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The role of physics in our life

1. What is Physics

Fimzika-- area of natural science. The science of the simplest and at the same time the most general laws of nature, of matter, its structure and movement. The laws of physics underlie all natural science

The term “physics” first appeared in the writings of one of the greatest thinkers of antiquity - Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. Initially, the terms “physics” and “philosophy” were synonymous, since the basis of both disciplines was the desire to explain the laws of the functioning of the Universe. However, as a result scientific revolution In the 16th century, physics became a separate scientific field.

The word “physics” was introduced into the Russian language by M. V. Lomonosov. In the modern world, the importance of physics is extremely great. Everything that is different modern society from the society of past centuries, appeared as a result of the practical application of physical discoveries. Thus, research in the field of electromagnetism led to the appearance of telephones and later mobile phones, discoveries in thermodynamics made it possible to create the automobile, and the development of electronics led to the advent of computers.

The physical understanding of processes occurring in nature is constantly evolving. Most new discoveries soon find application in technology and industry. However, new research continually raises new mysteries and discovers phenomena that require new physical theories to explain. Despite the enormous amount of accumulated knowledge, modern physics is still very far from explaining all natural phenomena.

2. Physics in modern life

Speaking about the role of physics, we highlight three main points. Firstly, physics is the most important source of knowledge about the world around us. Secondly, physics, continuously expanding and multiplying man's capabilities, ensures his confident progress along the path of technical progress. Thirdly, physics makes a significant contribution to the development of a person’s spiritual image, shapes his worldview, and teaches him to navigate the scale of cultural values. Therefore, we will speak accordingly about scientific, technical And humanitarian potentials of physics.

These three potentials have always been contained in physics. But they manifested themselves especially clearly and powerfully in the physics of the 20th century, which predetermined the extremely important role that physics began to play in the modern world.

3. Physics as the most important historystudent of knowledge about the surrounding world

As is known, physics studies the most general properties and forms of motion of matter. She is looking for answers to the questions: how does it work? the world; What laws are the phenomena and processes occurring in it subject to? In an effort to understand the “first principles of things” and the “root causes of phenomena,” physics, in the process of its development, formed first a mechanical picture of the world (XVII-XIX centuries), then an electromagnetic picture (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries) and, finally, a modern physical picture of the world (mid-20th century).

At the beginning of our century it was created theory of relativity- first special, and then general. It can be considered as a magnificent conclusion to the complex of intensive research carried out in the 19th century, which led to the creation of so-called classical physics. The famous American physicist W. Weiskopf described the theory of relativity as follows: “This is a completely new set of concepts within which mechanics, electrodynamics and gravitation are united. They brought with them a new perception of concepts such as space and time. This set of ideas is, in a sense, the pinnacle and synthesis of 19th century physics. They are organically connected with classical traditions"

At the same time, at the beginning of the century, another fundamental physical theory of the 20th century began to be created, and by the end of the first third of the century it had acquired sufficient coherence. quantum theory. If the theory of relativity effectively completed the previous stage of development of physics, then the quantum theory, decisively breaking with classical physics, opened qualitatively new stage in man's knowledge of matter. “Quantum theory is characterized by a break with the classics,” wrote Weiskopf. “This is a step into the unknown, into the world of phenomena that did not fit into the framework of the ideas of physics of the 19th century. It was necessary to create new methods of thinking in order to understand the world of atoms and molecules with its discrete energy states and characteristic features spectra and chemical bonds»

Using quantum theory, physicists made in the 20th century. literally a breakthrough in the understanding of issues relating to moles and matter, the structure and properties of crystals, molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, interconversions elementary particles. New branches of physics have emerged, such as physics solid, plasma physics, atomic and Molecular physics, nuclear physics, particle physics. And in traditional sections, for example, optics, completely new chapters have appeared: quantum optics, nonlinear optics, holography, etc.

Physics studies the fundamental laws of phenomena; this predetermines its leading role in the entire cycle of natural and mathematical sciences. The leading role of physics was especially clearly revealed in the 20th century. One of the most convincing examples is the explanation periodic table chemical elements based on quantum mechanical concepts. New scientific disciplines have emerged at the intersection of physics and other natural sciences.

