over short distances. In the Orenburg region, such conditions exist in the eastern part of the region, located in the folded structures of the Urals.

The use of natural resources forms the material basis for the economic activity of the population. It is carried out throughout the vast territory of our Motherland, in various natural zones. For each of them, sooner or later, a set of measures must be developed to ensure the rational use of natural resources, nature protection and its transformation.

For the steppe zone of the Urals and adjacent territories, which includes the steppes of the Orenburg region and parts of the Kustanai, Aktobe and Ural regions, and the Kazakh SSR, the following main sectoral directions for rational environmental management can be outlined:

Rational use and protection of local water resources (surface and groundwater);

Replenishment of the region's water resources through inter-basin transfers of river flow;

Rational use and protection of mineral resources and reclamation of those territories where mining is carried out;

Rational use and protection of land resources;

Rational use, protection and transformation of natural (landscape) conditions for organizing recreation for the urban and rural population;

Protection from air pollution.

In the steppe zone of the Urals and in the adjacent territories, water resources are very limited. The total flow of the Ural River basin is only 10 cubic kilometers of water per year. Therefore, the water needs of industry, agriculture and the population of this vast region can only be satisfied by transferring part of the flow of the Volga River and part of the flow of Siberian rivers through the projected Tobolsk-Amu Darya canal to the Ural River basin and the upper reaches of the Tobol River. First of all, at least 5 cubic kilometers of water per year should be sent here. The organization of such transfer will require major hydraulic engineering work: laying canals, building reservoirs, pressure-storage hydroelectric power plants, etc., which will lead to significant changes in the nature of the steppe zone of the Urals.

Transferring a sufficient amount of water to the Ural steppes will make it possible to switch to irrigated agriculture within their borders and ensure stable production of agricultural products. Replenishing the Ural River with Siberian and Volga water will make it possible to fully use local runoff for the needs of agriculture and livestock husbandry and create chains of reservoirs in the river valleys of the steppe zone that provide watering of pastures, the development of vegetable growing, the creation of irrigated meadows, the organization of fish farming, and the establishment of recreation areas.

Given the general and constant shortage of water and in order to save it, all industry developing in the Southern Urals should be transferred to recycled water supply or waterless technology.

The lack of water and, as a result, the impossibility of diluting industrial and domestic wastewater to maximum permissible concentrations, forces us to propose, as a temporary measure, the use in the Cis-Ural region of burying difficult-to-treat wastewater in deep horizons of the earth's crust.

The Southern Urals is a territory rich in a variety of types of minerals, extracted from the bowels of the earth on an ever-increasing scale. In the Ural steppes, especially in the folded zone of the Urals, there are many quarries and dumps surrounding these quarries. The areas occupied by them are not yet used in the national economy and are subject to reclamation and restoration of useful land in their place.

In the steppe zone of the Urals, reclamation work should be aimed at creating permanent or temporary reservoirs in exhausted quarries. Water can be used for watering livestock, even temporarily, irrigating vegetable gardens, and in some cases even for fish farming. These reservoirs must be afforested.

It is advisable to transform dumps and slopes of quarries into arable land, hayfields and pastures. To do this, they must first of all be leveled, covered with loose weathering products removed from mineral bodies during their development, if these products do not contain impurities harmful to plants, and then covered with black soil.

Various agricultural crops and herbs can be sown on areas leveled and covered with a layer of humus.

Observations have shown that the development of vegetation on dumps and quarry walls largely depends on the petrographic, and therefore the chemical composition of the rocks forming the dumps and slopes. For example, on the brown quaternary clays of the Cis-Urals and on the weathering crust of ultrabasic rocks of the Eastern Orenburg region, vegetation develops well, but on the eluvium of chalk, white kaolin clays and rocks rich in iron oxides, it develops poorly. All this determines the need for a thorough study of the conditions for biological reclamation of each quarry and dump, especially within the Ural folded zone. It will be possible to count on the success of biological reclamation only with the strictest consideration of all the properties of the resulting species and the ability of plants to develop on them.

The Southern Urals and the surrounding areas have the most valuable agricultural land: within their borders there are about 15 million hectares of fertile chernozem and dark chestnut soils. Therefore, the correct solution to the problem of the most rational use of soil cover is of utmost economic importance here.

It was indicated above that the agricultural future of the Southern Urals lies in irrigated agriculture. At the same time, it is quite obvious that the preservation and rational and long-term use of soil fertility is possible only by organizing the fight against erosion (washout) and deflation (flight) of the soil cover.

One of the simplest and most necessary measures to slow down erosion - horizontal plowing - is not always carried out. No-moldboard plowing, which has proven itself well in the Eastern Orenburg region, should become more widespread. It is necessary to combat the formation and growth of ravines everywhere.

The presence in the steppes of the Southern Urals of a large number of deposits of various minerals determined the formation of several industrial hubs and the construction of individual enterprises processing mineral raw materials. Orsk and Novotroitsk, Orenburg, Mednogorsk, Kuvandyk, Aktyubinsk and Uralsk have a number of enterprises that emit harmful gases, smoke and dust that contaminate the atmosphere. The fight for its purity is not yet carried out energetically enough.

The successful economic and social development of our state involves the organization of adequate recreation for Soviet people. For residents of the steppe zone of the Urals, with its hot and dry climate, low-water rivers and treelessness, summer vacation - close to home - is of significant importance. The recreational resources of the Ural steppes have not yet been properly studied and assessed, and they are not so small.

