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What did the military college do? Military Collegium. Collegium of Foreign Affairs

MILITARY COLLEGE (1717-1812), a body of central military administration, created by a personal decree of Peter I dated December 10. 1719 along with other state boards instead of the abolished Order of Military Affairs.

The creation of the Military Collegium began with a decree of December 11. 1717, which appointed the 1st (Field Marshal Prince A.D. Menshikov) and 2nd (General A.A. Weide) presidents of the board. By decree of December 12. 1718 on the division of cases between collegiums and their conduct according to a new procedure from January 1. In 1720, “the army and garrisons and all military affairs that were administered by the Military Order” were assigned to the Military Collegium. By decree of June 3, 1719, the staff of the Military Collegium was approved: president, vice-presidents and members - advisers with the rank of general and assessors with the rank of colonel. The main structural part of the Military Collegium was the chancellery, several secretaries of which were entrusted with army, artillery and garrison affairs. With further improvement of the structure, the office of the Military Collegium was divided into expeditions to manage cavalry and infantry (infantry), garrison affairs, artillery and fortification, and to maintain logs of incoming and outgoing papers. The Military Collegium consisted of an auditor general and a fiscal general; the legality of the resolution of cases was monitored by a prosecutor directly subordinate to the prosecutor general of the government - the Senate. The Commissariat and the Provision Master General were somewhat subordinate to the Military Collegium; the management of the artillery and engineering departments, which was in the hands of the Feldzeichmeister General and the Artillery Chancellery, remained almost independent of the Military Collegium (the Collegium had only the vague right of “supreme directorate” over them).

Because the establishment of the Military Collegium did not achieve the main goal of the reform - the unification of the activities of military administration in one body, in 1736, when the president was Count. B.K. Minikh, the board underwent a radical restructuring. According to the law of January 26. 1736 All persons and institutions belonging to the military department were subordinated to the Military Collegium. Directly attached to the Military Collegium were: the main office, which was in charge of recruiting, organizing, serving and inspecting troops, and a special department, which was in charge of affairs about fugitive military personnel, about admission to military service undergrowth, etc. All other affairs of the department were distributed among offices, soon renamed expeditions; the offices were managed by special directors who took part in the meetings of the Military Collegium. There were 7 offices: General Kriegs Commissariat (collection and distribution of money for the needs of the military department), Chief Tsalmeister (issuing salaries to troops), Uniform (supplying troops with ammunition), Provisions (procurement and supply of food and fodder to the army, maintenance of a network of provisions shops and warehouses, supply of horses to the army), artillery (procurement and supply of weapons, ammunition and artillery to the troops), fortification (construction, maintenance and repair of fortresses) and accounting (maintaining financial records of the Military Collegium). The body (branch) of the Military Collegium in Moscow was a special Military Office, established on September 16. 1736.

Based on the decrees of January 25. and 15 Feb. In 1742, the commissariat, provisions, as well as the management of artillery and fortification were allocated as independent departments. 8 Dec. In 1742 the counting office was abolished. The Military Collegium at this time had so lost its importance as a body of central military administration that even the post of its president was not occupied from 1746 to 1760.

In 1763-64, new staff of the Military Collegium and its expeditions were approved: the president of the college became Catherine II’s personal rapporteur on military affairs. Aug 10 1781, into the presidency of Prince. G. A. Potemkin, the accounting expedition of the Military Collegium again appeared as part of the Military Collegium to control expenses in the military department. By decree of April 15. 1791 “On the new formation of the Military Collegium” it again united the highest military administration, and the commissariat, provisions, artillery and engineering departments became part of the Military Collegium as parts of one whole in the form of independent departments, called expeditions and departments.

As published on January 5 In 1798, the staff of the transformed Military Collegium included in its structure: the office of the Military Collegium as part of the expeditions: army, garrison, orderly, foreign, recruiting, for the establishment of schools and a repair unit; special expeditions of the Military Collegium, subordinate to it as separate institutions (military, counting, inspector, artillery, commissariat, provisions, military orphan institutions and the general auditorium, created on January 24, 1797 to replace the audit expedition).