Chemical physics explores electronic structure atoms and molecules, physical nature chemical bonds, kinetics of chemical reactions.

Astrophysics studies the diversity of physical phenomena in the Universe; widely applies methods spectral analysis and radio astronomy observations. The following sections of astrophysics are divided into: physics of the Sun, physics of planets, physics of the interstellar medium and nebulae, physics of stars, cosmology. Biophysics examines physical and physicochemical phenomena in living organisms, the influence of various physical factors on living systems. At present, bioenergetics, photobiology, and radiobiology have emerged as independent fields from biophysics.

Geophysics explores internal structure The Earth, the physical processes occurring in its shells. There are physics of the solid Earth, physics of the sea and physics of the atmosphere.

Note also agrophysics, studying physical processes in soil and plants and developing ways to regulate the physical conditions of life of agricultural crops; petrophysics, exploring connection physical properties rocks with their structure and history of formation; psychophysics, r looking at the quantitative relationship between the strength and nature of the stimulus, on the one hand, and the intensity of irritation, on the other.

4. Physics as a basisscientific and technological progress

It is difficult to overestimate the role of fundamental physical research in the development of technology. Thus, studies of thermal phenomena in the 19th century. contributed to the rapid improvement of heat engines. Basic Research in the field of electromagnetism led to the emergence and rapid development electrical engineering. In the first half of the 19th century. The telegraph was created, electric lights and then electric motors appeared in the middle of the century. In the second half of the 19th century. chemical sources electric current began to be replaced by electric generators. The nineteenth century ended triumphantly: the telephone appeared, the radio was born, the gasoline-powered automobile was created, subway lines opened in a number of capitals, and aviation was born. In 1912, V. Ya. Bryusov wrote lines that well reflected the victorious mood of those years: All the dreams that were so far away came true. The victorious mind has walked hundreds of miles over the years. When there is electricity, I am writing these lines, And a car is standing at the gate, honking.

First camera

Meanwhile, scientific and technological progress was just gaining momentum; the transistor was invented) Microelectronics was born in the 60s. Progress in the field of electronics has led to the creation of advanced radio communication, radio control, and radar systems. Television is developing, generations of computers are replacing one after another (their speed is increasing, memory is improving, functionality is expanding), industrial robots are appearing. In 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched into low-Earth orbit; 1961 - flight of Yu. A. Gagarin - the first cosmonaut on the planet; 1969 - the first people on the moon. We are almost no longer surprised by the amazing successes of space technology. We're used to launches artificial satellites Earth (their number has long exceeded a thousand); manned flights of astronauts are becoming increasingly common spaceships, their multi-day shifts at orbital stations. We met reverse side The moon, received photographs of the surface of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Halley's comet.

Fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics has made it possible to begin solving one of the most pressing problems - the energy problem. The first nuclear reactors appeared in the 40s, and in 1954 the world's first nuclear power plant began operating in the USSR - the nuclear energy. Currently, there are more than three hundred nuclear power plants operating on Earth; they provide about 20% of all electrical energy produced in the world. Intensive research on thermonuclear synthesis; The path to thermonuclear energy is being paved.

Advances in the study of gas discharge physics and solid state physics bodies, more deep understanding physics of interaction of optical radiation with matter, the use of principles and methods of radiophysics - all this predetermined the development of another important scientific and technical direction -- laser technology. This direction arose only thirty years ago (the first laser was created in 1960), but today lasers are widely used in many fields practical activities person. The laser beam performs a variety of technological operations (welding, cutting, punching holes, hardening, marking, etc.), is used as a surgical scalpel, performs precise measurements, works on construction sites and airfield runways, monitors the degree of air pollution and ocean. In the near future, laser technology will make it possible to implement optical communications and optical information processing on a large scale, and to produce a kind of revolution in chemistry (control chemical processes, obtaining new substances and, in particular, especially pure substances) and carry out controlled thermonuclear fusion.

Rocket launch

physics relativity element quantum mechanical

First flight to space

First radio

First operational tank

First plane

First radio station

Speaking about the connection between the development of physics and scientific and technological progress, it should be noted that this connection is two-way. On the one hand, the achievements of physics underlie the development of technology. On the other hand, an increase in the level of technology creates conditions for the intensification of physical research and makes it possible to carry out fundamentally new research. As an example, we can point to the most important research carried out in nuclear reactors or charged particle accelerators.