As recreational places, the floodplains of such rivers as the Ural, Sakmara, Samara, and to a lesser extent Ilek attract attention primarily. There are places of remarkable beauty in the Guberlinsky Mountains, where there is every reason to create large recreation areas of regional and republican significance. For recreational purposes, the banks of the Iriklinsky reservoir and those reservoirs that are planned to be built in the future can be used. You can organize a vacation in the Orenburg region on the outskirts of the Buzuluksky forest and small pine forests in the Totsky district and along the right bank of the Samara River near the village of Nikiforovka, Buzuluksky district. Pine forests in the Kvarken district of the Orenburg region are especially suitable for this purpose. On the southernmost outskirts of this area, the surroundings of the Shubaragash forest in the Sol-Iletsk district can be used to create a recreation area of ​​local importance.

The small number of recreational lands available in the steppes of the Southern Urals and their small size force us to pay special attention to their protection and rational use. First of all, all floodplain forests should be closed to vehicles. In these same forests, it is necessary to stop all logging, except for sanitary ones. Fulfillment of the timber harvesting plan by forestry enterprises leads to the destruction of floodplain forests.

The organization of recreation areas for urban and rural populations must be well founded and planned. During the construction of these zones, nature-transforming measures are inevitable, such as laying roads, creating ponds, planting trees, etc. When planning the construction of holiday homes, sanatoriums, tourist and sports centers, one should everywhere take into account the presence within the pre-Ural part of the steppe zone of mineral waters lying at depths of 300 meters and below, suitable for use for medicinal purposes. Post Views: 294

Being a part of nature, man has used its gifts for many centuries to develop technology and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. Modern scientific facts indicate that it is time to think about the wise use of nature, because thoughtless waste of the earth's resources can lead to an irreversible environmental disaster.

Environmental management system

The modern system of environmental management is an integral structure that covers all areas of human activity at the present stage, including public consumption of natural resources.

Science views environmental management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, this is a discipline that provides theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and enhance the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.

Classification of natural resources

By origin, natural resources are divided into:

According to industrial use, they are distinguished:

• World Land Trust.
• Forest fund is part of the land resources on which trees, shrubs, and grasses grow.
• Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans.

By degree of depletion:

Rational and irrational environmental management

Rational environmental management is the continuous impact of man on the surrounding space, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its conservation and protection from undesirable consequences in the process of his activities.

Signs of rational environmental management:

• Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
• Conservation of land, water, animals and flora.
• Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
• Preservation of the natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
• Maintaining the ecological balance of the natural system.
• Regulation of fertility and population.

Rational environmental management implies the interaction of the entire natural system based on maintaining the laws of ecology, rationalization in the use, conservation and enhancement of available resources. The essence of environmental management is based on the primary laws of mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational environmental management means the analysis of a biological system, its careful operation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only current, but also future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.

Examples of rational environmental management are:

The current state of environmental management shows an irrational approach, which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and a very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has created a situation in which the environment is polluted and degraded.

Signs of irrational environmental management:

There are quite a large number of examples of irrational environmental management, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is characteristic of intensive production.

Examples of unsustainable environmental management:

• Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing of slopes on highlands, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of soil (humus).
• Changes in hydrological regime.
• Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
• Discharge of waste and sewage into rivers, lakes, seas.
• Atmospheric pollution by chemicals.
• Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
• Open method of mining.

Principles of rational environmental management

Human activity, as part of the search for ways to rationally use natural resources and improve environmental safety methods, is based on the following principles:

Ways to implement the principles

At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of applying rational methods of using natural resources, which relate to:

In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at developing and implementing regional environmental plans and measures, and management and control of activities in this area should be carried out by state and public organizations. These measures will allow:

• provide the population with environmentally friendly work in production;
• create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
• reduce the hazardous impact of natural disasters and disasters;
• preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
• introduce modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
• regulate acts of environmental legislation.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that in nature everything is closely interconnected and not a single component can exist in isolation from each other.

The damage caused during centuries of economic activity can be corrected only if society consciously approaches solving problems regarding the global environmental situation. And this is everyday work for the individual, the state and the world community.

In addition, before preserving any biological entity, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by understanding nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.

In the history of the formation of the environmental concept, several successive stages can be distinguished:

Species and protected nature protection

Resource protection

Nature conservation

Rational use of natural resources

Protection of the human environment

Environmental protection.

Accordingly, the very concept of environmental protection activities expanded and deepened.

Nature conservation - a set of state and public measures aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soils, waters and subsoil.

Intensive exploitation of natural resources has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection activity - rational use of natural resources , in which protection requirements are included in the very process of economic activity using natural resources.

At the turn of the 50s. XX century another form of protection arises - protection of the human environment. This concept is close in meaning to nature conservation, The focus is on man, the preservation and formation of such natural conditions that are most favorable for his life, health and well-being.

Environmental protection - a new form in the interaction between man and nature, born in modern conditions, it represents a system of state and public measures (technological, economic, administrative, legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, the preservation and reproduction of existing ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations

In recent years the term has been increasingly used "protectionthe natural environment." The term adopted by a number of authors is very close in content and scope to this concept "biosphere protection".Biosphere protection is a system activities carried out at the national and international levels and aimed at eliminating unwanted anthropogenic or natural influence on functionally interconnected blocks of the biosphere (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, lithosphere, sphere of organic life), maintaining its organization and ensuring normal functioning.