The Military Collegium received a strong internal organization, in which the main outlines of the future ministerial structure of military administration were already outlined.

Manifesto of September 8 1802 “On the Establishment of Ministries” actually established only the positions of 8 ministers, distributing the then existing collegiums and their parts among them. The Military Collegium was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Minister of Military Ground Forces S.K. Vyazmitinov, but retained the previous principles of its organization. Oct 23 In 1802, the artillery expedition of the Military Collegium was divided into the artillery expedition itself (in charge of artillery units, supplying the army with weapons, ammunition and artillery pieces) and the engineering expedition of the Military Collegium (in charge of fortresses and fortifications). From January 1 In 1805, the medical expedition of the Military Collegium began its activities. The Minister of the Army and Ground Forces communicated with the board through the department (office) of the ministry, formed on January 7. 1803.

With the assumption of the post of Minister of War on January 13. 1808 A. A. Arakcheev, the process of establishing unity of command in the military department accelerated. From 17 Jan. 1808 The ministry is called “military”, and its minister becomes the only rapporteur to the emperor on military affairs; Military marching His Imperial Majesty The office reports to the Minister of War. 24 Jan In 1808, the position of comrade minister, called the general on duty, was introduced, to whom matters related to combat training and supply of the army, as well as hospitals, were transferred. The Auditor General was also subordinate to the Minister of War.

Under A. A. Arakcheev’s successor, Minister of War M. B. Barclay de Tolly, January 27. In 1812, the “Establishment of the War Ministry” was adopted, which eliminated the Military Collegium and approved the ministerial principle of managing the military department. I.K.

Following the example of foreign powers to control military ground forces.

The military board was divided into three expeditions: a) army, b) garrison and c) artillery and fortification. Moreover, she had an auditor general, a fiscal general and a chief auditor. Subsequently, when with the increase in the strength of the troops the responsibilities of the highest military command had to increase, new expeditions were established under the military college. In 1798, it was divided into army, garrison, foreign, recruiting, repair and training expeditions; in addition, it included military, counting, inspector, commissariat, provision and artillery expeditions, a general auditorium, a drawing room with an archive, and a Moscow artillery depot.

A few years later, the military college was transformed into the Ministry of War.

Presidents

  1. Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich (1717-1724)
  2. Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich (1724-1726)
  3. Golitsyn, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1728-1730)
  4. Dolgorukov, Vasily Vladimirovich (1730-1731)
  5. Minich, Burchard Christoph (1732-1741)
  6. Dolgorukov, Vasily Vladimirovich, again (1741-1746)
  7. Trubetskoy, Nikita Yurievich (1760-1763)
  8. Chernyshev, Zakhar Grigorievich (1763-1774)
  9. Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich (1774-1791)
  10. Saltykov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1791-1802)

Notes

Links

  • Military Collegium in the Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary
  • Military Collegium in the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
  • Military Collegium in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wikimedia Foundation.

  • 2010.
  • Military history of Puerto Rico

Military Collegium (disambiguation)

Books

  • Bolshevik order in Georgia Edition in two volumes Volume 1 Great terror in the small Caucasian republic Volume 2 Documents and statistics set of 2 books, Junge M., Bonvech B. (compiled). For the first time in the historiography of the Great Terror, using the example of Georgia, the three main mass operations of the NKVD are examined together: the operation under order No. 00447 (“kulak” operation), the operation under “...

The highest link in the system (subsystem) of military courts in relation to all military courts is the Supreme Court (SC) of the Russian Federation, which includes Military Collegium.

The military board considers cases as a court of first instance, in cassation and supervisory procedures.

By first instance The military board considers:

– civil cases on challenging non-normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, normative acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and other federal executive bodies in which federal law provides for military service, relating to the rights, freedoms and legally protected interests of military personnel and citizens undergoing military training;

– criminal proceedings about crimes of which a judge of a military court or a member of the Federation Council or deputy in military service is accused State Duma RF;

– cases of crimes of special complexity or special public significance.