5. Physics as the most importantcomponent of human culture

Having a decisive influence on scientific and technological progress, physics thereby has a significant impact on all aspects of social life, in particular on human culture. However, in this case we do not mean this indirect influence of physics on culture, but the influence direct, allowing us to talk about physics itself as a component of culture. In other words, we are talking about the humanitarian content of the subject of physics itself, which is associated with the development of thinking, the formation of a worldview, and the education of feelings. We mean organic connection physics with development public consciousness, with the education of a certain attitude towards the world around us.

Approving materialist dialectics, physics of the XX century discovered a number of extremely important truths, the significance of which goes beyond the scope of physics itself, truths that have become universal property.

Firstly, it has been proven fundamental nature of statistical laws as corresponding to a deeper stage (compared to dynamic patterns) in the process of cognition of the world. It was shown that the probabilistic form of causation is the main one, and hard, unambiguous causation is nothing more than a special case. Physics has provided us with a unique opportunity: on the basis of statistical theories, to quantitatively examine the dialectic of the necessary and the random. Going beyond its own objectives, modern physics has shown that chance not only confuses and disrupts our plans, but can also enrich us by creating new opportunities.

Secondly, physics of the 20th century. demonstrated the universality of the principle of symmetry, forced us to take a much deeper look at symmetry, expanding this concept beyond geometric concepts, and most importantly, examined the dialectics of symmetry and asymmetry, connecting it with the dialectics of the general and the different, preservation and change. The question of symmetry-asymmetry of physical laws was raised, in connection with which it was revealed special role conservation laws. Going beyond its own tasks, physics has clearly shown that symmetry limits the number of possible options for structures or behavior of systems. This circumstance is extremely important, since it makes it possible in many cases to find a solution as a result of identifying the only possible option, without clarifying the details (a solution for reasons of symmetry).

Thirdly, physics of the XX century. showed that as our knowledge deepens, gradual erasing of edges, destruction of partitions. Thus, the line between corpuscular and wave movements, between matter and field, is erased. It turned out that both matter and the field consist of elementary particles and, moreover, emptiness is not emptiness at all in the usual sense, but a physical vacuum “filled” with virtual particles. The norm of behavior for particles considered in modern physics is interconversion, so the world appears to us as a single whole. In this world, the concept of a completely isolated object is essentially absent. Here it is appropriate to recall Lenin’s famous remark that there are no absolute boundaries in nature - that “all boundaries in nature are conditional, relative, mobile, expressing the approach of our mind to the knowledge of matter”

Fourthly, modern physics has given us principle of correspondence. It originated in quantum mechanics at the stage of its initial development, but then turned into a general methodological principle, reflecting the dialectics of the process of knowing the world. It demonstrates an important point of dialectics: the process of cognition is a process of gradual and endless approach to absolute truth through a sequence of relative truths. The correspondence principle shows how exactly in physics this process of approaching the truth is realized. This is not a mechanical addition of new facts to already known ones, but a process of consistent generalization, when the new denies the old, but not simply denies it, but with the retention of all that positive that has been accumulated in the old. “The study of physics makes it possible to show that all physical ideas and theories reflect objective reality only approximately, that our ideas about the world are continuously deepening and expanding, that the process of cognition of the material world is endless”

Our ideas about the world... There is no need to prove that modern worldview- an important component of human culture. Every cultured person should have at least a general idea of how the world in which he lives works. This is necessary not only for general development. Love for nature presupposes respect for the processes occurring in it, and for this you need to understand the laws by which they occur. We have many instructive examples when nature punished us for our ignorance; It's time to learn to learn from this. It must also not be forgotten that knowledge of the laws of nature is an effective weapon in the fight against mystical ideas, and is the foundation of atheistic education.

Modern physics makes a significant contribution to the development of a new style of thinking, which can be called planetary thinking. She addresses problems that have great importance for all countries and peoples. These include, for example, problems of solar-terrestrial connections relating to the impact of solar radiation on the magnetosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of the Earth; forecasts of the physical picture of the world after a nuclear disaster, if one occurs; global ecological problems associated with pollution of the World Ocean and the Earth's atmosphere.