Environmental protection is closely related to environmental management - one of the branches of applied ecology.

Nature management - social and production activities aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions.

According to (1992), environmental management includes:

a) protection, renewal and reproduction of natural resources, their extraction and processing;

b) use and protection of natural conditions of the human living environment;

c) preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;

d) regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.

Environmental management can be irrational and rational. Irrational environmental management does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to impoverishment and deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, disruption of ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems.

Ratio natural resource management means the integrated science-based use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential, with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-healing.

Rational environmental management- systematic, scientifically based transformation of the environment based on the integrated use of non-renewable resources in the cycle: production - consumption - secondary resources, subject to the conservation and reproduction of renewable natural resources.

According to Yu. Odum (1975), rational environmental management has a dual purpose:

Ensure that the environment is in such a state that
she could satisfy rum along with material
needs, requests for aesthetics and relaxation;

Ensure the possibility of continuous harvesting
useful plants, animal production and various materials
materials by establishing a balanced cycle of
use and renewal.

At the current, modern stage of development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept is born - environmental safety , which is understood as the state of protection of a person’s vital environmental interests and, above all, his rights to a favorable natural environment.

The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population and rational environmental management is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems and preserving existential potential.

Ecologically balanced environmental management is possible only by using “an ecosystem approach that takes into account all types of relationships and mutual influences between environments, ecocenoses and humans” (Borozin, Tsitzer, 1996).

Irrational environmental management ultimately leads to an environmental crisis, and environmentally balanced environmental management creates the preconditions for overcoming it.

Nature management- direct and indirect human impact on the environment as a result of his activities.

The creation of waste-free and low-waste industries can prevent the depletion of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment.

The use of fossil fuels and air pollution during their combustion necessitate the use of fuels, and the creation of an environmental assessment and constant monitoring ensure a reduction in the harmful human impact on the environment.

Urbanization- this is the growth and development of cities, the migration of rural populations to the city, the increasing role of cities in the life of society

Greening– the process of penetration of ideas and environmental problems into other areas of knowledge

8.2 Principles of rational environmental management and nature conservation,

The principles of rational environmental management and nature conservation are based on the following rules:

1. Prediction rule, states: “The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out on the basis of anticipation and the maximum possible prevention of negative consequences of environmental management

2. The rule of multiple meanings of objects and phenomena, states: “The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out taking into account the interests of different sectors of the economy”

3. Rule of complexity, states: “The use and protection of natural resources must be carried out comprehensively, across different sectors of the economy

4. Regional rule, states: “The use and protection of natural resources must be carried out taking into account local conditions

5. Rule of unity of use and protection, states: “The protection of nature should be carried out in the process of its use and should not be an end in itself”

6. Rule for increasing the intensity of natural resource development, states: “The use and protection of natural resources should be carried out on the basis of reducing or eliminating losses of minerals during their extraction, transportation, enrichment and processing”

8.3 Waste-free and low-waste production

Basic principles creation of waste-free production are:

1. The integrated use of raw materials is dictated by the increasing growth rates of industrial production that pollute the environment, as well as the need to use them economically, since reserves of mineral raw materials are limited and their prices are constantly increasing.

Production waste is an unused or underused part of raw materials.

Rational, integrated use of raw materials makes it possible to reduce the amount of underused substances, increase the range of finished products, and produce new products from waste.

2. Creation of fundamentally new and improvement of existing technologies.

3. Creation of closed water and gas cycles to avoid environmental pollution.

4. Cooperation of enterprises, creation of territorial
production complexes.

5. The use of alternative energy sources - the use of renewable energy sources (wind, natural heat, sun, water, etc.). These sources include: hydropower, wind power, bioenergy, geothermal energy, solar energy, marine energy, wave energy, current and tidal energy, the use of temperature differences between layers of sea water, hydrogen energy.

8.4 Environmental assessment

Environmental assessment - This is an assessment of the level of possible negative impacts of planned and ongoing economic and other activities on the environment and natural resources.

Target environmental assessment - ensuring environmental safety of the development of society, its productive forces, man, his life and health, as well as his environment.

Objects

Projects and feasibility studies (feasibility studies) for the construction and operation of economic structures, as well as operating enterprises and complexes;

Regulatory and technical documentation for the creation of new equipment, technologies, materials, as well as operating equipment;

Draft regulatory and administrative acts and current legislation.

Subjects environmental assessment are:

Legislative and executive bodies of state power, as well as courts at various levels;

Specialized government organizations (committees, commissions, agencies, ministries);

Specialized non-governmental organizations (private,
public, cooperative).

8.5 Monitoringenvironment

Environmental monitoring is a system of observations, assessments and forecasts that allows us to identify changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activities.

Purpose of environmental monitoring- information support for environmental management and environmental safety.

The system of environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is headed by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”. According to the Law, production monitoring is required to be carried out by a legal entity - a user of natural resources.

Observations are carried out on physical, chemical and biological indicators. Data from stationary(permanent observation posts) and mobile(laboratory vehicles, aerospace vehicles, etc.) systems.

The following are distinguished: types of monitoring:

1. Global(biosphere) Monitoring is carried out on the basis of international cooperation and allows us to assess the current state of the entire natural system of the Earth.

2. National monitoring is carried out within the state by specially created bodies.

3. Regional monitoring is carried out within large areas intensively subject to anthropogenic impact.

4. TO local monitoring includes observations of the air environment of various zones of the city, industrial and agricultural areas and individual enterprises.

