Chechen chronicle. How many Russians lived in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic before the arrival of Dudayev Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Chechen chronicle for all centuries
DATES |
EVENTS |
| 17th century | The Chechen ethnic group was formed within the modern boundaries of settlement. |
| 1740 | Creation of a sect Wahhabis |
| 1783. | Russian troops take control of the Terek Valley. |
| 1810. | Ingushetia became part of Russia. |
| 1818. | General Ermolov brought Chechnya to submission. |
| 1832.10.29 | (according to the Julian calendar - October 17) - Capture of the Avar village Gimry Russian detachment during the Caucasian War of 1817-1864. |
| 1834 | Shamil - Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya. |
| 1840. | Second stage of the Caucasian War (1818 - 1859) |
| 1859.09.07 | Chechenia became part of a theocratic state that developed on the territory of Dagestan - the Imamate of Shamil. |
| 1877.04.24 | (according to the Julian calendar - August 26) Shamil surrendered to Russian troops. The end of the Caucasian war. Chechnya is included in Russia.. |
| 1877. | (April 12, Old Style) Russia declared war |
Turkey |
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| 1917.03.17 | The Chechens raised an armed uprising against Russia, taking advantage of the conduct of military operations by Russian troops in the Balkans.. XX century RUSSIA Grozny. |
| 1917.03.18 | XX century After the victory |
| 1917.03.27 | XX century. February Revolution A Civil Committee was created in the city - an organ of the Provisional Government. |
| . The Grozny Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies was formed. | Chechen congress at which the “Chechen National Council” was elected. 1917, summer XX century - Systematic attacks began. |
| 1917.09 | XX century Chechen congress at which the “Chechen National Council” was elected. gangs to a section of the Vladikavkaz railway |
| 1917.11.08 | XX century Khasavyurt |
| 1917.11 | . After the withdrawal of regular units of the Russian army from the city, attacks began |
| 1917.12.06 | XX century. "February Revolution gangs targeting oil fields and setting them on fire. |
| 1917.12.07 | XX century. . Soviet power established |
| 1917.12.14 | At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed. Council" headed by presented an ultimatum to the Grozny SRD with the demand to disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. Chechen units of the "Wild Division" captured the city. Vladikavkaz. |
| 1918.01.13 | XX century The "Provisional Terek-Dagestan Government" was formed. The government included the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M. Karaulov, Kumyk prince R. Kaplanov, |
| 1918.02.07 | Chechen. The First Congress of the Peoples of the Terek formed the Terek People's Council headed by Yu. Pashkovsky and at the suggestion S.Kirova decided to begin peace negotiations with the Ingush and Chechens. |
| 1918.03.18 | Vladkavkaz. The II Congress of the Peoples of the Terek elected the Terek People's Council as the authority of the Terek Soviet Republic, which included representatives of the Kabardian, Balkar, Chechen and Ingush peoples, the Terek Cossacks and non-residents. |
| 1918.03 | Goyty. The Congress of the Chechen People elected the Goitin People's Council (chaired by T. Eldarkhanov), which declared support for Soviet power. |
| 1918.05.22-29 | XX century. III Congress of the Terek Peoples. |
| 1918.08.08 | Groznenskaya. |
| 1918.08.11 | XX century Anti-Soviet uprising of the Terek Cossacks, led by G. Bicherakhov. Groznenskaya. Parts of the garrison repelled the attack of the Cossacks of G. Bicherakhov from the side of the village . Start defense of Grozny |
| 1918.11.12 | XX century. Chechens are taking part in the defense. |
| 1919.02.04 | . Units of the Sunzhenskaya A. Dyakov Terek Soviet Republic released the city - the “Hundred-Day Defense of Grozny” was completed (11.08-12.11.18). Grozny. At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed. The troops of the Caucasian Volunteer Army under General P. Wrangel entered the city. |
| 1919.02 | XX century. The Congress of the Armed Ingush People, at the suggestion of S. Ordzhonikidze, proclaimed an independent Mountain Soviet Republic. . One echelon of British troops arrived by rail from the city. Port Petrovsk |
| 1919.03.07 | XX century(Dagestan).. |
| 1919.09.10 | . The Terek Great Cossack Circle began its work. GEORGIA . Tbilisi. Protest of the Mejlis of the Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus to representatives of the Entente in connection with the atrocities of the units gene. A. Denikina |
| 1919.09.11 | . Units of the Sunzhenskaya A. Dyakov Terek Soviet Republic released the city - the “Hundred-Day Defense of Grozny” was completed (11.08-12.11.18). in Kabarda, Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan. |
| 1919.09.28 | XX century Attack on the city by a Chechen detachment. In a battle near the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, the commander of the Chechen rebels died - formerly. People's Commissar of the Terek Soviet Republic. |
| 1919.10.07 | . A battle in the region of the city of Chechen and Russian partisans with 4 Cossack regiments of the army of General A. Denikin. XX century. |
| 1920.01.31 | General Erdeli's troops began a punitive operation against the rebel "Freedom Army" (12 thousand bayonets, 1600 sabers, 12 guns), units of which occupied the city that day. Vozdvizhenka |
| 1920.03.12 | . The defeat of the white punitive detachment (6 thousand people) by the red partisans in alliance with the Chechens. |
| 1920.03.17 | Caucasian Front XX century. |
| 1920.08.15 | . |
| 1920.11.17 | At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed.. . The Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region proclaimed the creation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic consisting of the Chechen, Nazranevsky, Vladikavkaz, Kabardinsky, Balkar, Karachay and Sunzhensky districts. . The Soviet detachment of N. Samursky lifted the siege of the highlanders from the region.. |
| 1921.01.01 | Gunib |
| 1921.01 | The number of N. Gotsinsky's gangs in Chechnya and Dagestan is 7.2 thousand bayonets, 2.49 thousand sabers with 2 guns and 40 machine guns. |
| 1921.05 | Chechen and Ingusheti are included in the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
| 1922.03 | Liquidation of the anti-Soviet uprising in the Caucasus Mountains. The leaders of the uprising, Said Bey and N. Gotsinsky, disappeared: the first in Turkey, the second in the mountains of Chechnya. |
| 1922.05 | Rostov-on-Don. |
| 1922.10 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Chechnya |
| 1922.11.30 | . Soviet troops of the North Caucasus Military District conducted an operation to disarm the villages of Makhketa, Goyty and Katyr-Yurt; The last 2 were bombed from the air. |
| 1923 | Rostov-on-Don Moscow. |
| 1923.12.16-19 | Rostov-on-Don A commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) on Chechnya was created. |
| 1923.12.26 | The Chechen Okrug emerged from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR.. Movement of Sheikh Ali-Mitaev. |
| . Units of 9sk began an operation to disarm the Chechen population of the Chechen - Belgatoy - Geldygen - Tsatsyn-Yurt - Tsentaroi - Ishkhoi region (16-19.12.1923). | Rostov-on-Don. A military operation was carried out to suppress mass uprisings of Chechens and Ingush, caused by the desire of the central authorities to impose their representatives on them in elections to local Soviets. Then the mountaineers, at the call of their leaders, mainly mullahs, boycotted the elections, and in some places they destroyed polling stations using weapons. The uprising covered large areas of Chechnya and Ingushetia. |
| 1924.10.03 | From an information review by the headquarters of the 9th Rifle Corps on the development of banditry in the areas of deployment of corps units in July-September 1924: "... Chechnya is a bouquet of banditry. The number of leaders and fickle gangs of bandits committing robberies, mainly in neighboring Territories in the Chechen region cannot be counted..." |
| 1924.12 | Chechnya. Another operation to disarm the Chechen population. |
| 1924. | The Ingush Autonomous Region was formed as part of the RSFSR |
| 1925.04.14 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Raid of S. Kagirov's gang 04/14-05/21/1925 |
| 1925.07.12 | Dagestan. When the Chechens tried to steal cattle, residents of the Dagestan villages of Gogotl and Andi offered armed resistance. In the ensuing battle, the Chechens, despite having a Lewis light machine gun, lost 2 people killed and 6 wounded, while the Dagestanis lost 1 killed and 1 wounded. |
| 1925.08.23 | It started in Chechnya large-scale army operation to disarm the population and eliminate gangs. North Caucasian Military District troops under the command I. Uborevich(4840 bayonets, 2017 sabers + 648 OGPU troops, 24 guns, 239 machine guns, 8 aircraft, 1 armored train) began an “operation to disarm and seize the leaders of the counter-revolution and the bandit element” on the territory of Chechnya (23.08-13.09.1925). In September 1925, after intensified bombing of areas where gangs were concentrated, resistance was stopped, and the leader of the Chechens Gotsinsky handed over to the authorities. |
| 1925.12.04 | USSR. |
| 1929.11 | A new major uprising broke out in Chechnya. As emphasized in the report of the commander of the North Caucasus Military District I.P. Belov and member of the district RVS S.N. Kozhevnikov, addressed to the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “In Chechnya, as in Karachay, we do not have isolated bandit, counter-revolutionary actions, but a direct uprising of entire regions (Galanchozh), in which almost the entire population takes part in an armed uprising" (RGVA. F. 25896. Op. 9. D. 350. L. 31). |
| 1929.12.08 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. |
| 1929.12.28 | An operational group of troops of the North Caucasus Military District and units of the OGPU began an operation to eliminate the Chechen gang groups of Sh. Istamulov in the Shali and Urus-Martan regions (the villages of Goyty, Shali, Sambi, Benoy, Tsontoroy), disrupting the collectivization plan (12/8-28/1929). In total, a total of 1,904 soldiers with 75 heavy and light machine guns, 11 guns and 7 aircraft took part in the operation with VOGPU units. |
| 1930.01.20 | The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the OGPU completed a punitive operation in Chechnya (December 8-28, 1929), during which 450 people were arrested, up to 60 bandits were killed and wounded, weapons were confiscated: modern - 290 units, Shamilevsky - 862 units, hunting - 484 units, cold - 1674 units. The losses of the Soviet troops were 43 people, of which 21 people were killed or died from wounds. (RGVA. F.25896. Op.9. D.366. L.283, 283ob). Chechen Autonomous Okrug |
| 1930.03.14 | . The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the OGPU completed a punitive operation in Chechnya (December 8-28, 1929), during which 450 people were arrested, up to 60 bandits were killed and wounded, weapons were confiscated: modern - 290 units, Shamilevsky - 862 units, hunting - 484 units, cold - 1674 units. The losses of the Soviet troops were 43 people, of which 21 people were killed or died from wounds. (RGVA. F.25896. Op.9. D.366. L.283, 283ob). Kolkhon activist Ryabov was killed by S. Magomadov's gang. |
| 1930.03.25 | Moscow. Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the fight against distortions of the party line in the collective farm movement." |
| 1930.04.12 | . The troops of the North Caucasian Military District and the OGPU began a new “chekist-military” operation to eliminate political banditry in Chechnya and Ingushetia (03/14-04/12/1930). The operation involves 4 infantry, 3 cavalry, 2 partisan detachments, 2 rifle battalions, an air unit, an engineer company and a communications company: a total of 3,920 people, 19 guns, 28 machine guns, 3 aircraft. |
| 1932.03.15 | The military operation of the North Caucasus Military District began against the Dagestan rebels on the border of Dagestan and Chechnya (03/15-20/1932). In Chechnya, the area of uprising covered the villages of Shali, Goyty, Benoy, and Nozhai-Yurt. |
| 1932.03.23 | The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the OGPU completed a punitive operation in Chechnya (December 8-28, 1929), during which 450 people were arrested, up to 60 bandits were killed and wounded, weapons were confiscated: modern - 290 units, Shamilevsky - 862 units, hunting - 484 units, cold - 1674 units. The losses of the Soviet troops were 43 people, of which 21 people were killed or died from wounds. (RGVA. F.25896. Op.9. D.366. L.283, 283ob).. |
| 1932.03.25 | A major anti-Soviet uprising in the Nozhai-Yurt region. The rebels blocked the Red Army garrison located in the village of Benoy. |
| 1932.03.28 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Chechen rebels attempted to seize the Sterech-Kertych oil fields; the attempt was repelled by the local garrison of the Red Army.Z The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the OGPU completed a punitive operation in Chechnya (December 8-28, 1929), during which 450 people were arrested, up to 60 bandits were killed and wounded, weapons were confiscated: modern - 290 units, Shamilevsky - 862 units, hunting - 484 units, cold - 1674 units. The losses of the Soviet troops were 43 people, of which 21 people were killed or died from wounds. (RGVA. F.25896. Op.9. D.366. L.283, 283ob). Aporozhye. |
| 1932.03.29 | The last cubic meter of concrete has been laid in the Dnieper Hydroelectric Dam. |
| 1932.03.31 | . The operation of the North Caucasus Military District troops began to eliminate the Chechen anti-Soviet uprising. |
| 1932.04.05 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Chechen Autonomous Okrug. Units of the Red Army defeated the Chechen rebels at the Sterech-Kertych oil fields and released the garrison defending them. |
| .01.15 | Chechen Autonomous Okrug. |
| .12.05 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Soviet troops suppressed the anti-Soviet uprising in the area of the village of Benoy (23-31.03.1932). |
| .10 | Report of the North Caucasian Military District command on the progress of suppressing the anti-Soviet uprising in Chechnya and Dagestan: “Distinctive features of the performance: organization, massive participation of the population, exceptional cruelty of the rebels in battles, continuous counterattacks, despite heavy losses, religious songs during attacks, participation of women in battles... " |
| .09 | Consolidation of the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Okrug into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug. The work of the VIII Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the USSR, which adopted the second Constitution of the USSR, completed its work. |
| 1938. | ("Stalin's Constitution"). Formation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR as part of the RSFSR. |
| .02 | New aggravation of the situation in Checheno-Ingushetia According to a certificate of the results of the fight against terrorist groups in the republic from October 1937 to February 1939, 80 gangster groups with a total number of 400 people operated on its territory, more than 1000 people were in an illegal situation. |
| .01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The defeat of a large anti-Soviet gang. Chechen writing was created (based on Russian graphics). according to other sources, the uprising took place in January 1941; we give both options) |
| 1940.02 | After clearing most of the mountainous areas from the Bolsheviks, an armed people's congress was convened in the village. Galanchozh and the proclamation of the “provisional people’s revolutionary government of Checheno-Ingushetia” headed by Kh. Israilov was announced. |
| 1940.12.20 | . Units of the Sunzhenskaya A. Dyakov Terek Soviet Republic released the city - the “Hundred-Day Defense of Grozny” was completed (11.08-12.11.18). Report of the head of the NKVD of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Major Ryazanov, addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria, on the strengthening of banditry in the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: “Most of the group members were replenished by fugitive criminal elements from places of imprisonment and deserters of the Red Army.” |
| .01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. At the end of January, an uprising against Soviet power occurred in the village of Khilda-Kharoi, Itumkala region. |
| 1941.06.21 | During the period 01/01–06/21/1941, 31 cases of bandit insurgency were recorded on the territory of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| 1941.06.22 | German attack on the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War. |