In conclusion, we note that, influencing the very nature of thinking, helping to navigate the scale life values, physics ultimately contributes to the development of an adequate attitude towards the world around us and, in particular, an active life position. It is important for any person to know that the world is, in principle, knowable, that chance is not always harmful, that it is necessary and possible to navigate and work in a world saturated with chance, that in this changing world there are nevertheless “reference points”, invariants (no matter what changes , and energy is conserved), that as knowledge deepens, the picture inevitably becomes more complex, becomes more dialectical, so that yesterday’s “partitions” are no longer suitable.

We are thus convinced that modern physics truly contains powerful humanitarian potential. The words of the American physicist I. Rabi may not be considered too great an exaggeration: “Physics is the core liberal arts education our time"

6. Poetry

1. In our life electricity -

Exorbitant amount.

Even the Pope, their majesty,

To feel the greatness

Having succeeded in the fight against paganism,

Ordered his dominions

In the heart of Catholicism

Light up brightly at night.

Well, we waved the stack,

Relaxing, we press the buttons.

And just like in a fairy tale - here you go, bastards!

The TV is already on.

And there are light bulbs everywhere in the apartments,

And there are butterflies in the eyes of happiness.

Electric slippers keep us warm,

Plunging into a sweet dream.

The knife in the kitchen is electric,

Cuts everything automatically.

And spinning hysterically

Brushes run over your teeth. .

Technical progress has succeeded,

Even to physical proximity

Us therapeutic mattress

At night he pushes himself.

For electrical appliances

We are already practically in slavery,

Actually replaced the brains

Electronic intelligence.

As if in a narcotic slumber

Being phlegmatic,

We will become for electricity

Not needed at the moment...

2. Physics teaches the housewife

How to cook food faster.

Grow roses in winter

Save heat in your apartment.

Physics teaches you to swim

Heavy sea ship,

Fly an airliner,

Space star rover.

Physics brings to life

All plans and dreams.

She explains the mysteries of nature,

To everyone who is on friendly terms with her.

7. Riddles

In riddles you need to take into account the following point:

What physical phenomenon (object) is reflected in the riddle.

Which properties of the riddled phenomenon or object are reflected in the riddle and which are not.

What phenomenon or object do we compare the mystery with?

I'm in Moscow, he's in Leningrad

We sit in different rooms

Far away, but as if close

We talk to him. (telephone)

Wonder bird scarlet tail

Flew into a flock of stars. (rocket)

I'll sit under your arm

And I’ll tell you what to do

Or I'll let you go for a walk

Or I'll put you to bed (thermometer)

Passes through the nose into the chest

And the way back is on its way

It is invisible and yet

We cannot live without him. (air)

There is one thing in our room

There is a magic window

Miracle birds fly in it,

Wolves and foxes roam,

It snows in the hot summer,

And in winter the garden blooms.

That window is full of miracles

What kind of window is this? (TV)

First - shine

Behind the shine is a crackle

Behind the crackling is a splash. (lightning)

Nobody saw him

And everyone has heard

Without a body, but it lives

Screams without a tongue. (echo)

Fluffy cotton wool

Floating somewhere

The lower the wool,

The closer the rain comes. (cloud)

Colored rocker

Hanging over the forest. (rainbow)

Flies - is silent,

Lies - silent,

When he dies, then he will roar. (snow)

Two sisters were rocking

They sought the truth.

And when they achieved it, they stopped. (scales)

He will tell everyone, even without speaking

When it will be clear and when it will be cloudy. (barometer)

A steep-horned bull walks along the high road. (month)

In the round house, in the window

The sisters are walking along the path, the little one is not in a hurry,

But the older one is in a hurry. (watch)

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Physics in modern life

Physics as the most important source of knowledge about the world around us

As you know, physics studies the most general properties and forms of motion of matter. She is looking for answers to questions: how the world around us works; What laws are the phenomena and processes occurring in it subject to? In an effort to understand the “first principles of things” and the “root causes of phenomena,” physics, in the process of its development, formed first a mechanical picture of the world (XVII-XIX centuries), then an electromagnetic picture (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries) and, finally, a modern physical picture of the world (mid-20th century).