Nature management- is the practical human activity of using natural resources in order to satisfy the material and cultural needs of society.

Since man has existed on Earth, he has continuously interacted with the nature around him. This interaction is both direct and indirect. The basis for direct interaction between humans and their natural environment is the biological metabolism common to all organisms. However, the most specific and significant for people as social beings is the indirect way of interacting with nature through the use of various technical devices. With such interaction, an exchange of substances occurs between man and nature, but the pace of its development differs significantly from direct exchange, since its increase is not limited by the natural size of the bodies of organisms, but is determined by the development of knowledge and the improvement of technical devices used by people. Thus, the interaction in this case develops according to the principle of positive feedback: the more technology and equipment are improved, the larger masses of natural matter are set in motion by them, and this process can proceed with a continuous increase until some external insurmountable obstacle arises. If our ancestors had limited their activities only to adaptation to nature and the appropriation of its finished products, then they would never have emerged from the animal state in which they were originally.

Only in confrontation with nature, in constant struggle with it and transformation in accordance with its needs and goals, could a creature be formed that passed the path from animal to man. The beginning of man could only be given by such a not entirely natural form of activity as labor, the main feature of which is the production by the subject of labor of some objects (products) with the help of other objects (tools). It was labor that became the basis of human evolution. Labor activity, having given man enormous advantages in the struggle for survival over other creatures, at the same time put him in danger of becoming over time a force capable of destroying the natural environment of his own life.

The entire previous history can be viewed in an ecological sense as an accelerating process of accumulation of those changes in science, technology and the state of the environment, which ultimately developed into the modern environmental crisis. The main symptom of this crisis is the sharp qualitative change in the biosphere that has occurred over the past 50 years. Moreover, not so long ago, the first signs of the ecocrisis developing into an ecological catastrophe appeared, the signs of which are the processes of irreversible destruction of the biosphere. Many experts consider such signs to be the destruction of the ozone screen in the upper layers of the atmosphere recorded in the mid-80s, the increasingly increasing dehydration of the continental territories of the planet, the loss of climatic stability and many other trends in changes in the natural environment.

The environmental problem has confronted humanity with a choice of further development path: should it continue to focus on limitless growth of production or should this growth be consistent with the real capabilities of the natural environment and the human body, commensurate not only with the immediate but also with the long-term goals of social development.

All these questions require deep understanding, since a border situation of an extraordinary order has arisen. Firstly, it concerns not individual people or human groups, but all of humanity as a whole. Secondly, the pace of events is unusual; they are clearly ahead of the possibilities of their knowledge not only at the everyday level, but even at the level of scientific and theoretical thinking. Thirdly, the problem cannot be solved by the simple use of force, as was often the case in the past; In many cases, solving environmental problems requires not so much an increase in technical power as abstinence from such activities that, while not being a prerequisite for human existence, can be stopped or significantly limited to environmentally acceptable limits if they are associated with large consumption of natural resources. Activities essential to human existence must be carefully designed to be environmentally friendly to both natural resources and human health.

Thus, the time has come for a critical review of all areas of human activity and those areas of knowledge and spiritual culture that serve them. Humanity as a whole is being tested for true intelligence in the face of the new demands that the biosphere places on it. These requirements are:

· biosphere compatibility based on knowledge and use of the laws of conservation of the biosphere;

· moderation in the consumption of natural resources, overcoming the wastefulness of the consumer structure of society;

· mutual tolerance and peacefulness of the peoples of the planet in their relations with each other;

· following generally significant, environmentally thoughtful and consciously abandoned global goals of social development.

All these requirements presuppose the movement of humanity towards a single global integrity based on the joint formation and maintenance of a new planetary shell, which V.I. Vernadsky called the noosphere.

Problems of the environment and the use of natural resources consist of a complex of state, international and public activities, the implementation of which is directly dependent on the socio-economic system of various states and their technical capabilities.

Facts characterizing the deterioration of the state of the natural environment and wasteful use of natural resources are largely associated with miscalculations, mistakes and bad practices of some planning and economic bodies, scientific, survey, design and construction organizations, which believe that achieving the immediate economic, environmental and other goals has a certain priority over solving long-term problems of preserving the biosphere.

Thus, the deterioration of the natural environment is explained by the following reasons:

1. insufficient knowledge about ecological systems, the boundaries of their sustainable functioning;

2. inability to predict environmental changes and their impact on human health;

3. departmental and narrowly professional limitations in solving economic, engineering and technical issues, underestimation of measures to prevent degradation and protect the natural environment and natural and economic objects;

4. insignificance of developments or lack of technological foundations for waste-free production and economic research aimed at developing criteria for the development of production in order to maintain environmental balance;

5. unprepared production;

6. low qualifications of personnel working at wastewater treatment plants;

7. a certain psychological unpreparedness and inertia (until recently, issues of nature conservation were considered secondary).

Today, the main strategic line in the scientific and economic activities of people should be the formula: understand in order to anticipate, anticipate in order to use rationally. That's why environmental management is now considered not only as a process of using natural resources, but also as a science that develops general principles for carrying out any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which help avoid environmental disaster.

Conditionally we can distinguish 3 levels of environmental management:

1. Local– a level limited by the ownership of one subject: household, yard, enterprise or farm;

2. Regional– a set of subjects of one region or country

3. Global– the totality of all countries and regions of environmental management.

It is important to understand that the direct impact on nature is only at the local level, but the cumulative force of such impacts can cause significant harm to the region’s ecosystem and the biosphere as a whole.