| 1941.07.08 | Northwestern Front. Soviet troops left the territory of Latvia. Moscow. Order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria N 00792 "On conducting a security and military operation in the Akhalkhevsky region of the Georgian SSR" with the aim of "liquidating the remnants of Chechen gangs who took refuge in the Khildikharoevsky and Maistinsky gorges of the Akhalkhevsky region of the Georgian SSR." |
| 1941.07.15 | Western Front. XX century Units of 3Tgr 4TA(n) GR.A "Center" began fighting with troops 16 and 20A for the city of Smolensk. |
| 1941.07.25 | . Meeting of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “Having heard the report of the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs, Comrade Albagachiev, on the fight against banditry and desertion in the republic, the bureau of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks notes that Comrade Albagachiev and Deputy People’s Commissar Comrade Shelenkov are still did not reorganize their work on a war footing... The Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) considers it completely intolerable when, as a result of complacency and carelessness during wartime, a decisive blow to banditry and desertion was not dealt and, as a consequence of this, banditry and desertion, cases of terrorist acts against workers of the republic have become more frequent..." (GARF. D.401. Op.12. D.127-09. L.80). XX century Southern front. |
| 1941.07 | The withdrawal of units 9A began from the lower reaches of the Prut River to the Tiraspol - Odessa border. GERMANY. The OKW developed a plan for the operation of German troops to capture the North Caucasus (November 1941) and Transcaucasia (June 1942). The Germans began to develop a network of schools to train agents exclusively for operations in the North Caucasus. Future cadets were selected in prisoner-of-war camps by instructors of the special-purpose regiment "Brandenburg-800" from representatives of the Caucasian peoples. Checheno-Ingush AS |
| 1941.08.05 | SR. “As of July 1941, 20 terrorist groups (84 people) were registered in the republic. They were responsible for the murder of RO NKVD detective Gryaznov, prosecutor Gadiev, detective Merkhelev, MTS director Ocheretlov, policeman Laukhtin, people’s judge Albogachiev, district NKVD RO Dodov , deputy of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic Dzhanguraev, village correspondent M. Sataev, chairman of the Benoevsky village council Bekbulatov, head of the police brigade T. Khuptaev, activists A. Mantsaev, A. Yesiev and others." |
| 1941.08 | The defense of Odessa began. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Grozny |
| 1941.09.03 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. At a meeting of the Bureau of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was again noted that Comrade Albogachiev, heading the NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, dissociates himself by all means from participating in the fight against terrorists. |
| 1941.09.18 | German troops took the city of Nikolaev.. During the mobilization, out of 8 thousand people subject to conscription, 719 Chechens and Ingush deserted. |
| 1941.10.20 | . During the period 06.22-09.03.1941, 40 cases of bandit insurgency were noted on the territory of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.Moscow. NKO order on the transformation of the 100, 127, 153 and 161st rifle divisions into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th guards divisions. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. NKVD Order N 001171 on the elimination of terrorist actions in Checheno-Ingushetia. |
| 1941.10.21 | Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. YU th-Western Front. Units of 6A(n) GR.A "South" began fighting with Soviet troops for the city of Kharkov. The Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and put up armed resistance to the NKVD task force that was trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Galanchozh Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his men into two groups, heading to the villages of Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost 4 people killed and 6 wounded in the shootout, as a result of the cowardice of the group leader, she was disarmed and, with the exception of 4 operatives, was shot. |
| 1941.10.28 | The second, having heard the firefight, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic., was also disarmed. As a result, the uprising was suppressed only after the deployment of large forces. |
| 1941.10.29 | Units 11A(n) of General Manstein GR.A "South" broke through the Yushun positions of Soviet troops in the Crimea.. The beginning of anti-Soviet protests. The NKVD troops began an operation to eliminate anti-Soviet formations on the territory of Chechnya (10/28-11/8/1941). Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. B |
| 1941.10 | Consolidation of the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Okrug into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug. Ryanskiy front. |
| 1941.11.08 | Units of 2TA(n) GR.A "Center" began fighting with Soviet troops for the city of Tula.. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. In the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, police officers detained N. Dzhangireev, who was evading labor service and inciting the population to do so. His brother, G. Dzhangireev, called on his fellow villagers for help. After Guchik’s statement: “There is no Soviet power, we can act,” the gathered crowd disarmed the police officers, destroyed the village council and plundered the collective farm’s livestock. Together with rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, but unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar protest that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district. |
| 1941.11.09 | In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded conscription. XX century. Extract from Minutes No. 156 of the meeting of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks: “Listen: About the kulak-bandit uprising of the population of some village councils of Shatoevsky, Galanchozhsky and Itum-Kalinsky districts. Resolved: The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (People's Commissar Comrade Albagachiev) did not comply with the bureau's resolution Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) dated July 25, 1941, the fight against banditry until recently was built on passive methods, as a result, banditry was not only not eliminated, but on the contrary, it intensified its actions. The intelligence personnel of the NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were clogged with traitors and. provocateurs." |
| 1941.11.10 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. |
| 1941.12 | People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Chi ASSR Albagachiev sent a secret message to the leader of the Chechen rebels Kh. Israilov (Terloev): “Dear Terloev! Greetings to you! I am very upset that your highlanders started an uprising ahead of schedule. I am afraid that if you do not listen to me, We, the workers of the republic, will be exposed... Look, for the sake of Allah, keep the oath, don’t name us to anyone.”. Leningrad Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the besieged city, 53 thousand people died of hunger in a month. |
| 1942 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. To combat Chechen gangs, a special 178th motorized rifle battalion of the NKVD operational forces was formed. |
| 1942.01.28 | . Soviet aviation twice bombed the territory of mountainous Chechnya, the villages of Shatoi, Itum-Kale and Galanchozh were especially affected. |
| 1942.01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Ordzhonikidze |
| 1942.02 | .Illegal constituent assembly of the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" (OPKB). The executive committee of the OPKB was elected - 33 people, the Organizing Bureau of the executive committee of the OPKB - 9 people. The head of the Chechen rebels, Kh. Israilov (Terloev), became the chief secretary of the Executive Committee of the OPKB.Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital.. The 178th motorized rifle battalion of the operational forces of the NKVD is deployed into the 141st mountain rifle regiment, intended exclusively for operations against Chechen gangs. In January 1942, when recruiting the national division, it was possible to call up only 50 percent of the personnel. WITH Umsk region. The partisan unit of S. Kovpak was created.. In ss. Shatoy And |
| 1942.03 | Consolidation of the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Okrug into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug. Itum-Kale |
| 1942.04 | the former prosecutor of Checheno-Ingushetia, who entered into an alliance with the gang, rebelledMoscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital.. During the period 07/01/1941-04/30/1942, 1.5 thousand Chechens and Ingush deserted from among those conscripted into the Red Army and labor battalions, including 850 people. from the newly formed Chechen-Ingush cavalry division. |
| 1942.06.01 | Poltava. Statement by A. Hitler at the headquarters of the GR. And “South”: “If we don’t take Maykop and XX century, I will have to end this war!" |
| 1942.06.16 | North Caucasus Front. The decision of the Front Armed Forces on the construction of defensive lines on the approaches to the cities of Tikhoretsk, Voroshilovsk, XX century, Minvody, Krasnodar and along the border of the river. Terek. |
| 1942.06.26 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. Shatoy. |
| 1942.06.29 | An operational group consisting of 6 NKVD operatives and 16 fighters of the 141st joint venture under the leadership of the head of the NKVD Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic comrade Aliyev was sent into an ambush at night with the aim of capturing alive or eliminating the leader of the rebel organization in ChechnyaMoscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. German troops 11A GR.A "South" burst into Sevastopol. |
| 1942.07.07 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. The failure of the NKVD operation to capture the leader of the rebel organization in Chechnya, Kh. Israilov; The failure of the operation was facilitated by the head of the OBB of the NKVD of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Aliyev. |
| 1942.07.23 | . From the memorandum of the deputy chief. OBB NKVD of the USSR Comrade Zhukov addressed to Deputy People's Commissar Comrade Kobulov: “The apparatus of the OBB NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic does not manage the periphery. There is no leadership of the Department on Aliyev’s part. For most gang groups, no specific measures have been carried out since the summer of 1942. For gangs, some measures are taken only after she commits a robbery or murder. Among the agents there is a significant percentage of doubles, but no one is cleaning up the intelligence network.” XX century Vinnitsa |
| 1942.07.27 | . A. Hitler's headquarters "Werewolf". OKW Directive No. 45 on the tasks of German troops on the Soviet-German front: GR.A "North" - take Leningrad (Operation Feuerzauber), GR.A "B" - take the cities of Stalingrad and Astrakhan (Operation Fischreier) ), GR.A "A" - take the city of Stavropol,, Makhachkala, Baku, the entire North Caucasus, deprive the Soviet Black Sea Fleet of its bases and reach the border with Turkey near Batumi (Operation Edelweiss).. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Fierce fighting on the Stalingrad front |
| 1942.07.30 | those . The reserve company of the 66th Infantry Regiment was ambushed in the area of Mount Kur-Kumas and was blocked by a large Chechen gang. Soviet troops began the Rzhev-Sychevsk offensive operation (30.07-29.08.1942) |
| 1942.07 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Soviet troops carried out an operation to clear the territory of Chechnya from anti-Soviet gangs. 19 rebel detachments and 4 German reconnaissance groups were destroyed. At the end of July 1942, a detachment of Chechens under the leadership of the German Feldf. Moritz was parachuted into the area of the city.. |
| 1942.08.17 | MaykopMoscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. North Caucasus Front. Decision of the Front Armed Forces on the creation of the Novorossiysk defensive region. . To the regional center Himoi |
| 1942.08.20 | In the Sharoevsky district, an armed raid was carried out by a bandit group, as a result of which district institutions were destroyed and robbed. In this case, the damage incurred is estimated at at least 180 thousand rubles. I. Aliyev and the People's Commissariat of the NKVD of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were well aware of the impending bandit raid on the regional center, but Aliyev, a day before the raid, recalled the NKVD task force and a military unit from the regional center, which were intended to guard the regional center in case of the impending raid. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Moscow. Directive of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command of the Armed Forces of the Transcaucasian Front on the defense of the Main Caucasus Range. Umsk region. The partisan unit of S. Kovpak was created.. United Chechen gangs, Badaev, Magomadov and other leaders (up to 1.5 thousand militants in total) surrounded the regional center |
| 1942.08.25 | ., however, they could not take the village. The small garrison located there repulsed all attacks, and the two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. Talingrad. The city was declared under martial law. .. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. North Caucasus Front . German units of 1TA GR.A "A" burst into the city of Mozdok, starting street battles for the city with Soviet troops, and continue the attack on the city.. 22.00. Not far from the village. Berezhki In the Galashkinsky district, a Chechen sabotage group of 9 people led by G. Osman (Saidnurov) landed from a German plane. The group was equipped in the uniform of Red soldiers and had the task of blowing up bridges in the rear of the Red Army, disrupting supplies, and forming gangs. We immediately managed to recruit 13 residents of the villages of Laigu, Alki, and Novy Alkun into our ranks. On the same day, a German reconnaissance and sabotage group of 30 paratroopers was sent to the territory of the Ataginsky district near the village. Czechs |
| 1942.08 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. In the Psedakh region and near the city of Mozdok, a group led by A. Khamchiev, staffed by graduates of the Simferopol and Warsaw Abwehr sabotage schools, landed. In the Prigorodny region of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a group of X. Khautiev was landed, in the Vedeno region - a group of Selimov - D. Daudov. In total, German intelligence agencies sent 5 groups of paratroopers to the territory of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in July-August 1942: 57 people. As a rule, paratroopers teamed up with gangs operating locally. |
| 1942.09.24 | The head of the Staro-Yurt district department of the NKVD, Elmurzaev, together with the district representative of the procurement office, Gaitiev, and four policemen, having taken 8 rifles and several million rubles of money, disappeared into the mountains. Transcaucasian Front XX century. |
| 1942.09.28 | The head of the Staro-Yurt district department of the NKVD, Elmurzaev, together with the district representative of the procurement office, Gaitiev, and four policemen, having taken 8 rifles and several million rubles of money, disappeared into the mountains. German units of 1TA GR.A "A" went on the offensive from the Mozdok bridgehead on the Terek River in the direction of the city. XX century, Ordzhonikidze. |
| 1942.09 | Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital.. |
| 1942.10 | Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. Units of 1TA(n) GR.A "A" took the village of Elkhotovo, cutting off the highway |
| 1942.11.07 | - Nalchik. Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital.. When the front line approached in August-September 1942, 80 members of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks quit their jobs and fled, including 16 heads of district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 8 senior officials of district executive committees and 14 chairmen of collective farms of the Chi ASSR. |
| 1943.01 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. The next uprising was organized by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was sent to Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. |
| 1943.02 | Having established contact with R. Sahabov’s gang, he, with the assistance of religious authorities, recruited up to 400 people and, supplying them with German weapons dropped from airplanes, managed to raise a number of villages in the Vedensky and Cheberloyevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who had joined him, was arrested. Leningrad Front. Soviet heavy artillery launched a massive attack on German batteries in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.. As a result of a special operation by the NKVD, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed..