At the same time, at the beginning of the century, another fundamental physical theory of the 20th century began to be created, and by the end of the first third of the century it had acquired sufficient coherence. quantum theory. If the theory of relativity effectively completed the previous stage in the development of physics, then the quantum theory, decisively breaking with classical physics, opened a qualitatively new stage in man’s knowledge of matter. “Quantum theory is characterized by a break with the classics,” wrote Weiskopf. “This is a step into the unknown, into the world of phenomena that did not fit into the framework of the ideas of physics of the 19th century. It was necessary to create new methods of thinking in order to understand the world of atoms and molecules with its discrete energy states and characteristic features of spectra and chemical bonds."

Using quantum theory, physicists made in the 20th century. literally a breakthrough in the understanding of issues relating to moles and matter, the structure and properties of crystals, molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, interconversions of elementary particles. New branches of physics have emerged, such as solid state physics, plasma physics, atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. And in traditional sections, such as optics, completely new chapters have appeared: quantum optics, nonlinear optics, holography, etc.

Physics studies the fundamental laws of phenomena; this predetermines its leading role in the entire cycle of natural and mathematical sciences. The leading role of physics was especially clearly revealed in the 20th century. One of the most convincing examples is the explanation of the periodic table of chemical elements based on quantum mechanical concepts. New scientific disciplines have emerged at the intersection of physics and other natural sciences.

Chemical physics studies the electronic structure of atoms and molecules, the physical nature of chemical bonds, and the kinetics of chemical reactions.

Astrophysics studies the diversity of physical phenomena in the Universe; He widely uses methods of spectral analysis and radio astronomical observations. The following sections of astrophysics are divided into: physics of the Sun, physics of planets, physics of the interstellar medium and nebulae, physics of stars, cosmology. Biophysics examines physical and physicochemical phenomena in living organisms, the influence of various physical factors on living systems. At present, bioenergetics, photobiology, and radiobiology have emerged as independent fields from biophysics.

Geophysics explores the internal structure of the Earth, the physical processes occurring in its shells. There are physics of the solid Earth, physics of the sea and physics of the atmosphere.

Note also agrophysics, studying physical processes in soil and plants and developing ways to regulate the physical conditions of life of agricultural crops; petrophysics, exploring the connection between the physical properties of rocks and their structure and history of formation; psychophysics, r looking at the quantitative relationship between the strength and nature of the stimulus, on the one hand, and the intensity of irritation, on the other.

It is natural and correct to be interested in the world around us and the patterns of its functioning and development. That is why it is wise to pay attention to natural Sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are not difficult to understand. Schools introduce children to these principles at a very young age.

For many, this science begins with the textbook “Physics (7th grade)”. The basic concepts of thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren; they become familiar with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to school? What physical laws should every person know? About this and we'll talk later in the article.

Science physics

Many of the nuances of the science described are familiar to everyone from early childhood. This is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of which influences the life of everyone, and in many ways even ensures it, about the characteristics of matter, its structure and patterns of movement.

The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of “philosophy”. After all, both sciences had a single goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.

General law

Some basic laws of physics are applied in various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all of nature. It's about O

It implies that the energy of each closed system during the occurrence of any phenomena in it is certainly conserved. Nevertheless, it is capable of transforming into another form and effectively changing its quantitative content in different parts of the named system. At the same time, in an open system, the energy decreases provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.

In addition to the above general principle, contains physics basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary to interpret the processes occurring in the surrounding world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, this article will briefly discuss the basic laws of physics, but in order to understand them more deeply, it is important to pay full attention to them.

Mechanics

Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 at school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.

Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle is that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
Hooke's law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on an elastic body (spring, rod, console, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation.

Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):

The principle of inertia states that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and in a straight line only if no other bodies act on it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for the action of each other. To change the speed of movement, the body must be acted upon with some force, and, of course, the result of the influence of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
The main principle of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that are currently acting on a given body, the greater the acceleration it receives. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
Newton's third law states that any two bodies always interact with each other according to an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial reference systems occur in an absolutely identical way.