As court of second (cassation) instance The military board verifies the legality, validity and fairness of judicial acts of district (naval) military courts, adopted by them in the first instance and which have not entered into force.

IN supervision procedure The Military Collegium checks the judicial acts that have entered into force of all lower military courts, and also considers cases in view of new or newly discovered circumstances in relation to the decisions and sentences of the Military Collegium that have entered into force.

Decisions, sentences, determinations and sentences of the Military Collegium that have entered into force may be reviewed in the manner of supervision by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; The Cassation Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation may review judicial acts of the Military Collegium, adopted by it in the first instance and which have not entered into force.

The military collegium is formed by the chairman, his deputy, chairmen of judicial panels and other judges of the Supreme Court. Judicial panels may be formed within it.

The military board considers cases within the jurisdiction of military courts in the following composition:

– in the first instance, civil and administrative cases are considered by a single judge or a panel consisting of three judges, and criminal cases are considered by a panel consisting of three judges, or a judge and a jury;

– cases of complaints and protests against judicial acts district (naval) military courts, adopted by them in the first instance and not entered into force, are considered by a panel consisting of three judges;

– cases of protests against judicial acts that have entered into force are considered by a panel consisting of three judges (Article 10 of the Law on Military Courts). Heading the Military Collegium, its chairman is at the same time the Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and is appointed to the position by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

The apparatus ensures the administration of justice by the Military Collegium, generalization of judicial practice, analysis of judicial statistics, systematization of legislation and the performance of other functions.

A significant role in performing auxiliary functions in relation to all military courts is assigned to the Main Directorate for Supporting the Activities of Military Courts of the Judicial Department.

View of the building of the Twelve Colleges. Unknown artist.

Peter I, who ascended the Russian throne in 1682, early XVIII century began to reform the entire system of government. This also affected the central military administration. Its reform was carried out in the context of the ongoing Northern War 1700–1721 with Sweden for Russia's accession to Baltic Sea and the return of ancient Novgorod lands on the shores of the Gulf of Finland.

Military reform took place in a constant search for the most successful form of military control at that time. Thus, on February 18 (28), 1700, as a result of the transformation of the Foreign and Reitar orders, the Military Order was formed, later called the Order of Military Affairs. The military order had its own marching bodies of military command as part of the active army - military tents (tents of commissar affairs) with a staff of commissars - clerks and clerks.

The mobilization tasks that the order solved changed over time. If at the first stage in 1701–1705. he was in charge of completing parts of the nascent regular army and the formation of regiments; was in charge of the command staff of the army; was engaged in the military-technical supply of the army, then already in 1705 the recruitment kits (calling up recruits) were transferred to the Local Order. By the end of 1710, the recruitment of units became the responsibility of the governors, and supplies - to the field organs of the army.

In connection with the establishment in 1711 Governing Senate The system of command and control of the armed forces is changing again. The Order of Military Affairs is abolished. The Senate began to be in charge of recruiting the army, and the Commissariat formed under it was in charge of financing the troops, supplying them with weapons, provisions and uniforms.

In 1717–1721 a reform of executive management bodies was carried out. As a result, the system of orders, of which there were already about a hundred at that time, with very vague functions and duplication of each other, was replaced by 12 boards. These were the predecessors of ministries, supreme bodies government controlled, existing to this day. The most important, “state” collegiums were those in charge of foreign and military (separately army and navy) affairs.

Thus, in Peter’s Russia, new supreme bodies of leadership of land and naval forces appeared, which existed for almost a century. They received the names of the Military Collegium, which was in charge of army affairs, and the Admiralty Collegium, which dealt with the affairs of the navy.

The structure of the Military Collegium was determined by Peter the Great's decree of June 3 (14), 1719. Its activities began on January 1 (12), 1720. The Military Collegium was headed by the president (the first was His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov, the closest ally of Peter I and the future generalissimo). A vice-president and several members (their number was not permanent) were also appointed from the top generals, who had extensive experience in holding senior army positions and participating in wars.

