What is radiation presentation for schoolchildren. Radiation: influence on humans and its consequences. What is radiation? Medical personal protective equipment

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Increased radiation and the most rational diet Residents of many regions of Russia live in remote places near nuclear power plants and conditions of increased radiation, consuming the gifts of nature, cottages and, of course, shops. Many people use cheaper products that have not been tested than in government (controlled by the radiation service) trade. This suggests a conclusion... do not buy untested food products. When exposed ionizing radiation serious changes are observed in the human body... Disorders of fat, vitamin and mineral metabolism occur. Diseases can manifest themselves in the form of pathologies of the hematopoietic organs, digestive, nervous, etc. systems, a weakening of the body’s immunoprotective function, which leads to a decrease in its activity and general resistance to various types of influences. The nutrition of persons exposed to radiation must satisfy a number of principles.

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Mushrooms now contain more high levels cesium-137. Many types of technological and culinary processing of mushrooms can reduce the content of radionuclides in them. Thus, washing with running water can reduce the activity of cesium-137 by 18-32%. Soaking dry mushrooms for 2 hours reduces the isotope activity by 81%, and dry white mushrooms by 98%. Cook mushrooms once for 10 minutes. reduces the activity of cesium-137 by 80%, boiling twice for 10 minutes. - by 97%. Therefore, boil the mushrooms twice for 10 minutes. allows you to practically free them from radionuclides.

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Reducing the intake of radionuclides. thorough washing of products; exclusion of meat and bone broth products from the diet; preliminary soaking of meat and root vegetables for 1-2 hours.

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Acceleration of the release of radioactive substances. introduction of additional liquids 500 ml per day (tea, juices); - taking herbal infusions that have a weak diuretic and choleretic effect (chamomile, mint, rosehip, dill); - regular bowel movements, ensured by the use of (whole bread, cabbage, beets, prunes, etc.); -introduction to the menu of products rich in peptides - for binding radionuclides (juices with pulp, apples, citrus fruits, green peas, etc.).

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Using the radioprotective properties of food by introducing proteins that reduce the absorption of radioactive substances and increase immunity (meat, dairy products, eggs, legumes); - use of products with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids(nuts, fish, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds); - consumption of vitamins A - rose hips, carrots, garlic, beef liver, etc. C – rose hips, dill, citrus fruits, black currants, etc. B – meat, dairy products, buckwheat, oats, fruits, etc. E – sea buckthorn, eggs, corn, fish, walnuts, etc.

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Enrichment of the diet with mineral salts to replace radionuclides and replenish the deficiency of micro- and macroelements iodine - eggs, oats, legumes, radishes, iodized salt, etc. cobalt - sorrel, dill, fish, beets, cranberries, rowan, etc. potassium - raisins, dried apricots, prunes, pomegranates, apples, potatoes, etc. calcium - cottage cheese, cheese, legumes, turnips, horseradish, eggs, etc. iron – meat, fish, apples, raisins, chokeberry, etc.

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Use of food Introduction to diet pharma. Preparations: activated carbon tablets, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, tablets containing calcium. Eating salads, juices, infusions, honey, wheat bran (steamed), this restores the magnetic field and frequency characteristics of cells damaged by radiation. The use of natural dairy products, in particular cottage cheese, cream, sour cream, butter, but not whey in which radioactive elements are concentrated. When preparing boiled meat, the first broth is removed, the meat is again filled with water and cooked until cooked. If the meat is used for cooking, for example borscht, then it is best to use meat that has been boiled twice. Since ruminant herbivores eat large quantities of grass, which may contain radionuclides that pass into the animal's tissue, beef is less preferable than pork. Pork fat is considered absolutely pure, because... radionuclides do not accumulate in it. For this reason, it is healthy and safe to consume lard. Broths, jellied meat, bones, and bone fat should not be consumed.

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In connection with recent events in Japan, which suffered from natural disasters and man-made disasters: Earthquakes and tsunamis led to fires and explosions at nuclear power plants. It has now been proven that even small doses of increased radiation can cause a mild form of radiation sickness, decreased immunity and a wide variety of negative consequences in the future. Ingested radionuclides are especially dangerous due to their ability to accumulate in the most vulnerable organs; they are slowly eliminated from the body. Vitamin deficiency increases a person's radiosensitivity and aggravates the course of radiation injury. Ionizing radiation itself can cause pre-existing vitamin deficiencies. A decrease in the body's resistance to radiation exposure serves as a compelling reason for the widespread use of vegetable products in nutrition.

