The order of text transcription. Basic rules of transcription How to do transcription in Russian

1. Alphabet

The Turkish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with diacritics: ç , ğ , ö , ş , ü . Turkish has different letters I And i. In borrowed words, a circumflex is sometimes placed over back vowels that soften the previous consonant: â , î , û .

2. Transliteration

Most letters are transmitted with Turkish language into Russian clearly:

a	→ A		g	→ G		l	→ l		s	→ With
b	→ b		h	→ X		m	→ m		ş	→ w
c	→ j		i	→ And		n	→ n		t	→ T
ç	→ h		î	→ And		o	→ O		u	→ at
d	→ d		j	→ and		p	→ n		v	→ V
f	→ f		k	→ To		r	→ r		z	→ h

3. Ğ

Always at the end of words ğ → G: Altuğ → Altug.

Between the front vowel ( e, i, ö , ü ) and consonant ğ → th: Çiğdem → Chiidem.

Between the back vowel ( a, ı , o, u) and consonant ğ → G: Çağla → Chagla.

In the position between vowels there are two possible ways of rendering a Turkish consonant ğ in Russian. The first way is to completely skip ğ between vowels during transcription: Boğaçhan → Boachhan. The second method translates between front vowels ğ → th, between back vowels ğ → G: değer → deyer, Çağatay → Çağatay. "Transcriptor" follows the second option.

4. E, I, Ö, Ü

Rules apply at the beginning of a word and after a vowel e → uh, ı → And, ö → O, ü → at. After consonants you should translate e → e, ı → s, ö → e, ü → yu: Idris → Idris, Öykü → Oykyu, Ergun → Ergun.

5. Combinations of Y with vowels

After consonants ye → ye, ya → ya, yu (yü) → yu: Meryem → Meryem.

At the beginning of a word and after vowels ye → e, ya → I, yu (yü) → yu: Bahtiyar → Bakhtiyar.

In other cases y → th: Altay → Altai, Ayyub → Ayyub, Hayri → Khairi.

6. Circumflex

If a circumflex vowel follows a consonant g, k, l, then it should be transmitted â → I, û → yu. In other positions â → A, î → And, û → at.

♦ Rewrite the text, leaving spaces between words 2-3 times larger than usual, and a space between lines of one line.

♦ In the spaces between the lines intended for transcription, put a “text boundary” sign: [...].

♦ In poetic texts, at the boundary of a stanza that does not coincide with the boundary of a measure, a “short pause” sign is placed: ].

♦ In graphic notation, add unstressed words to stressed words using the “connecting bracket” sign, for example: in ̮ sky, beyond ̮ sea, there ̮ ibid.

Place the sign j above the graphic entry, indicating the sound [j] with the special letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, (“i”).

Remember!This happens in three cases:

E, Yo, Yu, I at the absolute beginning of the word: spruce, hedgehog j°osh], south, poison;

E, Yo, Yu, I after vowels: fighter [bojets], mine [moj°o], build, lighthouse [mojak];

E, E, Yu, I, I after separators

b And Kommersant:

ate, rise [n αdj°om], blizzard [in j°угъ], pig [sv u in ja[, nightingales [slavji].

Roman numerals indicate the positions of unstressed syllables in relation to stressed syllables.

position - a) first pre-stressed syllable (water)",

b) absolute beginning of a word (orange)",

c) vowels not separated by consonants (poetess).

position - the remaining unstressed syllables.

I II II II I II

For example: defense capability.

Complete the transcription in accordance with the following table of signs to indicate vowel sounds.

Designation in transcription of vowel phonemes in different phonetic positions

	I position				II position
!under	abs.	after	after	after		after
"emphasis!	start	solid	soft	solid		soft
	words
	A	A	Anduh	Kommersant
	A	A	Anduh
	suh	suh	Anduh

Sample phonetic transcription:

The east is burning with a new dawn.

[gar'yt vαst°dk zαr,0 oj°y new\\

Already on the plain through the hills

ear H ъ equal ’yn ’p ъ to the hills

The guns roar. The smoke is crimson

grkh^och^uut p°ushk’ts || dsh bαgr°ovy\

Rises in circles to the heavens

circles’i, fsh°od’ip to ̮ n’b6’isam\

Towards the morning rays,

nafstr’ech’°% u tr’yn ’im l°uch’am\\]

Tasks for independent work

Transcribe the text. Note all positional alternations of vowel and consonant phonemes.

Forward! Without fear and doubt

A valiant feat, friends!

Dawn of Holy Redemption

I saw it in the sky!

Be brave! Let's give each other hands

And together we will move forward,

And let under the banner of science

Our union is growing stronger and stronger(A.N. Pleshcheev).