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. |
| 1943.06.20 | At the beginning of January, the NKVD neutralized the German sabotage group of O. Gube. |
| 1943.07.24 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. |
| 1943.08.15 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." A memorandum from the detective officer of the 2nd department of the NKVD police department of the Ordzhonikidze railway, Semenov, with a message that the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Albogachiev has relatives among bandit detachments in Nazran. |
| 1943.08 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Report from the deputy head of the Department for Combating Banditry of the NKVD of the USSR R. Rudenko on the results of a business trip to Checheno-Ingushetia: “There are 33 bandit groups (175 people), 18 lone bandits, additionally operating in the Checheno-Ingush Republic: 10 bandits (104 people). 11 gang groups (80 people) were identified during the trip to the regions. Thus, as of August 15, 1943, 54 gang groups were operating in the republic - 359 participants were wanted. In the first half of the year, 202 people were found. ". |
| 1943.09.18 | . 3 groups of German-Chechen paratroopers were dropped into the territory of the republic: 20 people. |
| 1943.10 | Tbilisi Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. According to a memo from the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of Georgia G. Karanadze addressed to the NKVD L. Beria, 5 thousand residents of Checheno-Ingushetia are in the ranks of the OPKB. |
| 1943.11.09 | Moscow. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the deportation of Kalmyks accused of “collaboration with the occupiers” to the eastern regions of the country. |
| 1943.12.02 | .. |
| 1944.01.31 | Moscow State Security Commissioners of the 2nd rank I. Serov and B. Kobulov reported to Moscow that the operational security groups created for the deportation of the population of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic began work. It was noted that over the previous two months, about 1,300 bandits hiding in forests and mountains were legalized. Among them are D. Murtazaliev, who led a gang for 18 years and repeatedly provoked armed uprisings, A. Badaev, the leader of an armed group with 15 years of experience. At the same time, during the legalization process, the bandits handed over only a small part of their weapons. The note by Kobulov and Serov substantiated the proposal to use tactical exercises in mountain conditions as a pretext for sending troops. However, instead of Red Army units, NKVD troops will be stationed in the republic. It was proposed to begin the concentration of troops at the initial positions 20-30 days before the operation. |
| 1944.02.13 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.. |
| 1944.02.15 | USSR State Defense Committee Resolution No. 5073 was adopted on the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the deportation of its population to Central Asia and Kazakhstan “for aiding the fascist occupiers.”.Moscow. By decree of the State Defense Committee of October 19, 1941, a state of siege was introduced in the capital. Having intelligence information that Kh. Israilov was being hidden by the Murtazaliev brothers, the NKVD arrested them. As a result of interrogations, A. Murtazaliev testified that Kh. Israilov was hiding in the cave of the Bachi-Chu mountain in the Dzumsoevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district. Shatoy L Yeningrad front. Troops 67A completed the breakthrough of the Luga defensive line of German troops. through German paratroopers dropped during 1942-1943. on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a map of the Caucasus in German, on which, throughout the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Georgian SSR, settlements in which there are cells of the rebel organization OPKB are highlighted. |
| 1944.02.17 | At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed.. Telegram L. Beria To I.Stalin |
| 1944.02.22 | At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed.: “Preparation for the operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush is ending. After clarification, 459,486 people were registered as being subject to resettlement, including those living in the regions of Dagestan bordering Checheno-Ingushetia and in the city of Vladikavkaz... Considering the seriousness of the operation, I ask that you allow me to stay in place until the operation is completed, at least basically, i.e. until February 26-27, 1944." |
| 1944.02.23 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.(GARF. F.9401. Op.2. D.64. L.167). |
| 1944.02.26 | . At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed.. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin: “The operation to evict the Chechens and Ingush is proceeding normally. By the evening of February 25, 342 thousand 647 people were loaded onto railway trains. 86 trains were sent from the loading station to the places of new resettlement.” (GARF. F.R-9401. Op.2. D.64. L.160). |
| 1944.03.01 | Moscow. The V session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR began its work. The Supreme High Command headquarters appointed Marshal G. Zhukov as commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front instead of the seriously wounded man on 02/29/1944. At the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division ("Wild Division") were killed.. Telegram from L. Beria to I. Stalin: “I am reporting on the results of the operation to evict Chechens and Ingush. The eviction began on February 23 in most areas with the exception of high-mountain settlements. By February 29, 478,479 people were evicted and loaded onto railway trains, including 91,250 Ingush and 387,229 Chechens. 177 trains were loaded, of which 154 trains have already been sent to the place of the new settlement. Today, a train with former leaders and religious authorities of Checheno-Ingushetia, who were used in the operation, was sent... The operation proceeded in an organized manner and without serious cases of resistance and others. incidents... During the preparation and conduct of the operation, 2,016 people of anti-Soviet elements from among the Chechens and Ingush were arrested. 20,072 firearms were seized, including 4,868 rifles, 479 machine guns and machine guns. ... Leaders of party and Soviet bodies of North Ossetia, Dagestan and Georgia have already begun work on developing new areas that have been transferred to these republics... Today we finish our work here and leave for one day to Kabardino-Balkaria and from there to Moscow.” |
| 1944.03.09 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Secret resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR N 255-74ss "On the settlement and development of areas of the former Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic." |
| 1944.03.22 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the formation of the Grozny region as part of the RSFSR": "To form the Grozny region with the center in the city of Grozny and in connection with this to liquidate the Grozny and Kizlyar districts of the Stavropol Territory." |
| 1944.07 | Kazakh SSR. The NKVD authorities arrested 2,196 special settlers - Chechens, Ingush, Karachays - for various crimes. |
| 1944.12.29 | Grozny region. In mountainous Chechnya, NKVD agents killed the leader of the rebel movement Kh.Israilov, “the corpse was identified and photographed. The agents were switched to eliminating the remnants of the gang leaders.” Over 80 bandit groups continue to operate on the territory of the former Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. |
| 1948.11.24 | The headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District proposed that the RVSR conduct a military operation to disarm the population of Chechnya: “It is necessary to strengthen the garrisons of the Shatoi and Vedeno fortresses to infantry each, to set up a barrier of sufficient strength along the border of Chechnya and Dagestan. Disarmament should begin with flat Chechnya in order to secure the Grozny region. The operation should be carried out in the most real way, right up to the destruction of disobedient villages." Secret Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N 4367-1726ss: "In order to strengthen the regime of settlement of deportees from among the Chechens, Karachais, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Germans, Crimean Tatars, etc., as well as to strengthen criminal liability for escapes of deportees from places of compulsory and permanent settlement The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decides: 1. To establish that the resettlement of Chechens, Karachais, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Germans, Crimean Tatars, etc. to remote areas of the Soviet Union was carried out forever, without the right to return them to their previous places of residence. For unauthorized departure (escape) from places of compulsory settlement of these deportees, the perpetrators will be held criminally liable, setting the penalty for this crime at 20 years of hard labor..." |
| 1957.01 | The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored. |
| 1957.02. | Rehabilitation of some nationalities deported by Stalin (Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachais and Kalmyks). They are returning to their historical homeland. |
| 1958.08. | Ethnic conflicts in Grozny (between Chechens and Russians). |
| 1990.06.12 | The Parliament of the RSFSR proclaims the sovereignty of the republic. |
| 1990.07.27 | Belarus adopted a declaration of sovereignty |
| 1990.08. | Declaration of sovereignty of Turkmenistan, Armenia, Tajikistan |
| 1990.10.26 | Declaration of Sovereignty of Kazakhstan |
| 1990.10.31 | The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopts a law on control over natural resources on its territory |
| 1990.11. | The Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic |
| 1990.11.30 | Sending humanitarian aid to Russia (mainly from Germany). |
| 1990.12.12 | State of emergency declared in South Ossetia |
| 1990.12.12 | The USA gave a loan of 1 billion to the USSR for the purchase of food |
| 1991.01.16 | The US launched Operation Desert Storm against Iraq. |
| 1991.02.19 | The President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin demanded the resignation of M. Gorbachev. |
| 1991.02.24 | US troops began a ground operation in Iraq (on February 28, US President Bush announced a cessation of hostilities). |
| 1991.03.01 | Beginning of the miners' strike movement (will last 2 months) |
| 1991.03.17 | Referendum on preserving the USSR (6 republics boycott). |
| 1991.03.31 | Referendum on independence of Georgia (independence from 09.04) |
| 1991.04.01 | The Warsaw Pact (military structures) was dissolved. |
| 1991.04.09 | The Georgian parliament decides to secede from the USSR. |
| 1991.06.11 | New US loan (1.5 billion) to the USSR for food |
| 1991.06.12 | Elections of the President of the RSFSR Yeltsin, and Popov and Sobchak as mayors. |
| 1991.07.01 | Soviet troops were withdrawn from Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The Warsaw Pact is dissolved (political structures). |
| 1991.08.30 | The KGB board was dissolved, the USSR government was dismissed. |
| 1991.09.06 | The leadership of the USSR officially announced the granting of independence to Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. |
| 1991.09. | The National Congress of the Chechen People declared the state sovereignty of the Chechen Republic. |
| 1991.09.22 | Armenia is proclaimed an independent republic. |
| 1991.12.08 | Belovezhskaya agreements on the liquidation of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (on December 21, almost all other republics of the USSR will join it). |
| 1991.12.25 | Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as President of the USSR - the USSR ceases to exist.. |
| 1994.11.25 | The opposition to Dudayev is trying to take Grozny by storm. The fighting continues until November 26. |
| 1994.11.30 | Decree of the President of the Russian Federation On measures to restore constitutionality and law and order on the territory of the Chechen Republic |
| 1994.12.11 | Russian troops entered the territory of the Chechen Republic |
| 1994.12.14 | Yeltsin sends an ultimatum to Dzhokhar Dudayev demanding that he lay down his arms. |
| 1994.12.31 | Russian troops begin an offensive operation on Grozny. |
| 1995.01.02 | Russian troops are storming Grozny. |
| 1995.01.19 | Russian troops captured the presidential palace, which was the main center of resistance. |
| 1995.02.08 | Dzhokhar Dudayev and his troops leave Grozny, recognizing its loss... |
| 1995.03.06 | Russian troops brought Grozny and most of the Chechen Republic under full control |
| 1995.06.14 | Shamil Basayev carried out a raid on the city of Budennovsk |
| 1995.06.19 | Chechen militants, with the consent of Russian Prime Minister Chernomydin, are returning to the territory of Chechnya. |
| 1995.06.23 | Representatives of Russia and Chechnya entered into a temporary peace agreement on the cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Russian troops and the holding of elections in Chechnya. |
| 1995.07.30 | Representatives of Russia and Chechnya signed a peace agreement in Grozny. |
| 1995.10. | An attempt was made on the life of the commander of the Russian troops, General A. S. Romanov, which led to the breakdown of peace negotiations with Chechnya. |
| 1995.10.26 | Russian President Yeltsin is hospitalized. Remains in the sanatorium until December 26, 1995. |
| 1996.01. | Russian troops make two unsuccessful attempts to neutralize the Chechen armed formations of S. Raduev in Kizlyar and the village. Pervomaisky. |
| 1996.04. | Destruction of Dudayev by a missile strike aimed at his cell phone |
| 1996.08. | Chechen formations captured Grozny |
| 1996.08.30 | In Khasavyurt, peace agreements were signed with Chechnya, which provided for the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of Chechnya, the holding of general democratic elections, and the decision on the status of Chechnya was postponed for five years. |
The transcript of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was known to everyone who lived in the Soviet Union. This republic had two stages in its history. The first of them began shortly before the Great Patriotic War. At the very end of 1936, a new Stalinist constitution was adopted. It contained provisions according to which the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory. This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, and then the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became known.