The development of methods and control over the functioning of such a system is carried out at the regional level. In addition, restoration environmental protection measures are being carried out at the regional level. The state, as the strongest social institution, now has the most significant influence on the level of ecosystem destruction in a particular region.

The most important tasks environmental management as a science is the study of the natural environment as a resource-reproducing system and ways to increase its productivity based on the patterns of functioning of natural ecosystems, as well as the disclosure of mechanisms of sustainability and self-healing of natural complexes. In other words, a person needs to learn to foresee the future and develop a strategy for designing and creating the natural and technical environment he needs. It should be taken into account that the environmental problem has at least three aspects:

· technical and economic(related to the threat of depletion of natural resources);

· ecological(related to the biological balance of human society with nature during global environmental pollution);

· socio-political, (these problems are associated with the need to solve them not only within individual regions and even countries, but also on a global scale, covering humanity as a whole).

Academician A.V. Sidorenko, formulating the tasks facing science in the field of environmental protection, wrote: “Some “conservators of nature” advocate preserving nature in a pristine state, in order to leave nature intact in the conditions of continuously developing creative human activity In fact, it is necessary to find farming methods that take into account natural balances in the direction of either minimal harmful consequences or lead to an improvement in natural potential.”

Developing the idea expressed, we can formulate the essence of the concept of “protection of the natural environment”.

Nature conservation(natural environment) - a system of international, state and public activities aimed at the rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, at improving the state of the natural environment in the interests of meeting the material and cultural needs of both existing and future generations of people.

In other words, nature conservation is a system of measures to optimize the relationship between human society and nature. In environmental activities, a distinction is made between the protection of the atmosphere, water, subsoil, soil, vegetation, and wildlife.

Nature management and nature conservation are very closely related. This can already be seen from the definitions of these concepts. Therefore, in some cases, nature conservation is considered as an integral part of environmental management, in others, these concepts are not distinguished. It depends on what is meant by environmental management in a particular case.

Depending on the consequences of human economic activity, environmental management is distinguished between irrational and rational.

Irrational environmental management leads to depletion (and even disappearance) of natural resources, environmental pollution, disruption of the ecological balance of natural systems, i.e. to an environmental crisis or disaster.

The reasons for irrational environmental management are various. This is insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population, etc. In addition, in different countries, issues of environmental management and conservation are resolved differently depending on a number of factors: political, economic, social, moral, etc.

Rational environmental management- this is a system of human activity that ensures the most effective mode of reproduction and economical exploitation of natural resources, taking into account the long-term interests of a developing economy and the preservation of human health; This is a comprehensive, scientifically based use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible preservation of natural resource potential, with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulation and self-healing.

Rational environmental management obliges us to consider natural (ecological) processes and human economic activity as a single bio-economic system “production - environment”. Consequently, the problem of managing social production develops into an incomparably more complex problem of managing the bioeconomic system. In its most general form, it can be formulated as follows: choose a ratio between the achieved level of capacity of technological systems and the rate of their growth, which would ensure the preservation of the quality of the environment within certain strictly specified limits.

A rational approach to environmental management should be based on two fundamental principles:

1. full use of natural resources is possible,

2. bringing unused production waste to a state in which it can be assimilated by environmental systems.

Modern practice of using the gifts of nature has developed other principles of rational environmental management:

· elimination of harmful emissions and waste into the environment;

· application of waste-free technologies and closed water consumption cycles in all sectors of the national economy;

· integrated use of mineral resources;

· full assessment of geological conditions in industrial construction;

· improving the living conditions of people in all regions of the country by preserving and improving the environment, the main components of which include clean air, clean water, sunlight and moderate temperature, as well as the beauty and grandeur of nature, which influence the psychological mood of a person.

The theoretical foundation of rational environmental management and nature conservation is primarily ecology. The ultimate goal of rational environmental management and nature conservation is to provide favorable conditions for human life, economic development, science, culture, etc., to meet the material and cultural needs of all human society.

The right to use natural resources has two meanings. In an objective sense, environmental right is a set of legal norms governing relations regarding the use and protection of natural resources.

The following groups of relations in the field of environmental management are distinguished:

· relations of ownership of natural resources;

· relations of use of natural objects;

· relations regarding the protection of natural resources.

In a subjective sense, the right to use natural resources is a set of rights and obligations of a specific user of natural resources for the use and protection of a natural object. Subjects of environmental rights can be legal entities and individuals.

The right to use natural resources is derived from the right of ownership of natural resources. Users of natural resources exercise their right either by virtue of their ownership of a natural object, or on the basis of the title right to use a natural object provided by the owner of natural resources, for example, a lease right, a right of permanent or temporary use, etc.

The objects of subjective natural resource use rights are specific natural objects or their parts, areas. The object of environmental rights can only be those natural objects that can be individualized in the established legal order. Such objects are land, subsoil, water bodies, wildlife, forests. The subject of environmental rights does not include, for example, relations with the use of atmospheric air for breathing, or the use of solar energy to satisfy physiological needs. These relations are the subject of regulation of environmental law. The content of the right to use natural resources consists of the rights and obligations of natural resource users and legal relations aimed at the implementation of these rights and obligations.