Thermodynamics

The school textbook, which reveals to students the basic laws (“Physics. Grade 7”), also introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly consider its principles below.

The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.

For example, in the named industry there is a rule that defies logical definition: in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.

Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to independently transition from states less probable for the system to more probable ones.

And the Gay-Lussac law (also called it) states that for a gas of a certain mass under conditions of stable pressure, the result of dividing its volume by the absolute temperature certainly becomes a constant value.

Another important rule this branch is the first law of thermodynamics, which is also commonly called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was imparted to the system will be spent exclusively on the metamorphosis of its internal energy and its performance of work in relation to any acting external forces. It was this pattern that became the basis for the formation of the operation scheme of heat engines.

Another gas law is Charles' law. It states that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.

Electricity

The 10th grade of school reveals interesting basic laws of physics to young scientists. At this time, the main principles of the nature and patterns of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are studied.

Ampere's law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, they repel, respectively. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor that is currently conducting current. That's what they call it - the Ampere force. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely in 1820).

The law of conservation of charge is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrically isolated system is always conserved (becomes constant). Despite this, this principle does not exclude the emergence of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must certainly be zero.

Coulomb's law is one of the main ones in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the interaction force between stationary point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics experimentally. It states that stationary point charges certainly interact with each other with a force, which is higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges in question and the medium in which the described interaction occurs.

Ohm's law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It states that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting on a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.

They call the principle that allows you to determine the direction in a conductor of current moving under conditions of influence magnetic field in a certain way. To do this, you need to position the brush right hand so that the lines of magnetic induction figuratively touch the open palm, and extend the thumb in the direction of movement of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of movement of the induction current.

This principle also helps to find out the exact location of the magnetic induction lines of a straight conductor conducting current at a given moment. It happens like this: place the thumb of your right hand so that it points and figuratively grasp the conductor with the other four fingers. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the magnetic induction lines.

Principle electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, and electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed loop, the greater the induction generated, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Optics

The Optics branch also reflects part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as they might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The basic laws of physics that can be attributed to the study of optics are the following:

Guynes principle. It is a method that can effectively determine the exact position of the wave front at any given fraction of a second. Its essence is as follows: all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in essence, themselves become sources of spherical waves (secondary), while the location of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface , which goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects effective method resolving issues related to wave propagation. It helps explain elementary problems associated with the diffraction of light.
waves It is equally used for reflection in a mirror. Its essence is that both the incident beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
The principle of light refraction. This is a change in the trajectory of an electromagnetic wave (light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of light propagation in them is different.
Law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, over the shortest distance. This law explains the formation of shadows in a simple and accessible way.

Atomic and nuclear physics

The basic laws of quantum physics, as well as the fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics are studied in high school high school and higher educational institutions.

Thus, Bohr's postulates represent a series of basic hypotheses that became the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any emission or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: radiation associated with transportation becomes monochromatic.

These postulates relate to the standard school curriculum studying the basic laws of physics (grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for a graduate.

Basic laws of physics that a person should know

Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, are nevertheless of a general nature and should be known to everyone. Let us list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:

Archimedes' law (applies to the areas of hydro- and aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in gaseous substance or into a liquid, a kind of buoyant force acts, which is certainly directed vertically upward. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid certainly loses as much weight as the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of floating bodies.
Law universal gravity(discovered by Newton). Its essence is that absolutely all bodies inevitably attract each other with a force, which is greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.

These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the functioning mechanism of the surrounding world and the peculiarities of the processes occurring in it should know. It is quite simple to understand the principle of their operation.

The value of such knowledge

The basic laws of physics must be in a person’s knowledge base, regardless of his age and type of activity. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all of today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.

Basic laws and concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not into mere observers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes occurring around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.

Results

Some are forced to study in depth the basic laws of physics for the Unified State Exam, others due to their occupation, and some out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and patterns of existence of the world around us.

Don't remain indifferent - develop!

The article was created based on materials from the Internet, a physics textbook and my own knowledge.

I never liked physics, I didn’t know it and tried to avoid it as much as possible. However, in Lately I understand more and more: our whole life comes down to simple laws of physics.