The procedure for conducting cases in the Military Collegium was determined by the general regulations of 1720. Subsequently, the general regulations were repeatedly subject to changes and additions, set out in the highest decrees.

According to Tsar Peter's plan, the Military Collegium was supposed to deal with all military affairs of the state. In addition, she was entrusted with monitoring the activities of the Artillery Chancellery, which was under the jurisdiction of the Feldzeichmeister General. The military college had three offices in Moscow: artillery, uniform and counting.

At the end of the reign of Peter the Great the main structural units The Military Collegium (as well as the Admiralty Collegium) began to be transferred from the capital Moscow to the new, “northern” capital Russian Empire city ​​of St. Petersburg.

Soon the Military Collegium began to be divided into three independent expeditions: a) army (infantry and cavalry), b) garrison and c) artillery and fortification. Mobilization issues were largely the responsibility of the garrison expedition, since the collection of conscripts was carried out in the provinces. Beginning in the 20s of the 18th century, the regiments received their own districts and began to be replenished on a territorial basis. Then the recruits were placed at the disposal of the regimental commanders, who distributed them at their discretion.

In 1724, new changes took place in the structures of the Military Collegium and the Admiralty Collegium, which continued to be directly subordinate to the Governing Senate, which was responsible in everything to the Emperor. All resolutions and legal provisions developed in the collegiums were approved by the sovereign and only after that received legal force.

The Military Collegium now began to consist of four independent structural formations, which were headed by: General Kriegs Commissioner, Director of the Military Chancellery, General Provision Master and General Feldzeichmeister. The Military Collegium had a (military) prosecutor who was directly subordinate to its president.

The service of the General Kriegs Commissar (in charge of monetary and clothing allowances for the army troops) consisted of:

Commissariat (Moscow),
Kriegs-Commissariat office (St. Petersburg),
treasury office (St. Petersburg).
The military office of the college consisted of four expeditions (offices), which were subordinate to its director:

on infantry (infantry, army and guard),
for cavalry (army and guard),
on artillery and fortification,
journaling and traveling affairs; it consisted of a chief judge, an archivist, and a translator.
The service of the General Provision Master (the provision office that dealt with food and fodder) consisted of:

departments in Moscow, Vyborg, Narva, Kronstadt, Revel, Baltic port and Riga.
grocery stores in Smolensk, Astrakhan, on the Dniester, Desna and Don rivers.
The service of the General Feldzeichmeister consisted of two offices:

artillery office,
office of fortification (military engineers).
Be that as it may, but in this form the centralization of military leadership in Russia for the first sixteen years of the existence of the Collegium various reasons remained incomplete, which could not affect the life and activities of the Russian Imperial Army. This continued until 1736, when Field Marshal B.Kh. became president of the Military Collegium. Minikh, who carried out a number of transformations.

Since 1736, all persons and institutions of the highest military administration in Russia were subordinate to the Military Collegium. The executive bodies of the Military Collegium were now:

The main office in charge of acquisition, organization, inspection and service ground forces, issues of production and dismissal of officers, affairs of the land militia and Cossack troops.
A special department and corresponding offices (later renamed expeditions) dealt with other issues of military leadership.

Particular attention was paid to the issues of recruiting noble minors for military service, retirement of elderly soldiers, and sorting out cases of deserters.

The positive side of centralization was the unity of management and control over all affairs of the military department. But since the Military Collegium was located in St. Petersburg, and its offices were in Moscow, this complicated management and deprived it of efficiency. To eliminate this drawback, in 1736 a Military Office was opened in St. Petersburg, which was connected with other governing bodies and thus monitored the implementation of the decrees of the Military Collegium.

The subsequent reorganization of the Military Collegium under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna led to the fact that in 1742 it essentially disintegrated into departments independent from each other. Things got to the point that in 1746–1760. The post of President of the Military Collegium remained vacant and no measures were taken to fill this official vacuum.