The essence of economic incentives for environmental activities is to create a direct material interest among nature users in the implementation of environmental measures. Economic stimulation can be carried out using methods of positive and negative motivation. These two sides of economic incentives can be defined as measures of interest and measures of responsibility. The economic mechanism for environmental management should not only counteract violations of established rules and regulations with sanctions and fines, but also encourage enterprises and individuals who contribute to the preservation of the natural environment.

Economic mechanisms are based on the principle of maximum profit, which encourages market participants to minimize costs. It should be noted that such an incentive is valid only in a competitive market, which means that the primary task in implementing an economic program for environmental protection is the creation of a competitive environment in all sectors of environmental management.

The total costs of an entity for the exploitation of any natural resource will consist of the following costs:

· Fee for the resource (license, quota)

· Fines for poor use of the resource

· Losses from pollution (harvest loss, decrease in capitalization)

· Social losses (loss of consumer confidence, staff dissatisfaction)

· Costs of environmental protection

The level of load on the environment will be inversely proportional to the costs of environmental protection, and the amount of other losses will be in a non-linear dependence on this load.

This dependence can be schematically represented in the form of a graph (Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Graph of cost versus environmental burden

The curves characterize the costs of nature conservation, fees for resources and other costs (fines, losses). The subject's expenses for conducting environmental management activities will be the sum of these functions and reach a minimum at point V 3. Accordingly, it is necessary that point V 3 corresponds to the assimilation potential of the environment (APOS), and the funds received in the form of payment for pollution are used to increase this potential.

Thus, in order to economically stimulate rational environmental management, it is necessary to assess the assimilation potential of the environment in relation to a specific type of pollution, construct a cost curve for its cleaning and a curve of the user’s losses from pollution, and then develop a system of payments and fines so that the amount of costs reaches a minimum at the APOS level .

The introduction of fines and fees for the use of natural resources is the most obvious, but not the most optimal method of economic stimulation. As is known, such payments are very difficult and expensive to administer, in addition, they create preconditions for the growth of corruption, therefore it is necessary to make efforts to increase environmental awareness and social responsibility of the population. Creating a system of environmental education, increasing public awareness of the environmental situation, and supporting public environmental organizations can bring a significant environmental and economic effect

The system of economic mechanisms for protecting nature and the human environment includes:

· maintaining cadastres;

· planning and financing of environmental activities;

· establishing limits on the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal;

· establishing payment standards and amounts of payments for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects;

· environmental insurance;

· environmental and economic stimulation.

Natural resource inventories- these are systematized collections or original data banks, including qualitative and quantitative descriptions of resources, and in some cases, their environmental and economic assessment. They are necessary for organizing the efficient use of resources, rational placement and determination of the specialization of economic facilities, and for carrying out environmental protection measures. On the basis of cadastres, the economic assessment of natural resources, their selling price, and the cost of measures to restore and improve the environment are determined.

There are two main approaches to compiling inventories - sectoral (for certain types of natural resources) and regional (for republics and regions of Russia). Sectoral cadastres include land, mineral, water, and forest cadastres.

Most thoroughly developed land cadastre. It includes information about the natural, economic and legal status of lands, data on types of land use, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lands by type of land, qualitative assessment (grading) of soils, economic assessment of lands. Cadastre materials are used when planning the use of land, distributing it according to its intended purpose (in case of provision or withdrawal), determining payments for land and assessing the degree of rational use of land. The State Committee for Land Resources and Land Management of the Russian Federation is responsible for maintaining the land cadastre.

Cadastre of mineral resources includes information about the value of each deposit, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of resources, mining, economic, and environmental conditions for their development. Its materials are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (MNR of Russia).

Water cadastre is a systematized, constantly updated and updated set of information about water bodies, constituting a unified state water fund. It contains data on reserves, regime, quality and use of water. The cadastre consists of three sections:

1. surface waters (rivers and canals; lakes and reservoirs; land water quality; mudflows; glaciers; seas and estuaries);

2. groundwater;

3. use of water.

As part of the water cadastre, based on observations conducted by Roshydromet, a data bank on water resources and an automated information system are being created. Based on cadastre materials, the intended use of water is determined, water bodies are certified, the most valuable waters are withdrawn from economic circulation, and restrictive measures are introduced to protect water sources.

Forest cadastre compiled by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. It contains information about the legal regime of the forest fund, about the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of forests, about the group division and category of forests according to their protection, and provides an economic assessment of forest resources. Cadastre materials are used to determine the economic and environmental significance of forests, when choosing raw materials for timber harvesting, for carrying out reforestation work, and replacing low-productive forests with highly productive forest lands.

The functions of cadastres are performed by registers game animals and fish stocks, on the basis of which quantitative and qualitative records of game animals and fish resources are maintained, hunting and fishing restrictions are established for those species that show steady trends towards population decline. The question of creating a landscape cadastre has been raised, work is underway to compile a set of data on specially protected natural objects and recreational areas.

Environmental protection activities are planned taking into account state forecasts of socio-economic development, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Federation on the basis of scientific research aimed at solving problems in the field of nature conservation. Environmental programs and measures to preserve the natural environment are financed from the republican budget, regional budgets, funds from enterprises, institutions and organizations, environmental funds, bank loans, etc.

Financing of environmental activities, including environmental programs at various levels, comes from the following sources:

· budgets of all levels;

· funds of enterprises, institutions and organizations;

· environmental insurance funds;

· bank loans;

· loans in foreign currency;

· funds from the population, including voluntary contributions from foreign legal entities and citizens.