1) The simplest, but most important of them is the Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy.

It sounds like this: “The energy of any closed system remains constant during all processes occurring in the system.” And we are in exactly such a system. Those. as much as we give, as much we will receive. If we want to receive something, we must give just as much before it. And nothing else! And we, of course, want to get a big salary without having to go to work. Sometimes the illusion is created that “fools are lucky” and happiness falls on many people’s heads. Read any fairy tale. Heroes constantly have to overcome enormous difficulties! Either swim in cold water, or boiled water. Men attract the attention of women with courtship. Women, in turn, then take care of these men and children. And so on. So, if you want to receive something, take the trouble to give it first. The movie Pay It Forward depicts this law of physics very clearly.

There is another joke on this topic:
Law of conservation of energy:
If you come to work energetic in the morning and leave like a squeezed lemon, then
1. someone else came in like a squeezed lemon, but leaves energetic
2. you were used to heat the room

2) The next law is: “The force of action is equal to the force of reaction”

This law of physics reflects the previous one, in principle. If a person committed a negative act - conscious or not - he then received an answer, i.e. opposition. Sometimes cause and effect are scattered over time, and you may not immediately understand which way the wind is blowing. The main thing we must remember is that nothing just happens. As an example, we can cite parental education, which then manifests itself after several decades.

3) The next law is the Law of Leverage. Archimedes exclaimed: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will turn the Earth over!” Any weight can be moved if you choose the right lever. You always need to estimate how long a lever will be needed to achieve this or that goal and draw a conclusion for yourself, set priorities. Understand how to calculate your strength, whether you need to spend so much effort to create the right lever and move this weight, or is it easier to leave it alone and do another activity.

4) The so-called gimlet rule, which is that it indicates the direction of the magnetic field. This rule answers the eternal question: who is to blame? And it indicates that we ourselves are to blame for everything that happens to us. No matter how offensive it may be, no matter how difficult it may be, no matter how unfair, at first glance, it may be, we must always be aware that we ourselves were the cause initially.

5) Surely someone remembers the law of adding velocities. It sounds like this: “The speed of movement of a body relative to a fixed frame of reference is equal to the vector sum of the speed of this body relative to a moving frame of reference and the speed of the most mobile reference system relative to a fixed frame.” Does it sound complicated? Let's figure it out now.
The principle of adding speeds is nothing more than the arithmetic sum of the components of speeds, like mathematical concepts or definitions.

Velocity is one of the essential phenomena related to kinetics. Kinetics studies the processes of transfer of energy, momentum, charge and matter in various physical systems and the influence of external fields on them. It may be presumptuous, but from the point of view of kinetics, then one can consider a whole series social processes, for example, conflicts.

Therefore, in the presence of two conflicting objects and their contact, a law similar to the law of conservation of velocities should work (as a fact of energy transfer)? This means that the strength and aggression of the conflict depends on the degree of conflict between the two (three, four) parties. The more aggressive and powerful they are, the harsher and more destructive the conflict. If one of the parties is not in conflict, then the degree of aggressiveness does not increase.

Everything is very simple. And if you can’t look inside yourself to understand the cause-and-effect relationships of your problem, just open your 8th grade physics textbook.

Louis Bloomfield's book “How Everything Works” has appeared on sale. Laws of Physics in Our Lives”, prepared for publication by Corpus Publishing House with the dual support of the Polytechnic Museum and Dmitry Zimin’s Book Projects. Let's talk about why it's worth reading - especially if physics seems boring and incomprehensible to you.

Rising in the morning from a spring mattress, turning on the electric kettle, warming our hands with a cup of coffee and doing dozens of other everyday things, we rarely think about how exactly all this is happening. Perhaps Ohm’s law or the gimlet rule sticks out like a lonely fragment in someone’s memory (it’s good if you even remember that “gimlet” is a screw, not a surname).

It is not always clear at what moments in life we encounter current strength and momentum.

Of course, there are scientists, technicians and geeks. We are even ready to believe that there are people who simply studied physics very well at school (our respect to them). It will not be difficult for them to tell how exactly an incandescent lamp or solar battery works and to explain, looking at a spinning bicycle wheel, where there is static friction and where is sliding friction. However, let's be honest, most people have very vague ideas about all this.