Shortly after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, a small part of this region was occupied by German troops and remained in this situation throughout 1942 and 1943.
In 1944, one of the most unpleasant pages in the history of the Chechens and Ingush opened, when the authorities officially accused them of collaboration. They were suspected of deliberate and voluntary collaboration with the enemy to the detriment of their state and in its interests. As a rule, this term is used in a narrower sense, implying cooperation with the occupiers.
As punishment, he was deported en masse to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as part of Operation Lentil. And in March of the same year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was abolished, and the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had to be forgotten for a while. As a result, the Grozny District appeared, which became part of the Stavropol Territory. The Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky, Sayasanovsky, Sharoevsky and Kurchaloevsky districts were included in the Dagestan Republic. By decision of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the district was abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region. The abolition of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially approved by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council; its mention was excluded from the 1937 constitution.
Second Life
In fact, the republic's second life began shortly after Stalin's death, in 1957. It was restored by decrees of the RSFSR. It is noteworthy that this time it was formed within significantly larger boundaries than during its abolition. In particular, it included the Shelkovsky and Naursky districts, which were transferred in 1944 to the Grozny region from the Stavropol Territory. The Russian population lived there predominantly. It is interesting that the Prigorodny district, which was previously part of it, remained within the borders of North Ossetia. After restoration it amounted to 19,300 square kilometers.
The decision of the presidium was approved by the Supreme Council in February 1957, and the corresponding article was returned to the Soviet constitution. It formalized the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Mass riots
It should be noted that the situation in the region remained extremely tense. For example, in the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1958 there were mass riots that lasted about a week. The reason for them was a murder on ethnic grounds. It all started with a fight between representatives of different nationalities.
On August 23, in the suburbs of Grozny, where mostly workers of the local chemical plant lived, a group of Chechens, which included one Russian guy, were drinking alcohol. During the feast, a quarrel occurred between them. Chechen Lulu Maltsagov stabbed Russian Vladimir Korotchev in the stomach. After this, the company went to dance at the House of Culture. Another conflict arose there. This time with plant workers Ryabov and Stepashin. Stepashin was beaten and stabbed five times, from which he died. There were many witnesses around who called the police. The suspects were detained. A seemingly domestic crime became publicized due to interethnic tension. All this led to actions against the Chechen population.
Rumors of the murder of a factory worker spread quickly. The youth reacted unusually violently. They demanded that the murderers be severely punished, but the authorities did not react to this. The situation was aggravated by the general political and economic situation in the country and the defiant behavior of the Chechens towards the Russians.
On August 25, the workers asked to organize an official farewell at the factory club, but the authorities considered this inappropriate, fearing a further escalation of the situation. The farewell was organized in the garden in front of his bride's house. It turned into a mass protest rally, and spontaneous protests began near Stepashin’s coffin. Everyone demanded that measures be taken to stop hooliganism and murders on the part of the Ingush and Chechens.
On August 26, a funeral meeting was prohibited. Then a group of 200 people moved to Grozny with the coffin of the deceased. He was to be buried in the city cemetery, the road to which went through the city center. It was planned to stop near the regional committee building and hold a funeral meeting there. Along the way, many people joined the procession. Gradually the procession turned into an anti-Chechen demonstration. The authorities blocked the passage to the center of the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the cordon was broken.
In the evening, the aggressive part of the crowd broke into the regional committee building and started a pogrom there. It was possible to suppress the unrest only on the evening of August 27, when troops were brought into the city.
Once again, the situation worsened in 1973, when a rally of Ingush people continued in Grozny for several days, demanding that the issue of territorial rehabilitation be resolved, for example, the return of the Prigorodny district, in which the Ingush predominantly lived, to the republic. The rally was dispersed by troops using water cannons.
Collapse of the Republic
The events that began in 1990 led to another collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, this time final. The Republican Supreme Council adopted a declaration of state sovereignty. In May 1991, amendments were made to the constitution, approving the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic.
In June, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny and proclaimed the formation of the National Congress of the Chechen People. Almost immediately after this, the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho was proclaimed, and the leaders of the Supreme Council were declared usurpers.
Aggravation of the situation
The August events in Moscow became a catalyst for a socio-political explosion. After the failure of the State Emergency Committee, demands arose for the resignation of the local Supreme Council and the holding of new elections. Dudayev's supporters occupied parliament and the television center.
During the seizure of the Supreme Council, there was a meeting of the parliament, which was assembled in full, including consultations with the heads of enterprises and the local clergy. Dudayev and his supporters decided to storm the building. It began approximately a quarter of an hour after the capital's emissaries left the Supreme Council.
As a result, about forty deputies were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny city council, Kutsenko, was thrown out of a window by the separatists. He was then finished off in the hospital.
Moreover, in fact, the structures of legitimate power on the territory of the republic were preserved for several months after the completion of the coup. For example, the regional State Security Committee and the police were abolished only at the very end of 1991. The republic's prosecutor spent about a week in the basement, who was captured by the rebels when he called Dudayev's actions illegal.
After negotiations with the participation of Khasbulatov, who at that moment was the acting chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, a temporary government body was formed - the Provisional Supreme Council.
Administrative division
After the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the republic included 24 districts and one city of regional subordination - Grozny. In 1944, Novogroznensky and Goragorsky districts were created, which were then liquidated in 1951.
After the restoration of the region in 1957, it consisted of only 16 districts and two cities of republican subordination. Malgobek came second after Grozny.
In 1990, the republic already included five cities of republican subordination - Grozny, Nazran, Gudermes, Malgobek and Argun. There were also 15 districts of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These are Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Vvedensky, Grozny, Gudermessky, Itum-Kalinsky, Malgobeksky, Nadterechny, Naursky, Nazranovsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martanovsky, Shalinsky, Shatoevsky, Shelkovsky.
Population
The number of the ASSR increased throughout the entire 20th century. If in 1939 about 700 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic, then in 1959, shortly after the restoration of the region, the number of local residents remained at approximately the same level.
According to the results of the 1970 census, more than one million people had already settled in the republic; the peak was reached in 1979, when one million 153 thousand inhabitants lived in the republic. According to the 1989 census, there were one million 275 thousand people in Checheno-Ingushetia.
National composition
As of 1959, the majority of local residents were Russian, about 49 percent, versus 34 percent Chechens. The situation changed dramatically in 1970, when about 48% of the population was Chechen, and 34.5% remained Russian.
In 1989, almost 58% of Chechens, 23% of Russians, about 13% of Ingush, and a little more than one percent of Armenians lived on the territory of the republic.
Grozny
Throughout this time, Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans never managed to take it. But they bombed an oil storage facility and oil fields. The resulting fires took several days to be extinguished. Local authorities managed to restore the operation of industrial facilities in the shortest possible time in order to send the necessary petroleum products to the front and rear.
After the deportation, Grozny in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic turned into the center of the Grozny Okrug, which was part of the Stavropol Territory. However, a few weeks later the Grozny region was formed. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush and Chechens, the city again turned into the capital of the autonomous republic.
Gudermes
For many years this city was actually the second most important in the republic. However, the settlement acquired city status only in 1941. At that time, more than ten thousand people lived in it.
By the end of the existence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, almost forty thousand inhabitants already lived in Gudermes. Currently, the population has increased by fifty-three thousand people. The overwhelming majority of local residents are Chechens. There are more than 95 percent of them. About two percent are Russians, almost one percent of the inhabitants are Kumyks.
Timofeeva N.Yu.
Aspects of the study of creativity in urban speech.................................................... ............102
Truong Manh Hai
The concept “family”/“^^ BINH” in Russian aspect dictionaries
and Vietnamese languages........................................................ ........................................................ ...108
PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
Andreeva A.A.
Frontier in the history of the Kalmyk ethnic group
(philosophical and cultural aspects)................................................. ........................120
Ayakova Zh.A.
About Mahayana Buddhism in the modern sociocultural space
North America................................................... ........................................................ .......126
Bicheev B.A.
Buddhist teaching on death in the text of “The History of Uneker Torliktu Khan”.................................134
Dashkova S.V.
Ideology of modern terrorism................................................................. ........................141
Urbanaeva I. S.
Criticism, authenticity and radicalism in Buddhism.................................................... ......149
Khrapov S.A., Kashkarov A.M.
Man in a technogenic society: philosophical and historical analysis....................................158
ANNIVERSARY........................................................ ........................................................ ...........................164
SCIENTIFIC EVENTS................................................................... ........................................173
NEW PUBLICATIONS................................................... ...........................................174
ABOUT THE AUTHORS................................................... ................................................181
CONTENTS................................................... ........................................................ ...................183
HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND ARCHEOLOGY
UDC 94(470.6) BBK 63.3(2 Kav-Chech)6
A.M. Bugaev
Chechen State Pedagogical University
POPULATION AND TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s-80s. XX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the study of little-studied pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Its chronological scope is the 60s-80s. XX century. As the object of the study, the author identified demographic and territorial aspects, guided by the fact that during the period under review, their transformation took place, largely due to the processes of restoring the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its further socio-economic development.
Key words: Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Chechens, Ingush, population, national composition, republic, territory, administrative-territorial structure, city, district, village, village, aul.
Chechen State Pedagogical University
THE RESEARCH OF THE POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN-INGUSH ASSR IN THE 60s and 80s OF THE XXth CENTURY
The article is devoted to the little-known pages of the modern history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The research is limited by the chronological framework of the 60s and 80s of the twentieth century. The main object of the research is outlined by the territorial and demographic aspects. The author is guided by the fact that this period is known by transformation taking place after the recovery of the autonomy of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet socialist Republic and its further socioeconomic development.
Key words: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, the Chechens, the Ingush, population, national composition, the Republic, the territory of the administrative-territorial structure, city, district, stanitsa, village.
In the second half of the 50s. XX century Balkars, Ingush, Kalmyks, Karachais and Chechens, who were subjected to forced eviction during the Great Patriotic War, were rehabilitated in accordance with the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and subsequent directives of the highest party and state bodies. In formulating this task, the authorities defined its strategic goal: the creation of “the necessary conditions for the national development” of these peoples.