Limits in the field of environmental protection - one of the forms of environmental restrictions, which are the volumes of maximum use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into nature, and disposal of production wastes established by enterprises-users of natural resources for a certain period of time. When they are introduced, the activities of enterprises in the field of environmental management are regulated for some time not by the standards of maximum permissible emissions and maximum permissible discharges, but by individually established standards, i.e. temporarily agreed emissions.

For a long time, environmental management in our country was free, i.e. enterprises used land, water and other natural resources, and also polluted the environment without any compensation. Only in case of very severe pollution with catastrophic consequences for humans and nature were they forced to pay fines. Such irresponsibility led to irrational use of natural resources. At the same time, the state had to invest heavily in exploration of groundwater and mineral reserves, in preparation for their extraction, and in planting deforested areas. In the early 90s of the XX century. payment for the use of natural resources was introduced, including payment for the right to use almost all natural resources, for pollution of the environment, the placement of industrial waste in it and for other types of impact. Purposes of paid environmental management:

· rational and integrated use of natural resources;

· stimulation of environmental protection activities;

· equalization of socio-economic conditions of management when using natural resources;

· formation of special financing funds for the protection and reproduction of natural resources.

At the same time, the fee for above-limit use and pollution is several times higher than the fee for use and pollution within the limits established by the enterprise. Payment of fees for use and pollution does not relieve the user of natural resources from environmental protection measures and compensation for damage. Conditions and procedure for the use of natural resources, rights and The responsibilities of the natural resource user and the amount of payments are set out in the agreement and license (permit) for integrated natural resource management.

Environmental insurance- this is the creation, at the expense of the funds of enterprises, organizations, citizens, of special reserve funds (insurance funds) intended to compensate for damage and losses caused by adverse events, environmental and natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. In essence, this is, firstly, liability insurance for objects that are potential culprits of accidental, unintentional environmental pollution, and secondly, insurance for own losses arising from the sources of such pollution. The purpose of such insurance is the most complete compensation for environmental damage. Insurance indemnity includes compensation for damage, costs of cleaning the contaminated area and bringing it into a suitable condition, costs of saving the lives and property of persons who suffered harm as a result of the insured event.

Currently the main task is the formation of a legal, regulatory and methodological framework for the introduction of environmental insurance and planning for the effective use of reserves of preventive environmental measures generated by insurance companies.

Environmental and economic incentives- this is an integral part of the economic mechanism that ensures interest and profitability for the enterprise and its employees in environmental activities, which includes:

· taxation,

· pricing policy,

· financial and credit mechanism,

· state support for enterprises producing environmental equipment and instrumentation, as well as companies performing and providing environmental services,

· creation of an environmental certification system, incl. accreditation of certification bodies,

· formation of a market for environmental work and services,

· implementation of a policy of trading rights to pollution,

· licensing of resource use.

To measures of material promotions include:

· establishment of tax benefits (the amount of profit on which tax is levied is reduced by an amount that fully or partially corresponds to environmental costs);

· tax exemption for environmental funds and environmental property;

· the use of incentive prices and premiums for environmentally friendly products (vegetables with a reduced content of nitrates, pesticides and other harmful substances may cost more, and therefore are more profitable to sell and grow);

· application of preferential lending to enterprises that effectively implement environmental protection measures (reduced interest rates for loans or interest-free lending).

To measures of material punishments include:

· introduction of special additional taxation on environmentally harmful products and products produced using environmentally hazardous technologies (i.e., such products, the consumption or production of which is dangerous to human health and the environment);

· fines for violations of environmental legislation.

Incentive measures in the form of additional bonuses or, conversely, deprivation of bonuses, presentation of valuable gifts and other incentives and punishments based on the results of environmental activities should be provided for individual employees of the enterprise directly involved in it.

In addition to the considered methods of economic stimulation of environmental management, one should highlight such a way as formation of the natural resources market(creation of resource exchanges, holding auctions and competitions for their development, etc.). This path is especially relevant in the context of Russia’s enormous natural wealth and the shortage of funds for its rational use and protection. In this regard, improving pricing in nature-exploiting sectors of the economy is of great importance. In particular, a reasonable increase in prices for natural resources and more complete consideration of the environmental factor in pricing could encourage producers to adopt a resource-saving regime. Another way to improve financing of environmental protection is the creation of extra-budgetary environmental funds, which should be formed as supporting financial structures that complement government spending on environmental purposes. A possible economic mechanism for preventing or mitigating the consequences of environmental accidents is liability insurance of enterprises that are sources of increased risk for causing losses due to technological failures or natural disasters leading to environmental pollution.

The studied dependencies and trends show the environmental damage of the existing world economic relations. Fragile ecological stability began to crumble when the globalization of the economy led to increased consumption in countries that had previously been the raw materials appendages of developed Western societies.

Thus, to prevent an environmental crisis, it is necessary to build a new economy focused on restoring and maintaining environmental balance, and a new ideology that reduces the importance of intangible values.

The foundations of the new economy should be:

· payment for the use of renewable environmental resources, including the assimilation potential of the environment.

high cost of non-renewable resources

· production of products taking into account its subsequent processing

increased responsibility for careless use of natural resources

· natural decline in the human population.