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Reducing the content of radionuclides in food products is facilitated by their correct technological and culinary processing. In carrot roots, when washed, the content of cesium-137 decreases by 6.7 times, and when peeled, by 4.3 times: potatoes must be peeled. At the same time, the activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 decreases by 30-40%. Removing the covering leaves of white cabbage helps reduce the content of radioactive substances in the cabbage by 5 or more times.

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Reducing the content of radionuclides in food products is facilitated by their correct technological and culinary processing. Cooking (boiling) vegetables in salted water makes it possible to reduce the content of radionuclides by 50%, and fresh water- by 30%. The same thing happens with other products: meat, fish. After boiling potatoes in salted water, the amount of cesium and strontium isotopes in it decreases by 60-80%. Frying does not reduce the content of radionuclides in food. It is better to fry after preliminary boiling.

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Reducing the content of radionuclides in food products is facilitated by their correct technological and culinary processing. The simplest technological processing of vegetable products (fermentation, pickling, pickling, etc.) helps to further reduce radioactive contamination. It allows you to eliminate the consumption of products contaminated with radionuclides above established hygienic standards. Salting cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons, the brine of which is undesirable for food, protects from radiation. In these cases, the activity of cesium-137 entering the diet with salted vegetables will be approximately two times less than its activity in the original fresh products.

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Household sources of radiation - Christmas decorations These frequent inhabitants of mezzanines in the 1950s were issued with SPD. Due to the shedding of light mass from old age, they create deadly dust, and Radium-226, which is part of the SPD, when decaying, emits radon in huge quantities. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such toys ranges from 100 to 1000 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 10,000 microroentgens/hour.

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Household sources of radiation - minerals and jewelry Radioactive minerals are not uncommon - the most common and dangerous, in my opinion, is the mineral charoite - a beautiful semi-precious stone, often inlaid into rings, necklaces and earrings. And although charoite itself is not radioactive, it often contains inclusions of radioactive thorium-232 (usually black inclusions).

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Radioactive wrist and table clocks Wrist watch- one of the most common radioactive objects, often inherited from grandparents and stored as a memory, irradiating everything around. The place where such watches are disassembled or broken turns into a hotbed of radioactive dust, the inhalation of which is guaranteed (sooner or later) to lead to a diagnosis of cancer. They also emit the radioactive gas radon-222, and even if the watch is far from you, inhaling the radioactive gas for years is a big risk. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such clocks ranges from 100 to 1000 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 10,000 µR/h

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Household sources of radiation - dishes Old, antique tableware can pose a danger in terms of increased background radiation due to the fact that the radioactive element Uranium was used in its manufacture. It was included in the composition of colored glaze for coating porcelain products and in the composition of the charge for melting colored glass. The decay products of Uranium-238 are Radium-226, radioactive gas Radon-222, the infamous Polonium-210 and a number of other isotopes. All this together is the reason for significant radioactive radiation, which such utensils have. The equivalent dose rate from such household items can reach 15 microsieverts per hour, or 1500 microroentgens, which is more than 100 times higher than the normal natural background!

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Household sources of radiation - food Radioactive food is a very common occurrence, every summer only in Moscow they are confiscated large number radioactive berries and mushrooms. If you bought mushrooms or berries outside official markets, you can say with a high degree of certainty that you purchased products contaminated with radiation. Such huge volumes of radioactive products are due to the fact that Chernobyl accident and the accident at the Mayak enterprise, as well as a huge number of nuclear tests, significantly contaminated the territory of the USSR with isotopes - the Chernobyl imprint can be traced in the territories from Bryansk to Ulyanovsk, where berries such as blueberries or cranberries, as well as almost all mushrooms literally absorb such from the soil dangerous isotopes such as Cesium-137 and Strontium-90.

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Household sources of radiation - photographic lenses Some lenses contain lenses with radioactive thorium dioxide-232; these lenses have a rare low-dispersity property. For a long time, companies such as Kodak, Canon, GAF, Takumar, Yasinon, Flektogon, Minolta, ROKKOR, ZUIKO could not make such lenses without Thorium-232, and the effects of radiation exposure were not sufficiently studied, which made it possible to produce such lenses until the 1980s. A photographer with such equipment in a 12-hour working day receives more than 3600 micro-roentgens of accumulated dose instead of 120 micro-roentgens, which he would receive without a lens - in a couple of years a solid dose is accumulated and the risk of cancer increases proportionally.