Over the course of two, three, or four years, depending on a whole range of factors, mainly on the number of people to be repatriated to their ethnic homeland, the tasks of restoring their national autonomies were solved.
In this article, we set the task of analyzing certain aspects of the demographic processes that took place during the period of restoration of the statehood of the Vainakh peoples1 and its further development. At the same time, the constant - the methodological key - for us is our understanding that statehood, in this case national, is a political form of institutional organization - self-organization - of one or another ethnic community (substance) on the territory of its historical habitat (formation). Thus, we consider population and territory as the basic elements of this complex structure.
1 Vainakhs are the self-name of Chechens and Ingush.
After the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the public exposure of the cult of personality and its consequences, including the recognition of the forced eviction of entire peoples as a “gross violation of the basic principles of the party’s national policy,” the government, formulating the paradigm of rehabilitation policy, considered options for restoring their autonomies in the regions (republics, territories, regions) special settlements. This is probably why the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 16, 1956 contained a paragraph (second), which actually contradicted the logic of its preamble and the first paragraph. The state, removing “from the register of special settlements” and releasing “from the administrative supervision of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR” all Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and members of their families1, at the same time established “that the lifting of restrictions on special settlements ... does not entail for the return to them of the property confiscated during the eviction, and that they do not have the right to return to the places from which they were expelled.”
Such a short-sighted step irreversibly provoked a sharp reaction from the special settlers. They made it clear, and in a demonstrative form, that under no circumstances would they resign themselves to eternal excommunication from their native land. The emerging escalation of the tension in the situation required the authorities to seriously adjust the measures under consideration. That is why, in our opinion, the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on November 24, 1956 adopted the resolution “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Kalmyk, Karachay, Balkar, Chechen and Ingush peoples.” Its preamble specifically noted that, firstly, it is necessary to solve the problems of “full rehabilitation of the evicted peoples.”, Secondly, “with great territorial disunity and the absence of autonomous associations, the necessary conditions are not created for the full development of these nations, their economy and culture , but, on the contrary, there is a danger of the national culture decaying,” thirdly, “. Recently, especially after the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the removal of Kalmyks, Karachais, Balkars, Chechens, Ingush from special settlements, among them there has been an increasing desire to return to their native places and restore national autonomy.”
Thus, the practical implementation of the task of complete political rehabilitation of these peoples quite logically began with the restoration of their national autonomies, i.e., statehood.
Naturally, the authorities understood that the priority tasks were the territorial structure of the restored autonomies and the repatriation of the population. Figuratively speaking, we were talking about the gathering (reunification) of these two components - territory and population, the forced separation of which inevitably entailed the liquidation of the corresponding national-state entities.
Population and territory are the subjects of our research (the experience of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic through the prism of demographic and administrative-territorial aspects).
The program for the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the practical implementation of which began in January 1957, was carried out within the established time frame (1957-1960) mainly in line with the concept of the November (1956) resolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1957, a stream of repatriates poured in, the number of which significantly exceeded the control figures. The government of the RSFSR in 1957 planned to resettle in:
1 Earlier, from March to April 1956, similar decrees were adopted in relation to other peoples who were subjected to forced relocation, including Kalmyk and Balkar. See: Rehabilitation: how it happened. Documents of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and other materials. In 3 volumes. T. 2. February 1956 - early 80s / Comp. A. N. Artizov, Yu. V. Sigachev, V. G. Khlopov, I. N. Shevchuk. M.: MFD, 2003. P. 25, 26, 79, 80
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 17 thousand families, Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 5 thousand families, Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 8 thousand families, Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 10 thousand families.
According to data as of May 20, 8,646 families (32,457 people) actually returned from places of special settlement to: Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 8,646 families (32,457 people), Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 3,602 families (14,598 people), Kalmyk Autonomous Region - 3,986 families (12,864 people), Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region - 6896 families (30768 people).
By the beginning of January 1958, i.e. exactly a year after the issuance of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, more than 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush returned to the republic. The flow of people arriving in the republic on their own, without the appropriate permission from official authorities, has noticeably increased. Along with these problems, other situations arose that required state legal regulation and the prompt adoption of comprehensive measures, including at fairly high levels of the party and state hierarchy.
This entire set of tasks dictated the need to form a constitutional system of public administration. The Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, although it had administrative and executive functions and powers, did not have the necessary scope of competence of the legislative body. In December 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU and the Organizing Committee for the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic petitioned the country's leadership to allow elections of deputies to the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to be held on March 16, 1958, i.e., on the day of the next elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The initiative of the republican bodies was supported. The elections took place on time. And in April 1958, the first session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (second convocation) formed the constitutional bodies of state power and public administration of the republic - the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Council of Ministers of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as the Supreme Court of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Thus, in the spring of 1958, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had a completely legitimate system of government with clearly defined branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. In other words, national autonomy - statehood - of the Chechen and Ingush peoples in the constitutional and legal sense was restored in full format.
The most difficult problem of the restoration process, the successful solution of which depended on many factors, including subjective, as well as accidental and force majeure, from our point of view, was the repatriation of the half-million Vainakh population to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, their household and labor device. The situation was aggravated by the fact that each individual family, with rare exceptions, sought to take advantage, and without delay, of its legal right to return to its republic. This is mainly why the authorized authorities were not always able to organize the systematic relocation of such a huge number of people.
The return of the Vainakh population to Checheno-Ingushetia increased every year. According to official data from the All-Union Population Census, the number of Chechens and Ingush in the USSR in 1959 was 524,736 people. .
The geography of their concentration throughout the country as a whole was as follows:
Table 1
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Ossetia. ASSR
Chechens 418756 261311 243974 12798 339 130232 25208
Ingush 105980 55799 48273 No data 6071 47867 1721
The table indicators characterize the dynamics of the Chechen-Ingush population within the borders of the RSFSR, in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz union republics. At the same time, it is obvious that the observed ethnic dispersion is due to the targeted movement of the Chechen-Ingush population from places of special settlement. As a result of these transformations, its share in the RSFSR quite logically increased, mainly in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on a smaller scale in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Chechens) and the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Ingush). Within the same parameters, its share in the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR decreased.
In places of new concentration, a more multi-level transformation of demographic processes gradually became visible. In this case, we focus on only one of the most important aspects: natural increase rates. At the same time, we proceed from the fact that this indicator almost mirrored the real influence of the sociocultural well-being of an ethnic group on its everyday life.
In the 60s-70s. An unprecedented, in particular in the 40s - in the first half of the 50s, natural increase in the Chechen-Ingush population was recorded. According to the All-Union Population Census, in 1970, 612,674 people lived in the Soviet Union. Chechen nationality and 157,605 people. Ingush nationality. Thus, in ten years - 1959-1970. - the total increase in the Vainakh population in the USSR amounted to 245,543 people, including the Chechen - by 193,918 people, or 46.3%, the Ingush - by 51,625 people, or 48.7%.
The geography of settlement of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR in 1970 was as follows:
table 2
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Total population - - 1064471 - - - -
Russians - - 366959 - - - -
Chechens 612674 572220 508898 39965 1402 34492 3391
Ingush 157605 137380 113675 202 18387 18356 654
Others - - 74939 - - - -
Thus, according to the 1970 census, 93.4% of Chechens and 87.2% of Ingush lived in the Russian Federation. Of these, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 83.1% and 72.1%. respectively.
Changes, although not so large-scale, in the number and geography of settlement of the Chechen-Ingush population in the USSR, in the same regions, occurred in the next decade - from 1970 to 1979. (according to the 1979 census):
Table 3
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR
Total population 1155805
Russians 336044
Chechens 755782 712161 611405 49227 23663 38256 2654
Ingush 186198 165997 134744 165 1760 18337 643
Others - - 73612 - - - -
The following people lived in the Georgian SSR: Chechens - 158 people, Ingush - 89 people; in Kalmykia: Chechens - 8100, Ingush - 322.
In the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic at the time in question (1979) lived (except for the Vainakh population and Russians): Ukrainians - 12021, Armenians - 14621, Georgians - 1180, Azerbaijanis - 790, Belarusians - 2281, Kumyks - 8087, Tatars - 5444, Jews - 3993, Nogais - 6093, Avars - 4970 and representatives of other peoples of the USSR.
Characterizing the demographic processes that took place in the USSR as a whole and in its individual regions from 1959 to 1979, a number of researchers note noticeable correlation changes in the national composition of the national-state formations of the USSR, in particular Russian ones. At the same time, attention is drawn to fluctuations (pendulum) in the size of the Russian population in national republics and regions. As an example, where the share of the Russian population has “severely decreased”, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is given. Indeed, such an assessment corresponds to statistical indicators, which is confirmed by the data in the table:
Table 4
CHIASSR Number of people (persons) As a percentage of the total
Censuses 1959 1970 1979 1959 1970 1979
Total population 710424 1064471 1155805 100 100 100
Russians 348343 366959 336044 49.0 34.5 29.1
Chechens 243974 508898 611405 34.3 47.8 52.9
Ingush 48273 113675 134744 6.8 10.7 11.7
However, such a statement of an indisputable fact does not sufficiently reflect the cause-and-effect phenomena that determined such a situation. Data indicate that over the ten-year period from 1959 to 1970, the republic experienced an increase in the Russian population by 18,616 people. This is mainly the result of transfer to the jurisdiction
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Naur, Kargalinsky and Shelkovsky districts (zaterechnyh). Their population was mainly made up of residents of Russian nationality. In the process of restoring the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the country's leadership recognized the revival of some high-mountainous regions of the republic, in particular Galanchozhsky, Sharoevsky, Cheberloyevsky, as inappropriate. Therefore, a significant part of the population who lived there before the eviction was sent for permanent residence to remote areas. Naturally, as a result of such dynamics, their national composition has changed, and therefore the proportion of individual nationalities.
According to the 1970 census, the proportion of Russians in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole decreased by 14.5%. There are two main reasons: firstly, the almost complete return of almost half a million Vainakh population to the republic; secondly, the persistence of a fairly high level of fertility in Chechen and Ingush families, and therefore a corresponding ranking of natural increase.
The positive dynamics of the birth rate and natural increase of the Chechen and Ingush population continued in the eighties, as evidenced by the 1989 census data.
Table 5
Peoples Total in the USSR (persons) Including
RSFSR Including KAZAKH. SSR KYRGYZ. USSR
Checheno-Ingush. ASSR Dagest. ASSR North Osset. ASSR
Total population 1270429
Russians 293771
Chechens 956879 898999 734501 57877 2646 49507 2873
Ingush 237438 215068 163762 212 32783 19914 592
Others - - 78395 - - - -
Since its formation (1936), the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has been a multinational republic. Along with Russians, Chechens and Ingush, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Jews, Ossetians, Kabardians, Tatars, representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, etc. traditionally lived here.
Table 6
1959 1970 1979 1989
Russians 348343 366959 336044 293771
Chechens 243974 508898 611405 734501
Ingush 48273 113675 134744 163762
Azerbaijanis 581 739 790 1108
Armenians 13213 14563 14621 14824
Belarusians 1724 2312 2281 2577
Georgians 1433 1373 1180 1041
Avars 5354 4337 4970 6276
Kumyks 5556 7218 8087 9853
Nogais 4123 5534 6093 6884
It is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (in its eastern part) and on the adjacent Chechen Plain and Terek-Kuma Lowland. Area 19.3 thousand. km 2 . Population 1159 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1977). In Ch.-I. 14 districts, 5 cities and 4 urban villages. The capital is Grozny.Political system. Ch.-I. The ASSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current constitution was adopted on June 22, 1937 by the Extraordinary 3rd Congress of Soviets of Ch.-I. ASSR. The highest bodies of state power are the unicameral Upper Council of Ch.-I. The ASSR, elected by the population for 5 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 6 thousand inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Council forms the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers. Ch.-I. The ASSR is represented in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, town and village Councils of People's Deputies - are elected by the population for 2.5 years.
Supreme Council of Ch.-I. The ASSR elects the Supreme Court of the Republic for a period of 5 years, consisting of 2 courts. collegiums (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium of the Supreme Court. Prosecutor Ch.-I. The ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for 5 years.
Nature. Along the southern borders of the republic is the Side Range with the peaks of Tebulosmta (4493 m - highest point Ch.-I.), Diklosmta (4285 m) and etc.; to the north stretch parallel ridges-cuestas: Skalisty, Pastbischny, Black Mountains. To the north of them is the Chechen Plain. The Terek-Kuma lowland with sandy ridges and hills extends to the north. In the west is the Terek-Sunzha Upland, consisting of the Terek and Sunzhensky ridges, separated by the Alkhanchurt Valley.