In the 40s Major changes took place in the bodies of the central military administration: the Main Commissariat, subordinate directly to the Governing Senate, was formed from separate offices - the General Kriegs Commissariat, the Ammunition and the Chief Tsalmeister.

Provisions affairs were also separated from the Military College and concentrated in the Provisions Office. The Office of Fortification was abolished, and its affairs were transferred to the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification, which was an independent body subordinate to the Governing Senate.

Revival of the Military Collegium as the highest central authority military administration began at the beginning of the reign of Empress Catherine II. In the 70s of the XVIII century. The board has undergone a number of changes. As a result, by 1791 it again united all the military administration bodies of the Russian Empire. All this was connected with the name of Field Marshal General, His Serene Highness Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky, who since 1784 was the president of the Military Collegium.

In 1798, a new reorganization of the Military Collegium brought it closer to the structure of the War Ministry (Ministry of Military Ground Forces) of the reign of Alexander I. It gradually, in 1802–12, completely replaced the collegium. Its abolition was associated, first of all, with the name of the first Minister of War of Russia, Infantry General S.K. Vyazmitinova.

The highest body of the naval administration of Russia was established by decree of Peter I of December 11 (22), 1717. The Admiralty Board began to operate on April 4 (15), 1718. It united the Naval Commissariat formed in 1715 in St. Petersburg and the Moscow Admiralty office that previously existed in the old Russian capital. They were then united by the Military navy office.

The Admiralty Collegium had, as stated in the highest decree, “the upper directorate over people, buildings and other matters subject to the Admiralty.”

She was in charge of the construction, financing and supply of the fleet, the construction and armament of ships, the construction and equipment of ports, shipyards and canals, linen and rope factories, acquisition personnel, naval education, development of charters and manuals, hydrographic and navigation support for navigation, organization of sea expeditions.

The Admiralty Board consisted of the president (chairman), vice-president and five to seven of the most experienced senior naval commanders. The President of the Collegium was directly subordinate to the Emperor and was initially a member of the Governing Senate. The first president of the Admiralty Board was F.M. Apraksin, admiral general of the Russian fleet, member of the Governing Senate, one of the associates of Peter the Great, who led the board until 1728.


The building of the Twelve Colleges. Architects D. Trezzini and T. Schwertfeger. Modern look. Universitetskaya embankment of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg.

The Admiralty Board had executive, functional bodies - chancelleries, offices, boards, expeditions. In the early years, the board did not yet have a clear functional structure, but her experience suggested the need for structural improvements.

After the reorganization of the Military Collegium, the Admiralty Collegium also underwent serious changes, which in 1726 (according to the plan of Emperor Peter the Great, who passed away the previous year) consisted of the service of the Quartermaster General and six independent offices.

The Quartermaster General's unit consisted of six offices: Kriegs-Commissariat, Contracting, Provisions, Treasury, Tsalmeister (financial) and Uniform.

The independent offices were:

Moscow Admiralty,
Ober-Sarvaevskaya (shipbuilding),
Waldmeisterskaya (in charge of timber, its procurement and transportation),
Test,
Admiralteyskaya (in charge of shipyards and raid equipment),
Artillery.
At the very beginning of its existence, the Admiralty Board developed a number of charters and instructions that regulated naval life. Among them: in 1720 - a collection of naval rules “The Book of the Naval Charter about everything that concerns good governance when the fleet is at sea.” In 1722 - a set of maritime admiralty laws “Regulations on the management of admiralties and shipyards and on the positions of the admiralty board and other ranks of all ranks found in the admiralty.”

The set of Peter's admiralty laws was in force for more than forty years, until August 1765, when the new “Regulations on the management of the admiralties and fleet” were approved. The functions and organization of the Admiralty Board have changed over time. In 1802, it became part of the Ministry of Military Naval Forces (Ministry of the Navy) as an advisory body to the minister. The Admiralty Board was abolished on January 1, 1828 in connection with the formation of the Admiralty Council.