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Military and civilian equipment - compasses Military and civilian equipment - toggle switches Military and civilian equipment - military devices (radiation dosimeter) Military and civilian equipment (smoke detectors) Military and civilian equipment - electronics (lamp equipment). Military and civil equipment - electronics (lamp equipment). ...deadly dangerous Plutonium-239 The most common of them are Hadrianov compasses. For a long time they were the main compasses in the USSR; until the 70s they were produced with SPD. They have a leaky housing through which radioactive dust spills out; other models of compasses had radioactive paint applied to the surface of the device, which was not protected by anything except a small recess on the body. The excess of the natural background in the immediate vicinity of such compasses ranges from 10 to 500 times. The dose rate of some specimens exceeds 5,000 µR/h

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Radiation Alpha radiation - consists of alpha particles (helium nuclei). These particles spread over distances of no more than 10 cm. They are completely absorbed by a sheet of paper. Ionizing radiation is a stream of contaminated neutral particles, as well as electromagnetic waves. There are several types of radiation Beta radiation - particles spread over a distance of up to 15 meters Gamma radiation during nuclear transformation travels at the speed of light. They spread over hundreds of meters. This radiation is the most dangerous for humans.

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Radiation sources Artificial radiation sources: Enterprises, nuclear power plants, military facilities. Natural sources of exposure: Solar flares, natural gas,

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Characteristics of lesions during accidents at nuclear power plants The main causes of accidents at nuclear power plants are: Equipment failure Erroneous action of personnel or violation of operating rules External events (plane crash, natural disasters, acts of sabotage) During accidents at nuclear power plants, areas of radioactive contamination are formed which are divided into zones A - moderate radiation B - severe radiation C - dangerous radiation D - extremely dangerous radiation

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Consequences of radiation accidents Radiation substances have certain properties They do not have color, taste or other external signs, they can only be detected by special devices. They are capable of striking at a distance of up to 100 meters from the source of pollution. Radioactive substances cannot be destroyed by chemical or other means. radioactive decay is determined by the half-life. The half-life is the time during which half of the atoms of a radioactive substance decay.

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Effects of radiation on the human body Group 1: red bone marrow, genitals Group 2: muscles, thyroid gland, adipose tissue, liver, kidneys, stomach, lungs, eye lenses. Group 3: skin, bone tissue, hands, forearms, legs and feet.

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Carrying out iodine prophylaxis Potassium iodide is used in the following dosage: Adults - 130 mg Children under three years of age - 65 mg The drug is used after meals in a place with jelly, tea or water Time of taking the drug Reducing the dose of radiation to the thyroid gland 6 hours before a single dose of iodine - 131 V 100 times During a single intake of iodine 131 В 90 times Two hours after the intake of iodine 131 В 10 times Six hours after a single intake of iodine 131 В 2 times

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Measures to protect the population during radiation accidents Accident phase its duration Sources of irradiation Main types of irradiation Measures to protect the population Early From several hours to several days Radioactive cloud, radioactive fallout External, internal, through contaminated products Notification. Shelter. Respiratory protection and skin. Evacuation. Carrying out iodine prophylaxis Average from several days to a year Radioactive substances deposited from the cloud External, internal, through contaminated products Resettlement. Decontamination of the territory. Food control. Medical control Late, before the cessation of protective measures Radioactive substances deposited from the cloud External, internal, through contaminated products Food control. Medical control.

• What can the effects of radiation on humans lead to? The effect of radiation on humans is called irradiation. The basis of this effect is the transfer of radiation energy to the cells of the body. Radiation can cause metabolic disorders, infectious complications, leukemia and malignant tumors, radiation infertility, radiation cataracts, radiation burns, and radiation sickness. The effects of radiation have a stronger effect on dividing cells, and therefore radiation is much more dangerous for children than for adults.

• How can radiation enter the body? The human body reacts to radiation, not to its source. Those sources of radiation, which are radioactive substances, can enter the body with food and water (through the intestines), through the lungs (during breathing) and, to a small extent, through the skin, as well as during medical radioisotope diagnostics. In this case they talk about internal radiation. In addition, a person may be exposed to external radiation from a radiation source that is located outside his body. Internal radiation is much more dangerous than external radiation.

• Evacuation- a set of measures for the organized removal (withdrawal) from cities of personnel of economic facilities that have ceased their work in conditions emergency, as well as the rest of the population. Evacuees permanently reside in the suburban area until further notice.
• Evacuation is the process of organized independent movement of people directly outside or to a safe zone from premises in which there is a possibility of people being exposed to dangerous factors.

• How to protect yourself from radiation?
• They are protected from the source of radiation by time, distance and substance. Time- due to the fact that the shorter the time spent near the radiation source, the lower the radiation dose received from it. Distance- due to the fact that radiation decreases with distance from the compact source (proportional to the square of the distance). If at a distance of 1 meter from the radiation source the dosimeter records 1000 μR/hour, then at a distance of 5 meters the readings will drop to approximately 40 μR/hour. Substance- you must strive to have as much substance as possible between you and the source of radiation: the more of it and the denser it is, the more of the radiation it will absorb.

PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection equipment includes

• gas masks (filtering and insulating);
• respirators;
• anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1;
• cotton gauze bandages.

Civilian gas mask GP-5

Designed

to protect people from

entry into the respiratory system,

radioactive on the eyes and face,

poisonous and emergency

chemically hazardous substances,

bacterial agents.

Civilian gas mask GP-7

Civilian gas mask GP-7

intended

to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and face of a person from toxic and radioactive substances in the form of vapors and aerosols, bacterial (biological) agents present in the air

Respirators

represent a lightweight means of protecting the respiratory system from harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust

types of respirators

1. respirators in which the half mask and filter element simultaneously serve as the front part;

2. respirators that purify the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.

1. anti-dust;

2. gas masks;

3.gas-dust-proof.

By purpose

A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows:

1.take a piece of gauze 100x50 cm;

2. in the middle part of the piece on an area of ​​30x20 cm

lay an even layer of cotton wool thick

approximately 2 cm;

3. About the cotton-free ends of the gauze (about 30-35 cm)

on both sides cut in the middle with scissors,

forming two pairs of ties;

4. The ties are secured with stitches of thread (sewn).

5.If you have gauze, but no cotton wool, you can make

gauze bandage.

To do this, instead of cotton wool in the middle of the piece

lay 5-6 layers of gauze.

2. SKIN PROTECTION

According to their purpose, skin protection products are divided into

special (service)

henchmen

Medical personal protective equipment

intended to prevent the development of shock, radiation sickness, damage caused by organophosphorus substances, as well as infectious diseases

Individual first aid kit AI-2

1 . analgesic in

syringe tube,

2 radioprotective agent No. 1

3 organophosphorus substances radioprotective agent No. 2

4 antibacterial agent No. 1

5 antibacterial agent No. 2

6 antiemetic.

• The “Kyshtym accident” is a major radiation man-made accident that occurred on September 29, 1957 at the Mayak chemical plant, located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40. Now this city is called Ozersk. The accident is called Kyshtym due to the fact that the city of Ozyorsk was classified and was not on maps until 1990. Kyshtym is the closest city to it.

Radioactivity has appeared on earth since its formation, and man throughout the history of the development of his civilization has been under the influence of natural sources of radiation. The earth is exposed background radiation, the sources of which are solar radiation, cosmic radiation, radiation from radioactive elements lying in the Earth.

• Radioactivity has appeared on earth since its formation, and man throughout the history of the development of his civilization has been under the influence of natural sources of radiation. The Earth is exposed to background radiation, the sources of which are radiation from the Sun, cosmic radiation, and radiation from radioactive elements lying in the Earth.

• Radioactive radiation.

Ionizing radiation (IR) existed on Earth long before the origin of life on it and was present in space before the emergence of the Earth itself.

• Ionizing radiation (IR) existed on Earth long before the origin of life on it and was present in space before the emergence of the Earth itself.
• The damaging effects of ionizing radiation were first noted in 1878 in Saxony (Germany). 75% of iron ore miners were diagnosed with lung cancer.
• It turned out that the rock is characterized by a high uranium content. The cause of the diseases was the radioactive gas radon, which accumulated in the air of poorly ventilated mines.

• Radon is the most common source of radiation.
• It is invisible, without taste or smell, heavy gas(7.5 times heavier than air). He is released from earth's crust everywhere. Its concentration indoors is usually 8 times higher than outdoors. Best protection it provides good ventilation for basements and living rooms. Other sources of radon in residential areas are water and natural gas. When water is boiled, radon evaporates, but in raw water there is much more of it. The main danger is if it enters the lungs with water vapor. Most often this happens in the bathroom when taking a hot shower. Under the ground, radon mixes with natural gas and, when burned in cookers, heating and other heating devices, enters the premises. The annual dose to humans from natural sources is approximately
• 30-100 mrem (0.03-0.1 rem).

Reducing indoor radon exposure. A person receives most of this dose from radionuclides that enter his body through inhalation of air, especially in unventilated areas.

• Reducing indoor radon exposure. A person receives most of this dose from radionuclides that enter his body through inhalation of air, especially in unventilated areas.
• Biological protection measures include: exercise, hardening, good and nutritious nutrition.
• At the same time, abuse of alcohol, nicotine, and drugs depletes nervous system and, therefore, reduces the body’s resistance to AI.