In the northern part the climate is continental. In the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, the average temperature in January is -3 °C, in July - 25 °C; precipitation 300-400 mm in year; growing season 190 days On the Chechen Plain the average January temperature is -4°C, July 24-22°C; precipitation 400-600 mm in year. In the mountains, the average January temperature ranges from -5°C in the lowlands to -12°C and lower in the highlands; July 21°C and 5°C, respectively; precipitation 600-1200 mm in year.
Almost all rivers belong to the Terek basins. The largest ones - Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Assa - begin in the highlands from glaciers. Floods occur in spring and early summer due to the melting of seasonal snow and glaciers. Rivers originating in low mountains experience summer rain floods. River waters are widely used for irrigation.
The soils on the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland are chestnut and light chestnut, on the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya upland - carbonate chernozems. On the Chechen Plain, meadow soils predominate, and in elevated areas - leached chernozems, in river valleys - alluvial and meadow-swamp soils; in the mountains - mountain-forest and mountain-meadow.
In the Terek-Kumskaya lowland, wormwood-hodgepodge plant formations are common; in more humid areas there is a dry fescue-feather grass steppe, and in places on depressions on the sand there are communities of shrubs (elion, hawthorn, etc.). On the Chechen Plain there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains up to an altitude of 1800-2200 m - broad-leaved forests, higher - subalpine and alpine meadows. The forest area is 361 thousand. ha(18.7% territory is a republic); dominated by beech (48.8% of the forested area), birch (10.9%), hornbeam (9.9%), oak (9.6%).
In the steppe and forest-steppe there are many rodents and reptiles; among birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along the river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. The mountains are inhabited by stone and pine martens, brown bear, wild boar, aurochs, roe deer, wild cat, wolf, chamois, and badger. In the alpine meadows - black-headed vulture, mountain turkey (sular), Caucasian black grouse, stone partridge (chukar). In Ch.-I. - 8 reserves.
N.V. Pribytkov.
Population. The following people live in the republic: Chechens (508.9 thousand people; here and below are the 1970 census data), Ingush (113.7 thousand people), Russians (366.9 thousand people), peoples of Dagestan (Kumyks, Nogais, Avars, Laks, Dargins, etc.; 19.7 thousand people), Armenians (14, 5 thousand people), Ukrainians (12.7 thousand people), Tatars (5.6 thousand people), etc.
From 1926 to 1977 the population increased 2.2 times. Average density 60 people. by 1 km 2 (as of January 1, 1977). The foothill plain is the most populated; very weak - steppe part and highlands. The share of the urban population increased from 19% (1926) to 44% (as of January 1, 1977). All cities, with the exception of Grozny (387 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1977), were formed during the years of Soviet power; Gudermes, Malgobek, Nazran, Argun.
Historical sketch. Territory of Ch.-I. was inhabited back in the era Paleolithic. From the era bronze (2nd millennium BC), mainly funerary monuments were preserved in the mountain and lowland zones. The basis of the economy was pastoral cattle breeding and agriculture, the social system was primitive communal. Monuments of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age (late 2nd - 1st half of the 1st millennium BC) indicate a significant level of socio-economic development of the tribes, the presence of developed metallurgy of copper, and then iron, about connections with Scythia, Transcaucasia and Western Asia. In the early Middle Ages, most of the lowland and part of the foothill regions of Ch.-I. were part of the early feudal state association - Alanya. The direct ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush lived in the mountains, where the primitive communal system was undergoing intensive decomposition. In the 13th century Ch.-I. was subjected to devastating invasions of the Mongol-Tatars at the end of the 14th century. Timur's troops invaded here. The low level of development of the productive forces contributed to the preservation for a long time of the remnants of the primitive communal system. On the territory of Ch.-I. there were separate clans and societies (mainly on the plain), uniting several clans, sometimes at war with each other. Until the beginning of the 20th century. there was a blood feud.
After the 10th century in Ch.-I. Christianity began to penetrate from Georgia; from the end of the 16th century. Islam began to spread from Dagestan, which in the 1st half of the 19th century. became the dominant religion. In the 16th century in Ch.-I. feudal relations arise. At the beginning of the 18th century. the Nakhcho tribe was given the ethnic name Chechens (from the village of Chechen), and from the 2nd half of the 19th century. behind the Galgai tribe are the Ingush [from the village of Angush (Ingush)].
In 1722, during the Persian campaign, Peter visited Chechnya. From that time on, the Chechens and Ingush, especially those living on the plains, began cultural and economic ties with Russia. At the same time, the colonial policy of tsarism caused the growth of the national liberation struggle (in particular, the popular movement in the North Caucasus, which was led by the Chechen Ushurma, 1785). In 1810, the Ingush voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship; their lands were not subject to colonization; The tsarist government encouraged the resettlement of the Ingush to the plain, as a result of which the bulk of them did not participate in the war against Russia. Strengthening the military colonization of the North Caucasus (building fortresses, pushing Chechens and other mountain peoples into the mountains, settling fertile lands with Cossacks, etc.) caused a movement of mountain people led by imams Gazi-Magomed , Gamzat-bek WITH Shamilya (cm. Caucasian War 1817-64 ). After Shamil’s capitulation in 1859, Chechnya completely and finally became part of Russia, which contributed to the economic and cultural development of the Chechen and Ingush peoples and undermined the patriarchal clan system and subsistence farming in the villages of Ch.-I. At the end of the 19th century. A commercial and industrial bourgeoisie appeared, owning oil fields, factories, and trading enterprises. In the early 90s. through Ch.-I. Vladikavkaz railway was carried out. d. The Grozny oil industry began to develop rapidly (the first well was drilled in 1893). The working class was formed from the newcomer, mainly Russian, population. By 1905 there were over 10 thousand workers in Grozny, by 1917 - up to 20 thousand. Commercial farming and cattle breeding developed. Only in 1913 from Ch.-I. 6816 thousand poods of grain were exported.
In the early 1900s. Social Democratic circles arose in Grozny, and in 1903 a Bolshevik organization took shape, in the creation of which I. T. played a major role. Violet. The city's proletariat actively participated in the Revolution of 1905-07. In the spring and summer of 1905 there was a wave of peasant uprisings, mainly in the Vedeno district.
After the February Revolution, on March 4 (17), 1917, the Civil Committee was created in Grozny, which was an organ of the bourgeois Provisional Government. On March 5 (18), the Grozny Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies was formed. On March 14 (27), the Chechen Congress took place in Grozny, at which the bourgeois-nationalist “Chechen National Council” of sheikhs, merchants and officers, as well as the Ingush National Council, were elected. By the fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by N.A. Anisimov won a majority in the Grozny Soviet; The Grozny garrison went over to the side of the October Revolution. On October 26 (November 8), Soviet power was proclaimed in the city.
The establishment of Soviet power in Ch.-I. accompanied by fierce class struggle. In mid-November, 2 officers and several riders of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division (the so-called “Wild Division”) were killed at the Groznaya station. Cossack and mountain counter-revolution, led by the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M.A. Karaulov and the Chechen oil industrialist A.-M. A. Chermoev, used this incident to present an ultimatum on November 23 (December 6) demanding the Grozny Soviet to disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. On November 24 (December 7) counter-revolutionary units captured Grozny; On December 31, 1917 (January 13, 1918) they were expelled with the help of revolutionary troops arriving from Mozdok; power passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee.
On January 25-31 (February 7-13), 1918, the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region took place in Mozdok, one of the leaders of which was S. M. Kirov. The congress created the Terek People's Council and prevented an interethnic war started by the Cossack elite. The 2nd Congress of the Peoples of the Terek in Pyatigorsk (March 1-18, 1918) recognized Soviet power on March 17 and created Terek Soviet Republic within the RSFSR. After the congress, the workers of Chechnya convened a congress of the Chechen people in the village of Goyty and elected the Goyty People's Council (chaired by T. E. Eldarkhanov). The Ingush National Council, headed by G. Akhriev, was reorganized. The Goytinsky People's and Ingush National Councils declared support for the Soviet authorities.
In the summer of 1918, the Cossack counter-revolution of the Terek, led by G. F. Bicherakhov (see. Bicherakhovs ) launched an anti-Soviet rebellion. In the battles near Grozny (August 11 - November 12, 1918), the Bicherakhites were defeated. The defense of the city was led by N.F. Gikalo , A. Sheripov , A. Z. Dyakov. Extraordinary Commissioner of the South of Russia to the North. The Caucasus was G.K. Ordzhonikidze.
In February 1919 Ch.-I. captured the White Guard troops of General A.I. Denikin; On the night of February 3, Soviet troops left Grozny. In the mountains of Ch.-I. partisan detachments were created that continued the fight against the counter-revolution. On the night of December 23, 1919, an uprising of workers and political prisoners occurred in Grozny, suppressed by Denikin’s forces.
With the approach of the Red Army to the North Caucasus, by decision of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) in January 1920, the Terek regional group of rebel troops was created under command. Gikalo. In March, the 11th Army and rebel troops launched an offensive against Grozny; On March 17, the city was liberated. By the end of March 1920, Soviet power in Ch.-I. was finally restored.
On November 17, 1920, at the congress of the peoples of the Terek region in Vladikavkaz (now the city of Ordzhonikidze), the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed (decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921), into which Chechnya and Ingushetia were included as the Chechen and Nazran districts. On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Okrug was separated from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 7, 1924, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished, and the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was created on part of its territory. The Soviet government freed the working people of Ch.-I. from national oppression and eliminated national inequality in all areas of socio-political, economic and cultural life. In 1921-26 in Ch.-I. With the help of the Russian and other fraternal peoples, the national economy was restored. For the heroic struggle against counter-revolution and the restoration of the oil industry, the Grozny proletariat was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1924.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, the industry and oil fields of Grozny were radically reconstructed, new powerful oil refineries, chemical and machine-building plants, as well as canning and other food industry enterprises were built. The collectivization process was successful. The percentage of collectivized peasant farms by 1933 was 40.5 in Ingushetia and 32.4 in Chechnya. In 1939, 73,744 farms (96%) were united in 472 collective farms. Successes in the field of agriculture were achieved in the context of the struggle against kulaks and mullahs, who used remnants of the tribal system and religious beliefs against collectivization.
During the years of Soviet power, a culture that was national in form and socialist in content was created in the republic. In 1920, only 0.8% of Chechens were literate, and among Ingush - 3%. In 1923-25, writing was created in the Chechen and Ingush languages. By 1940, literacy among Chechens was 85%, and among Ingush - 92%. The cadres of the national intelligentsia have grown. A lot of educational work was carried out to eliminate patriarchal-tribal remnants. Measures were taken to involve Chechens and Ingush in industrial production. Based on successes in economic and cultural development, on January 15, 1934, the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions were united into the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, which on December 5, 1936 was transformed into Ch.-I. ASSR.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the working people of Ch.-I. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic actively helped the front. The oil industry worked with great effort, providing the front with gasoline and lubricants. Agriculture remained at 1940 levels and supplied the army with food. In the fall of 1942, Nazi troops invaded the western part of the republic, but were stopped at the distant approaches to Grozny; in January 1943 the territory of Ch.-I. The ASSR was liberated. During the Great Patriotic War, Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts and took part in the partisan struggle against the fascist invaders. Several thousand people. awarded orders and medals, 36 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1944 Ch.-I. The ASSR was abolished; By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 9, 1957, the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples was restored.
In the 60-70s. Ch.-I. The ASSR achieved new successes, which was facilitated by the constant and selfless assistance of the peoples of the entire Soviet Union. In the republic by 1977 there were 32 Heroes of Socialist Labor, a total of 13,060 workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. For the achievements in the development of the national economy, Ch.-I. The ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965; in 1972 - the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
V. B. Vinogradov, N. P. Gritsenko.
National economy. During the years of socialist construction, Ch.-I. turned into a republic with highly developed industry and diversified agriculture. The basis of the economy is the oil, oil refining, petrochemical industries, as well as energy, mechanical engineering and metalworking. The construction materials and food industries have developed significantly.
Industry. The volume of industrial output in 1976 increased 9 times compared to 1940. production of the most important types of industrial products, see table. 1.