Questions for self-control

1. Give the concept of environmental management.

2. Describe the levels of environmental management.

3. What are the objectives of environmental management?

4. Name the reasons for the deterioration of the natural environment.

5. What is irrational and rational use of natural resources?

6. Describe the principles of environmental management.

7. What does the system of economic mechanisms for nature conservation include?

Types of resource classification; fundamentals of organizing rational environmental management; about the limits of resource sustainability and the state of the resource base today

Ensuring sustainable development of society is inextricably linked with rational environmental management. Currently Environmental management is understood as the totality of all forms of human influence on the geographical envelope of the Earth. For a more accurate qualitative and quantitative characterization of environmental management, N. F. Reims developed the concept of natural resource potential, i.e. that part of the natural resources of the Earth and near space that can actually be involved in economic activity given the given technical and socio-economic capabilities with the condition , which is very important, preserving the human living environment.

Classification of resources.

The Earth's natural resources are objects and conditions used in the process of material production to satisfy the various needs of society. Natural resources can be classified as follows:

on their use:

• 1) industrial,
• 2) agricultural,
• 3) recreational, etc.;

by belonging to a component of nature:

• 1) space,
• 2) air,
• 3) aquatic,
• 4) soil,
• 5) biological,
• 6) geological;

by the nature of the impact:

• 1) exhaustible,
• 2) inexhaustible,
• 3) renewable.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into non-renewable and renewable. TO non-renewable include geological resources such as oil, coal and others, the reserves of which are not restored; To renewable include soils, vegetation, and fauna.

To the inexhaustible although rather conditionally, they belong space(solar radiation, tides); climatic(heat, moisture, wind energy) and aquatic resources. The conventionality of such a definition is associated, firstly, with the limited existence of the Solar system and, secondly, with their degradation and, ultimately, exhaustion due to contamination by the products of human economic activity and unsuitability for further use.

At the same time, human nature management activities are often based on the principle of remoteness of events. Thus, it is believed that with the development of scientific and technological progress, environmental problems will be solved much easier than now.

Rational environmental management contributes to the preservation of natural resource potential and human health, the economical use of natural resources and ensuring an effective regime for their reproduction. However, both past and modern production technologies do not make it possible to fully preserve natural resource potential; in some cases they only approach this optimum. Such a discrepancy throughout human history contributes to the depletion of certain types of natural resources of the Earth as a whole, causing the development of an environmental crisis.

There are three simple rules to determine the limits of sustainable resource consumption.

Rule 1. For renewable resources, the rate of consumption should not exceed the rate of restoration.

Rule 2. The rate of consumption of non-renewable resources should not exceed the rate of their replacement with renewable ones. For example, when exploiting oil fields, part of the proceeds should be invested in the development and production of alternative energy sources, such as solar panels, tidal power plants, etc.

Rule 3. The intensity of the release of pollutants should not exceed the rate of their processing by the natural environment.

Currently these rules are not being followed. However, there are significant differences between environmentally developed and developing countries. For developed countries, violation of the third rule is more typical. The amount of industrial waste has increased so much in recent decades that it has become a threat to human life. In 2000, the amount of waste reached 100 billion tons per year. The leaders in the amount of solid waste per capita are industrialized countries - the USA, Russia and Japan. The leader in terms of household waste per capita is the United States - 500-600 kg of garbage per year.

A significant amount of waste contributes to the pollution of the environment and its components - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil.

Every year, 60 million solid particles are emitted into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the formation of the greenhouse effect, acid precipitation, atmospheric turbidity and the formation of smog. The quality of the air environment, from the point of view of human health, is constantly declining, which is especially true for large metropolitan areas in developing countries, such as Mexico City with its 20 million population.

The total volume of wastewater reached 1800 km 3 by the 90s of the 20th century, with Europe, North America and Asia accounting for 90% of the discharge. Most of the discharged water is untreated or insufficiently treated, as a result of which more than 1.3 billion people use contaminated water at home, which serves as a source of many diseases.

Developing countries generally do not follow the first rule and therefore suffer from the depletion of renewable resources. Depletion is associated mainly with rapid population growth due to the demographic explosion and only partly with an increase in production intensity.

Every year, due to the development of erosion processes, developing countries lose 4-5 million hectares of agricultural land. The situation is especially difficult in Africa, where 17% of the entire continent is severely degraded, and the area of ​​deserts has increased significantly. The pace of development of new lands and reclamation of disturbed ones lags significantly behind the rate of degradation.

Developing countries have "/2 of the world's forest resources. Unsystematic deforestation has led to the fact that while in developed countries, including Russia, the forest area has stabilized, in these countries there is an annual decrease in their area by 11 million hectares.

Rational environmental management is the use of natural ecosystems or their elements in which there is no destruction of resources and does not deteriorate the habitat and, accordingly, human health. At the same time, the biological diversity of ecosystems is preserved. The deterioration of natural resources and their depletion can and should be prevented. The main ways to solve this problem are:

• 1) increasing waste-free production;
• 2) development of fundamentally new sources and methods of obtaining energy;
• 3) solving the demographic problem in developing countries, etc.;
• 4) development of resource-saving technologies.

QUESTIONS

Explain the meaning of the concept environmental management

Comment on how the Earth's resources can be classified.

Explain what are considered exhaustible resources and what resources are considered inexhaustible.

Analyze why environmental management should be rational.

Name the rules by which you can determine the limits of sustainability of resource consumption.

Give examples of anthropogenic impacts on atmospheric resources, water environment, and land resources.

Comment on ways to prevent depletion of natural resources.