• 0.003-0.3 rem

• 0.01-0.1 rem

• 1 µrem

• 0.02-0.1 mrem

• 18-35 mrem

• Watching TV
• At a distance of 2 meters

• Accommodation near a nuclear power plant.
• Irradiation per year

• Flight in space
• By ship within 1 hour

• "X-ray" of teeth

• "X-ray" Chest
• cells

• The sensitivity of individual organs to radioactive radiation varies.

1. 1. Completed by Irina Viktorovna Topchiy, teacher of health fundamentals at Zaporozhye gymnasium No. 11
2. 2. Radiation has always existed. Radioactive elements have been part of the Earth since the beginning of its existence and continue to be present to the present day. However, the phenomenon of radioactivity itself was discovered only a hundred years ago. Radioactivity is by no means a new phenomenon; the novelty lies only in how people have tried to use it.
3. 3. The term “radiation” comes from the Latin word radius and means “ray”. In the broadest sense of the word, radiation covers all types of radiation existing in nature - radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet and, finally, ionizing radiation. All these types of radiation, having an electromagnetic nature, differ in wavelength, frequency and energy.
4. There are also radiations that are of a different nature and are streams of various particles, for example, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, etc. Every time a barrier appears in the path of radiation, it transfers some or all of its energy to that barrier. And the final effect of radiation depends on how much energy was transferred and absorbed in the body. Everyone knows the pleasure of a bronze tan and the frustration of severe sunburn. It is obvious that overexposure to any type of radiation is fraught with unpleasant consequences.
5. 5. Ionizing radiation is called because radiation, penetrating through any human tissue, causes excitation of atoms. Atomic electrons, remaining “dependent” on the nucleus, pass into a state with increased energy, while the atoms and molecules seem to swell. Accordingly, if this living cell, then it can no longer function normally, since its structure is disrupted and becomes defective.
6. 6. In addition, some electrons still “break away” from the nucleus, rushing into other atoms and molecules. At the same time, possessing strong energy, they are also capable of excitation of atoms and the appearance of new ions. This physical phenomenon is called ionization. Thus, changes begin to occur to all matter to varying degrees. Depending on the type of radiation, the main changes that can take place in the human body are distinguished.
7. 7. For example, breaks in DNA and RNA can occur in a living cell, displacement in the biological structure of atoms, thus causing mutation of the organism and the possibility of spreading the consequences to future generations. It is quite difficult to predict exactly how radiation will affect a specific person, but it is known that all human organs have different susceptibility to ionizing radiation.
8. 8. A person is constantly exposed to radiation and does not feel its influence. The danger to humans is the large amount (dose) and nature of radiation.
9. 9. The most susceptible to irradiation are: testes and ovaries, red bone marrow, lungs, stomach, large intestine, thyroid gland, liver, gall bladder. Here are the main damaging factors of the effects of radiation on humans: Alpha particles are positively charged particles, heavy helium nuclei. Beta particles are ordinary electrons. Gamma radiation is similar in electromagnetic nature to ordinary visible light, but it has a much greater ability to penetrate materials.
10. 10. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles; for example, they appear near a working nuclear reactor. X-ray radiation is comparable to gamma radiation, which has lower energy. An example of natural x-ray radiation is our Sun, but the earth's atmosphere reliably provides protection from it.
11. 11. The above particles can destroy or damage many cells, but protection from radiation has been known for a long time. For example, even clothing protects us from alpha radiation, through which electrons do not penetrate into the human body.
12. 12. Effective protection from beta particles, an aluminum plate with a thickness of more than 6 millimeters can serve. But in order to protect yourself from gamma particles, you will need special protective screens made of lead or thick concrete slabs.
13. 13. In general, in order to protect yourself from radiation, it is necessary to detect places where it is present. For these purposes, special instruments and measurement methods are used.
14. 14. Radiation, electromagnetic fields Microwave and EHF ranges, ultrasound and display screens with a wide range of radiation - all these factors are widely represented in our everyday life. These include televisions, computers, microwave ovens, cell phones, various ultrasonic devices, etc., as well as living near high-voltage transmission lines, television and relay towers, and objects using radiation materials. Since artificial radiation is increasingly invading the life of mankind in a variety of ways, at least out of a sense of self-preservation, we must detect possible dangers in time and know how to protect ourselves from them.
15. 15.  http://ru.wikipedia.org  http://works.tarefer.ru  http://shell32dll.narod.ru  http://www.spilc.ru  www.atompharm.ru
16. 16. PresentationThe presentation was made by TopchiyTopchiy Irina ViktorovnaIrina Viktorovna teacher of the highest category, teacher-methodologist of Zaporozhye gymnasium No. 11