Table 1 ¾ Production of the most important types of industrial products.
| Electricity, million kWh Oil equipment, thousand T Pumps, pcs. Tractor trailers, thousand pcs. Electric tools, thousand pcs. Removal of industrial wood, thousand. m 3 tobacco | 1913 | 1940 | 1976 |
| 288,8 | 402,2 | 467,8 |
S. farm specializes in the production of fruits, grapes and vegetables. The area of gardens, berry fields and vineyards in 1945 was 3.9 thousand. ha, and 1976 - 44.6 thousand. ha(including 23.5 thousand grape plantings) ha). Gross collection in 1976 (thousands) T): grains 519.8 (190 in 1940), vegetables 177 (43.9 in 1940), sugar beets 207, fruits 80.1, grapes 112.3.
Fine-fleece sheep breeding, meat and dairy farming, and poultry farming are developing in the republic. Livestock (at the beginning of 1977, thousand): cattle 301.5 [(249.7 in 1941), including cows 118.1 (106.2)], pigs 148.3 (45.1); sheep and goats 744.8 (470.4). Measures are being taken to transfer livestock farming to an industrial basis. Production of livestock products in 1976: meat (in slaughter weight) 30.5 thousand. T(10.2 thousand T in 1940), milk 206.9 thousand. T(78 thousand T), eggs 110 million pcs. (52.9 million pieces), wool 3592 T (451 T).
Government purchases in 1976 amounted to (thousands). T): grain crops 174.2 (72.5 in 1940), vegetables 131 (18.3), sugar beets 192, sunflower seeds 8.1 (5.7), fruits 70.4 (1.1), grapes 110.6 (0.4), tobacco 2.7; livestock and poultry 32.1 (8.3), milk 78.7 (6.1), eggs 65.7 million. (15.2 million pieces), wool 4306 T (369 T).
Transport. Operating length of railways 362 km (1976; 150 km in 1913). Territory of Ch.-I. crosses the Rostov-on-Don - Beslan - Baku highway and the railway. line Prokhladnaya - Mozdok - Astrakhan. Large railway knot - Gudermes. Length of roads 3181 km, including hard surface 2574 km(1976). The Moscow-Baku highway passes through the territory. Airlines connect Grozny with Moscow, Sochi, Rostov-on-Don and other cities. Pipeline transport has been developed.
Ch.-I. supplies oil refining, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, etc. products to other regions of the USSR; receives coal, metals, some building materials, oil, gas, etc. from other regions.
Economic map of Ch.-I. see to Art. North Caucasus economic region.
The well-being of the people, as a result of the successful implementation of the economic and cultural construction program, is steadily increasing. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade, including public catering, increased 1.4 times in 1971-76 and reached 600 million rubles. In 1971-1976, 2,005 thousand buildings were built at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. m 2 total area of residential buildings.
E. V. Bryksin.
Healthcare. In 1913 there were 10 paid hospitals with 236 beds; 21 private practitioners worked; there was not a single honey. indigenous worker. By January 1, 1977, there were 83 hospital institutions with 11.2 thousand beds (9.7 beds per 1 thousand inhabitants), 556 medical and obstetric centers, antenatal clinics, children's clinics and other outpatient clinics, 19 sanitary and epidemiological stations. There were 2.7 thousand doctors (1 doctor per 430 inhabitants) and 7.8 thousand paramedical personnel. Resorts: balneological Sernovodsk , climatic Armkhi, 9 sanatoriums, rest house.
Tourism. The main tourist routes (including 7 of all-Union significance) are from the Caucasian Mineral Waters region to the Caspian Sea, from the city of Grozny through the Main Caucasus Range to Georgia. Camp sites in Grozny and the village. Benoy.
Public education and cultural and educational institutions. In the 1914/15 school year. There were 153 secondary schools (12.8 thousand students) on the territory of the republic; there were no secondary specialized educational institutions or universities. In the 1976/77 school year. More than 288 thousand students studied in 569 general education schools of all types, 15 thousand students in 29 vocational educational institutions, 15 thousand students in 12 specialized secondary educational institutions, and 2 universities ( Checheno-Ingush University and the Oil Institute in Grozny) - 11.7 thousand students. In 1976, 31 thousand children were educated in 326 preschool institutions.
As of January 1, 1977, there were: 466 public libraries (over 6.2 million copies of books and magazines); 2 museums in Grozny (Checheno-Ingush Regional History Museum and Museum of Fine Arts); 401 club institutions, 317 stationary cinema installations, 41 out-of-school institutions. See also sections Music, Drama theatre.
Scientific institutions. All scientific institutions were created during the years of Soviet power. The oldest research institutes: GrozNII (1928) and the Institute of History, Sociology and Philology (1926). There are also the North Caucasus Research and Design Institute of the Oil Industry (1965), the Chechen-Ingush State Agricultural Institute. experimental station (1944), Research Station for Vegetable and Fruit Growing (1973), etc. Scientific work is carried out at the departments of universities: Checheno-Ingush University and Grozny Oil Institute. In the republic (1976) there are over two thousand scientific workers.
Print, radio broadcasting, television. In 1976, the book publishing house published about 200 books and brochures with a circulation of 1.5 million copies. Republican newspapers are published: "Leninan Nek" ("Lenin's Way", in Chechen, since 1923), "Serdalo" ("Light", in Ingush, since 1923), "Grozny Rabochiy" (since 1917), "Komsomol Tribe" "(since 1928), almanacs "Loaman Iyyre" ("Morning of the Mountains", in the Ingush language, since 1958) and "Orga" ("Argun", in the Chechen language, since 1958). Programs of the 1st program of the All-Union Radio and “Mayak” are broadcast on 32 h per day. Republican broadcasts are ongoing on 11 h. The volume of 2-program television broadcasting is 15.9 h per day, of which rebroadcast of Central Television 12.9 h, local programs in Chechen, Ingush and Russian 3 h.
Literature. Chechen and Ingush literatures, close in historical destinies and related in language, after the October Revolution of 1917 developed as written Soviet literatures, relying on national folklore, on the one hand, and on the experience of Russian classical and Soviet literature, on the other.
The founder of Chechen literature was S. Baduev (1904-43), the author of the first printed Chechen work of art - the story “Hunger” (1925), the first Chechen novel “Petimat” (1930) about the fate of a mountain woman, the plays “The Law of the Fathers” (1929), “The Red Fortress” (1930) and others. Plays (“Struggle”, 1932) and stories were created by Sh. Aiskhanov (1907-37), plays (“Sprout of our era”, 1934) and poems (“Forest Glade”, 1933) N. Muzaev (b. 1913). In the early 30s. the first poems by M. Mamakaev (1910-73), essays and plays by Kh. Oshaev (1898-1977), the creator of the first Chechen alphabet on a Latin basis, appear; the historical novel by S. Arsanov (1889-1968) “Two Generations” (1930) is dedicated to the pre-revolutionary situation in Chechnya.
In the 40s patriotic plays by A. Mamakaev (1918-58) “Anger” (1940), “To the Native Village” (1941), a collection of poems by Muzaev “In the Flash of Lightning” (1940), a poem by M. Sulaev (b. 1920) “The Sun” appeared will win" (1944). The intensive development of literature began in the 50s. A collective collection of works by Chechen writers “Friendship” was published in Almaty. At the same time, Arsanov’s historical and revolutionary novel “When Friendship is Known” (in Russian) was published, which became a major milestone in Chechen prose. Collections of poems by A. Mamakaev “Terek Valley” (1958), M. Mamakaev “Roads of the Motherland” (1960), Muzaev “A Handful of Earth” (1960), R. Akhmatova (b. 1928) “Difficult Love” (1963) and etc. Poetry of the 60-70s, while remaining faithful to traditional themes of civil-patriotic, internationalist and strictly lyrical sound, strives for an in-depth philosophical solution, for scale, for the perfection of language and artistic form.
In prose of the 60-70s. The genres of essays and stories are successfully developing, and novels on modern themes are appearing more and more often. Muzaev’s novels “In the Valley of Argun” (1965), “The Power of Dreams” (1971), M. Isaeva (1898-1977) “The Root of Happiness” (books 1-2, 1964-70) are dedicated to the beauty of creative work, the connections between the individual and society ), “Creators” (1970), the story by Z. Abdulaev (b. 1926) “On the Bank of Assy” (1975), etc. Problems of moral education, the establishment of communist morality are at the center of Sulaev’s novels “Tavsultan leaves the mountains” (1966) , M. Musaeva (b. 1915) “After the Shot” (1969), U. Gaisultanova (b. 1920) “Who are you?” (books 1-2, 1969-71). Artistic understanding of the historical past is characteristic of the novels by M. Mamakaev “Murid of the Revolution” (1962) and “Zelimkhan” (1968), A. Aidamirov (b. 1933) “In the Name of Freedom” (1968), “Long Nights” (1973), tetralogy Oshaev “Fiery Years” (books 1-4, 1959-64). Actively working in children's literature are Gaisultanov (collection of short stories “Let the Sun Laugh to Everyone,” 1968), Kh. Edilov (b. 1922; fairy tale poem “The Iron Wolf,” 1966), Musaev (story “Anzor,” 1966) and etc.
Since the late 50s. Chechen drama acquires a wide thematic range: plays about the Civil War of 1918-20 - “Aslanbek Sheripov” (1958) by Oshaev, “The Girl from the Mountains” (1960) by A. Khamidov (1920-69); about the life of a collective farm village - “The Bright Path” (1961) by Muzaev, “In One Village” (1962) by Musaev; about the Great Patriotic War - “Waves of the Terek” (1961) by Musaev, “Immortals” (1969) by Khamidov; about moral, ethical and everyday problems - “Believe a Man” (1961) by Muzaev, “Sovdat and Daud” (1958) and the satirical comedy “The Fall of God-Ali” (1967) by Khamidov.
The first printed work of Ingush literature was the play “The Kidnapping of a Girl” (1923) by Z. Malsagov (1894-1935); the newspaper "Serdalo" published poetry and prose, including excerpts from the story "Early Spring" by T. Bekov (1873-1938), the poem "Kalym and Tamara" by S. Oziev (b. 1904). In the 30s poets Kh. Mutaliev (1910-1964), J. Yandiev (b. 1916), A. Oziev (1902-37) and others perform; prose writer A. Goigov (1896-1948), author of essays and stories on historical and revolutionary topics; playwright and prose writer I. Bazorkin (b. 1911). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, patriotic and anti-fascist poems were published by Yandiev, M. Khashagulgov (1904-77), Kh. Osmiev (b. 1909) and others. Bazorkin’s plays “Captain Ibragimov” (1941), “Birth” were written about the war hatred" (1942). In the 50s Literature is entering a period of intensive growth. Collections of poems by Mutaliev, Yandiev, S. Oziev are published. Prose confidently masters the genre of the story: “The First Days” (1960) by Mutaliev, “In the Name of the Republic” (1962) and “Nine Days in the Life of a Hero” (1964) by B. Zyazikov (1908-65), “At the Fork” (1965) by A Vedzizheva (b. 1919), etc. The first novel in Ingush literature by S. Chakhkiev (b. 1938) “Golden Pillars” (1966) is dedicated to the problems of moral education and the establishment of communist morality in the fight against the remnants of the past; his novel “Wolf Nights” (1970) and the novels of A. Bokov (b. 1924) “Sons of Beka” (1967), M. Pliev (b. 1929) “Difficult Pass” (1974) are written on a historical and revolutionary theme. Bazorkin’s historical epic “From the Darkness of Ages” (1968) covers more than a hundred years of the life of the people. Vedzizhev (the story “Gapur - the Hero’s Namesake”, 1968), Chakhkiev (the story “Enver”, 1966) and others are actively working in the field of children's literature. Ingush drama, which began in the 20s. her path through the plays of Z. Malsagov and Mutaliev, achieved serious success in the late 50s. and in subsequent decades: “Roads of Love” (1966) by Bazorkin, “When Sons Die” (1968) by Chakhkiev and G. Rusakov, “I Won’t Be Alone” (1973) Ah. Malsagova (b. 1922) and others.
Literary studies and literary criticism in Chechen and Ingush literatures are developing in close interrelation, which was reflected, in particular, in the creation of the general “Essay on the history of Chechen-Ingush literature” (1963). Since the beginning of the 70s. The researcher of Ingush literature Abu Malsagov (b. 1939) and Chechen literature - Kh. Turkaev (b. 1938) are actively involved. In 1973, the book by Yu. Aidaev (b. 1938) “Checheno-Ingush Soviet Drama 1920-1940” was published, in 1975 - the book by I. Dakhkilgov (b. 1936) “Ingush Literature” (1975). The center of research work is the Checheno-Ingush Institute of History, Sociology and Philology.