The highest bodies of central military administration created by Peter the Great - the Military Collegium and the Admiralty Collegium - played an important role in the Russian Empire. It was expressed, first of all, in Russian victories on land and at sea in many wars of the XVIII V. At the beginning of the next century, these boards became the basis for the creation of two ministries - Military and Naval.

The Military Collegium was established by Peter I instead of a number of military institutions in order to centralize military administration. The formation of the Military Collegium began with the appointment in 1717 of the first president, Field Marshal General A.D. Menshikov and Vice President A.A. Weide. On June 3, 1719, the staff of the College was announced. The Collegium began to operate on January 1, 1720.

The board consisted of a presence, headed by the president (vice-president) and the Chancellery, which was divided into divisions in charge of cavalry and infantry, garrisons, fortifications and artillery, as well as keeping logs of incoming and outgoing documents. The Collegium consisted of a notary, an auditor general and a fiscal general. Supervision over the legality of decisions was carried out by the prosecutor, subordinate to the prosecutor general. The organization of the ground army service was under the jurisdiction of the Military Collegium.
The Kriegskomissariat and the Provision Master General, who were responsible for clothing and food supplies for the army, were formally subordinate to the Military Collegium, but had significant independence. In relation to the artillery and engineering departments, headed by the Artillery Chancellery and the Field Chief General, the Collegium exercised only general leadership.
In the 1720s-1730s. The Military Collegium was subject to reorganization aimed at subordinating all branches of military administration to it. In 1721, the management of the Don, Yaik and Greben Cossacks was transferred from the Collegium of Foreign Affairs to the newly created Cossack district. In 1736, the Commissariat, which had existed since 1711 as an independent institution for supplying the army, became part of the Military Collegium. The state of 1736 secured new line-up Collegiums: presence, the Office, which was in charge of recruiting, organizing, inspecting and serving troops, as well as cases of fugitives, recruiting minors and some other issues, and a number of offices (later renamed expeditions) in branches of management. The offices were headed by directors who took part in the meetings of the Board. The offices resolved matters independently, submitting only complex and controversial issues to the Board for consideration. During this period, there were the General Kriegs Commissariat, Chief Tsalmeister, Amunichnaya (Mundirnaya), Provisions, Accounting, Fortification Offices and the Artillery Office. The body of the Collegium in Moscow was the Military Office.
With the accession of Elizabeth there was a return to the decentralization of military control. In 1742, independent departments were restored - commissariat, provisions, artillery and fortification management. The counting expedition was abolished. After this, the importance of the Military Collegium as a governing body fell.
The increasing importance of the Military Collegium began in 1763, when its president became Catherine II’s personal rapporteur on military affairs; new staff of the Collegium were introduced. In 1781, the Accounting Expedition was restored in the Military Collegium, which exercised control over the expenses of the military department. In 1791 the College received a new organization. The commissariat, provisions, artillery and engineering departments became part of the Military Collegium as independent expeditions (since 1796 - departments).
In 1798, new staff of the College were approved. According to them, it consisted of an Office, divided into expeditions (Army, Garrison, Order, Foreign, Recruitment, School Institution and Repair Unit), independent expeditions (Military, Accounting, Inspector, Artillery, Commissariat, Provisions, Military Orphan Institutions ) and the Auditorium General.
With the formation of the Ministry of Military Ground Forces in 1802, the Military Collegium became part of it and was finally abolished in 1812. The functions of its expeditions were transferred to the newly formed departments of the Ministry.

Presidents of the Military Collegium:

1724-1726 - prince Repnin Anikita Ivanovich
1726-1728 - job vacancy

09.20.1728-1730 - prince Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich
1730-1731 - prince Dolgoruky Vasily Vladimirovich

01/24/1732-01/28/1741 - count Minich Burchard Christopher
4.12.1741-1746 - prince Dolgoruky Vasily Vladimirovich
1746-1755 - job vacancy

1755-1758 - chief general Prince of Holstein-Beck Peter-August-Friedrich - director

08/16/1760-1763 - prince Trubetskoy Nikita Yurievich
09.22.1773-1774 - Field Marshal General

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