This makes it seem as if natural objects and mechanisms behave in one way or another due to some magical powers. An everyday understanding of cause and effect can protect you from some mistakes (for example, not putting food wrapped in foil in the microwave), but a deeper understanding of physical and chemical processes allows you to better understand what's what and justify your decisions.

Louis Bloomfield - professor at the University of Virginia, researcher atomic physics, condensed matter physics and optics.

Even in his youth, he chose experiments as the main method of exploring the world, drawing inspiration for doing science from everyday things. Committed to making knowledge accessible to many people rather than a few specialists, Bloomfield is engaged in teaching, appears on television and writes popular science works.

The main objective of the book “How everything works. The laws of physics in our lives" - to refute the idea of physics as a boring and detached science, and make it clear that it describes real phenomena that can be seen, touched and felt.

It has always been a mystery to me why physics is traditionally taught as an abstract science - after all, it studies the material world and the laws that govern it. I am convinced of the opposite: if we deprive physics of countless living examples, real world, it will have neither base nor shape - like a milkshake without a glass.
Louis Bloomfield

We are talking about the movement of bodies, mechanical devices, heat and much more. Instead of starting with theory, the author starts from the things around us, formulating laws and principles with their help. The starting points are carousels, roller coasters, running water, warm clothes, audio players, lasers and LEDs, telescopes and microscopes...

Here are some examples from the book in which the author explains the mechanics of simple things.

Why do speed skaters move fast?

Skates are a convenient way to teach about the principles of movement. Galileo Galilei also formulated that bodies tend to move uniformly and rectilinearly in the absence of external forces, be it air resistance or surface friction. Skates can almost completely eliminate friction, so you can glide across the ice with ease. An object at rest tends to remain in place, while an object in motion tends to move on. This is what is called inertia.

How scissors cut

By moving the rings of the scissors, you produce moments of force, under the influence of which the blades close and cut the paper. The paper tends to move the blades apart due to moments of forces that “spread” the blades. If you apply a sufficiently large force, the “shearing” moments of force will prevail over the “pushing” ones. As a result, the blades of the scissors will become angular acceleration, will begin to turn, close and cut the sheet of paper.

What's going on in the skewers

If you heat one end of a metal rod, the atoms in that part of the rod will vibrate more intensely than those at the cold end, and the metal will begin to conduct heat from the hot end to the cold end. Some of this heat is transferred due to the interaction of neighboring atoms, but the bulk of it will be transferred by mobile electrons, which carry thermal energy over long distances from one atom to another.

How nails are hammered

All the downward momentum that you impart to the hammer when you swing is transferred to the nail during the brief strike. Since the impulse transmission time is short, a very large force must be applied from the hammer in order for its impulse to transfer to the nail. This impact force drives the nail into the board.

Why are balloons heated?

Filling a balloon with hot air requires fewer particles than filling it with cold air. The fact is that on average a particle of hot air moves faster, collides more often and occupies more space than a particle of cold air. Therefore, a ball filled with hot air weighs less than the same ball filled with cold air. If the weight of the ball is small enough, the resultant force is directed upward and the ball rises.

Why does the shuttlecock always fly the same way?

The badminton shuttle always flies head first because the resultant force caused by the pressure is applied at its center of pressure, some distance from the center of mass. If suddenly the tail accidentally ends up in front of the head, air resistance will create a moment of force relative to the center of mass and return everything to its place.

What makes water hard

Water is considered hard if the content of positively charged calcium and magnesium ions exceeds 120 mg per liter. The ions of these and some other metals bind the negative ions of soap and create insoluble foam, which settles as a dirty residue on the sink, shower head, bathtub, in the washing machine and on clothes. If you start washing with soap in hard water, be prepared for unpleasant surprises.

Take a course from the author

You can learn from Louis Bloomfield online in the course “How Things Work”: here he starts up cars, goes to the playground to talk about swings, performs experiments and talks about everything in the world.

If even this is not enough for you, and you want to see the professor in person, there is also such an opportunity: Louis Bloomfield will be in Moscow from December 3 to 8.