The works of Chechen and Ingush writers have been translated into Russian and other languages of the peoples of the USSR; works of classics of Russian and foreign literature, books by many writers of the peoples of the USSR have been published in the republic in the Chechen and Ingush languages. Organizational and creative work among writers is carried out by the writers' organization of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Grozny).
In Christian religious architecture of the 11th-13th centuries. (Tkhaba-Erda Temple near the village of Khayrakh), which combined Georgian and local building traditions, geometric simplicity of forms and strict elegance of decoration prevailed. In the mountainous regions of Ch.-I. in the Middle Ages, defensive walls were built from roughly hewn stones (near the village of Verkhniy Alkun), residential (2-3-tier, with a flat roof and arched openings) and military (4-5-tier, with loopholes, machismos
and a pyramidal-step roof) towers, sometimes forming majestic complexes (for example, in the villages of Kezenoy, Targim, Khoy, Egikal, Erzi, all - 14-18 centuries). Next to the mountain villages that made up picturesque terrace-like compositions on the slopes, there were numerous above-ground, semi-underground and underground (rectangular, square and round in plan, with 2-slope, pyramidal stepped and conical smooth roof shapes) crypts, as well as gravestone steles (for example, “City of the Dead” Tsoi-Pede near the village of Malkhista, 11-18 centuries). Almost all villages had sanctuaries, identical in shape to 2-slope roofs.
Article about the word " Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was read 3652 times
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USSR
1936-1947, 1957-1993
Doku Zavgaev (last)
Russian, Chechen, Ingush
(Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.) (Chech. Nokhch-GialgIay Avtonomni Sovetski Socialistically Respublika, Ingush. Nokhch-GialgIay Avtonomni Sovetski Socialistically Respublika) - an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR, which existed from 1936 to 1947 and from 1957 to 1993.
The capital is the city of Grozny.
- 1. History
- 1.1 First period 1936-1947
- 1.2 Second period 1957-1993
- 1.3 Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- 2 Administrative divisions
- 3 Population
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 Links
Story
First period 1936-1947
With the adoption of the new Stalinist Constitution of the USSR on December 5, 1936, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory and transformed into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the Second World War in 1942-1943. small part Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was occupied by Germany. In February 1944, Chechens and Ingush were accused of collaboration and deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Operation Lentil). On March 7, 1944, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and the Grozny District was formed as part of the Stavropol Territory. The composition of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included the following regions of the abolished republic: Vedensky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, as well as Kurchaloevsky and Sharoevsky districts, with the exception of the northwestern part of these regions, and the eastern part of the Gudermessky district. However, already on March 22, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the district was also abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region of the RSFSR. On June 25, 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR excluded the mention of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Article 14 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1937. On February 25, 1947, the mention of autonomy was excluded by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from Art. 22 of the USSR Constitution.
Second period 1957-1993
On January 9, 1957, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, and within slightly different boundaries than when abolished; it included the Naursky and Shelkovsky districts with a predominant Russian population transferred in 1944 from the Stavropol Territory to the Grozny Region, but at the same time the Prigorodny District, which remained in North Ossetia, was not returned to it. The area of the republic after restoration was 19,300 km².
On February 11, 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the decree of its Presidium of January 9 and returned it to Art. 22 of the USSR Constitution mentions autonomy.
In August 1958, mass riots occurred in Grozny, the reason for which was a domestic murder.
In 1973, after pogroms in the Chechen-Ingush capital (January 15-18), the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution “On antisocial nationalist manifestations in Grozny.” A group of workers from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR left the republic. After the group returned to Moscow, the propaganda department of the CPSU Central Committee and the department of organizational and party work of the CPSU Central Committee prepared a special report, which, in particular, stated that nationalist-minded individuals committed insults, threats, hooliganism, and violence against citizens of other nationalities, especially Russians , which forced the latter to travel outside the republic. As an example, the Sunzhensky district is given, which “over the last three years” was left by 9 thousand Russians, including 780 people in the first quarter of 1973.
Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
November 27, 1990 Supreme Council Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration of state sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, in accordance with amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called Checheno-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic. However, depriving Checheno-Ingushetia of the status of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was contrary to Art. 85 of the current Constitution of the USSR. Thus, before the collapse of the USSR, these decisions to change the status of the republic were questionable.
On June 8, 1991, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the National Congress of the Chechen People (NCCHN). Following this, it was proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho(Chechen Republic of Ichkeria), and the leaders of the Supreme Council of the republic were declared usurpers.
The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev. After the failure and self-dissolution of the State Emergency Committee, the Executive Committee of the OKChN and national-radical organizations came out with a demand for the resignation of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the holding of new elections. On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKCHN declared the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic deposed and transferred all power in the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia to the Executive Committee of the OKCHN.
On September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. Chechen guards occupied the building of the television center and the Radio House, and stormed the parliament, where a meeting of the Supreme Council was taking place. On this day, the Supreme Council met in full force; heads of local councils, clergy, and business leaders were invited for consultations. Dzhokhar Dudayev, Yaragi Mamadayev and other OKCHN leaders decided to storm the building. The assault began at 16-17 pm, 15-20 minutes after the Moscow emissaries - among them was member of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Aslambek Aslakhanov - left the building. More than 40 parliament members were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council Kutsenko was thrown out of a window by the separatists and then finished off in the hospital.
On September 15, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Republic was held, at which the deputies decided to resign Doku Zavgaev, a supporter of the State Emergency Committee, from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council and to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Ruslan Khasbulatov and the leaders of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, the Provisional Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (VVS) was formed as a temporary authority for the period until the elections (scheduled for November 17), consisting of 32 deputies, which was soon reduced to 13 deputies, then to 9.
Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN Khusein Akhmadov was elected Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and Khasbulatov's assistant Yuri Cherny was elected Deputy Chairman of the Air Force.
By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Air Force between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee (4 members led by Khusein Akhmadov) and its opponents (5 members led by Yuri Cherny). Hussein Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Air Force, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the OKChN Executive Committee as the highest authority, and on October 1 announced the division of the Chechen-Ingush Republic into the sovereign Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.
On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Kh. Akhmadov and cancel the illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force met, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On October 6, the OKCHN Executive Committee announced the dissolution of the Air Force (“for subversive and provocative activities”) and assumed the functions of “a revolutionary committee for the transition period with full power.”
On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKCHN executive committee, elections for the President and Parliament of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were held. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, and heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared these elections illegal. The balance of power was radically changed by the decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 7, 1991 on the introduction of a state of emergency in the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. Leaders of opposition parties and movements expressed support for President Dudayev and his government, which has taken upon itself the mission of protecting the sovereignty of Ichkeria. The Provisional High Council and its militia fell apart in the early days of the crisis.
On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. The blockade used civilians and fuel tankers.
Ingush Republic (later renamed the Republic of Ingushetia) after collapse Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic headed towards loyalty to Russia, while the Chechen Republic, which was headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev in October 1991, announced its secession from Russia and enjoyed de facto independence until the outbreak of the First Chechen War in December 1994. The Constitution of the ChRI was adopted by the parliament of the republic on March 2, 1992 and abolished the 1978 constitution of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation.” The creation of the republic was submitted for approval to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic and made a corresponding amendment to the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR: Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which remained unestablished even to this day. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta and came into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.
Administrative division
After the transformation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The republic included 1 city of regional subordination, Grozny, and 24 districts.
In 1944, by disaggregating the Nadterechny and Gudermes districts, the Goragorsky and Novogroznensky districts were created, which were liquidated in 1951.
After recovery Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic On January 9, 1957, it included 2 cities of republican subordination (Grozny and Malgobek) and 16 districts.
As of 1990, the republic included 3 cities of republican subordination:
- Grozny
- Gudermes
- Malgobek
and 15 districts:
- Achkhoy-Martanovsky - village. Achkhoy-Martan
- Vedensky - s. Vedeno
- Groznensky - Grozny
- Gudermessky - p. Gudermes
- Itum-Kalinsky - village. Itum-Kale
- Malgobek - town Malgobek
- Nadterechny - village Znamenskoye
- Nazranovsky - Nazran
- Naursky - Naurskaya village
- Nozhai-Yurtovsky - village. Nozhay-Yurt
- Sunzhensky - Ordzhonikidzevskaya village
- Urus-Martan - Urus-Martan
- Shalinsky - Shali
- Shatoevsky - p. Shatoy
- Shelkovsky - Shelkovskaya village
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
National composition Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
| People | 1959, thousand people | 1970, thousand people | 1979, thousand people | 1989, thousand people |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chechens | 244,0 (34,3 %) | 508,9 (47,8 %) | 611,4 (52,9 %) | 734,5 (57,8 %) |
| Russians | 348,3 (49,0 %) | 367,0 (34,5 %) | 336,0 (29,1 %) | 293,8 (23,1 %) |
| Ingush | 48,3 (6,8 %) | 113,7 (12,0 %) | 134,7 (11,7 %) | 163,8 (12,9 %) |
| Armenians | 13,2 (1,9 %) | 14,5 (1,4 %) | 14,6 (1,3 %) | 14,8 (1,2 %) |
| Ukrainians | 13,7 (1,9 %) | 12,7 (1,2 %) | 12,0 (1,0 %) | … |
see also
History of Chechnya
Notes
- 1 2 All-Union Population Census of 1989. Archived from the original source on August 23, 2011.
- Brief information about administrative and territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
- INGUSHETIA.RU History.
- On the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and on the transformation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Crimean region.
- USSR Law of February 25, 1947 “On Amendments and Additions to the Text of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR” (ceased)
- Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces dated 01/09/1957
- USSR Law of 02/11/1957 "On approval of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the national autonomy of the Balkar, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmyk and Kar...
- Grozny rally 1973. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IGPI.RU:: Political monitoring:: Issues of political monitoring:: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. general review
- Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 “On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR”
- 1 2 3 4 Digest: Ten days that canceled the world. Grachev
- Resolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR dated November 2, 1991 No. 1847-I. Legal advice portal.
- DECREE of the President of the RSFSR dated November 7, 1991 N 178
- On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation of June 4, 1992 No. 2927-1.
- On the procedure for enacting the Law of the Russian Federation “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation”, Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 4, 1 ....
- Resolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation dated December 10, 1992 No. 4070-I. Legal advice portal
- Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 N 4071-I “On Amendments to Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia”
- Documents of the VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", December 29, 1992, No. 278 (614), p. 5
- Laws of the RSFSR/RF 1990-1993 and amendments to them until the spring of 1995
- World History Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1939. Archived from the original source on February 20, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1959. Archived from the original source on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1970. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
- All-Union Population Census of 1979. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
- population of Chechnya
- All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population
- All-Union population census of 1970. National composition of the population
- All-Union Population Census of 1979. National composition of the population
- All-Union Population Census of 1989. National composition of the population
Links
- Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Constitution of 1937
- 1978 Constitution
| RSFSR | |
|---|---|
| Autonomous Republics (ASSR) | |
|
Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altai (1990¹-1991²) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan (1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian Kaza) kskaya (1925-1936 ) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkess (1990-1990¹) Karelian (1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1 936) Komi ( 1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1946) Mari (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1924-1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuvan (1961-1 990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Checheno-Ingush(1936-1946; 1957-1990) Chuvash (1925-1990¹) Yakut (1922-1990¹) |
|
| Autonomous regions | |
|
Adygea (Circassian) (1922-1928) Adygea (1928-1992) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1992) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian ( 1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1992) Karachay (1926-1943) Komi (zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari yskaya (1920-1936) Mongol-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944) -1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakass (1930-1992) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) |
|
| Autonomous and national districts (JSC, NO) | |
|
Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian NO (1937-1958) / Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayash NO (1934) Balkar (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olyokma NO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardian NO (1920- 1921) Karachay NO (1920-1922) Karelian NO (1937-1939) Komi-Permyak (1925-2005) Koryak Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Nenets NO (1929-1977) / JSC (since 1977) Ostyak-Vogul NO (1930) -1940) Okhotsk-Evensky NO (1930-1934) North Ossetian (1920-1921) Sunzhensky Cossack (1920-1929) Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) NO (1930-1977) / JSC (1977-2006) Ust-Ordynsky Buryat NO (1937-1978) / JSC (1978-2008) Khanty-Mansiysk NO (1940-1978) / JSC (since 1978) Chechen NO (1920-1922) Circassian NO (1926-1928) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) Evenki Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) |
|
| ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty ² Confirmation of the status of the republic |
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