Transcribe the words below. Indicate what phonetic processes (laws) in the vowel area are observed here.

Old man, jasmine, field, hut, operational, black, autumn, whole, wool, water, garlic, millstones, spruce, nickels.

How are the stressed vowels different in the given pairs of words? What phonetic pattern is observed here?

Glad - row, thunderstorm - threatening, shuta - jokingly, solo - villages, ox - led, garden - sit down, lot - fly, mat - mother, nose - carried, they say - chalk, knock - bale, cola - prick, bow-luk.

What phonetic laws (phenomena) are observed when pronouncing consonant sounds in these words?

Above the podium, to move in, to burn, with Shura, with a bow, casually, with a brother, to his wife, low, without a hat, in a box, out of annoyance, easier, to get rid of.

Transcribe the passage. Note the cases of deafening (reduction and assimilation due to deafness) of voiced consonants.

A friend hears right above him

Get up, well done: everything is quiet in the field;

You won't meet anyone else;

I brought you a horse;

Get up, listen to me."

The embarrassed knight involuntarily

Crawling left a dirty ditch;

Looking around timidly,

He sighed and said, coming to life:

Well, thank God, I’m healthy!”(A. Pushkin).

6. Transcribe these sentences. Note the cases of voicing (assimilation by voicing) of voiceless consonants.

A) Timosha’s compressed lips did not move, his knitted eyebrows did not move apart(I. Turgenev)

b) The wolf cubs, all three, were fast asleep, huddled together.

c) In the garden, the maids, on the ridges, were picking berries in the bushes

(And Pushkin).

G) I, seeing that he was still young and foolish, gave him under the command of Father Pimen (A. Pushkin).

d) It seems to me that all these are excuses just so that he can live here alone ( L. Tolstoy).

7. Transcribe the sentences. Underline all cases and changes from dental to anterior lingual. What is this positional change in consonants called?

A) A broad-chested river stretched majestically between them; its waters flow silently, solemnly and leisurely...

b) Ignat left for the stock exchange early in the morning, sometimes he didn’t show up until the evening; in the evening he went to the Duma, on a visit or somewhere else.

c) In the middle of the river, the waves of two ships collide, the sides crash them, and the ships rock.

d) His face was adamant and merciless(M. Gorky).

What phonetic law is observed when pronouncing consonants in words: racer, trailer, bridge, plow, pocket, cog?

What phonetic law is observed when pronouncing words agency, happy, holiday, daughter-in-law, Dutch, mountaineering, Scots?

What is the difference between the first consonants in words? sir - sir, mayor - measure, NEP - dumb, cab - cap?

Prove that in the following pairs traditional (historical) alternations of consonant sounds are observed. Specify root options.

River - river, meadows - meadow, laughter - make laugh, walk - walk - climb, fly - fly, snow - snowy, friend - be friends - friends, frost - ice cream, cold - cold storage plant - cooling, splash - splash, pie - pie, student - student, fisherman - to fish, boredom - to be bored, sock - sock, face - personal - face, father - father - paternal, sprinkle - pour, earth - earthly, row - rowing, corner - corner, oar - oars, shortness of breath - sigh - spirit, circle - circle, sign - painting, drown - drown, boredom - miss, forest - goblin, love - love.

What is the pun based on in K. Prutkov’s aphorism?

It's nice to caress a child or a dog, but the most important thing is to rinse your mouth.

Indicate the alternation of sounds in the root. Which ones are positional and which ones are historical? Specify root options.

Grass - grass, leg - leg, hand - manual, day - day, end - final, village - villages, saw - sawing, rinsing - rinsing.

Transcribe an excerpt from a poem Boris Ryzhy. Note all cases of positional alternations of sounds (vowels and consonants). Indicate historical and reading in the roots of words.

Summer is over - how quietly it rustled

goodbye leaves. That's why I stand in fear

in my bare square, on a snow-covered path,

knee-deep in love and longing. Wait a little bit

at least a little, please. I haven't had time to look around yet

and press your cheek. That's why I grab my heart,

that I haven’t seen your blue, yellow, and scarlet flowers -

I didn’t tear them off with a mosquito in battle, I didn’t hold them in my hands.

15. Transcribe the text, note all cases of sound [j]-

I will conquer you from all lands, from all heavens,

Because the forest is my cradle and the forest is my grave,

Because I stand on the ground with only one foot,

Because I will sing about you like no one else.

I will win you away from all the others - from that one,

You will not be anyone's groom, I will not be anyone's wife,

And in the last argument I will take you - shut up! -

The one with whom Jacob stood in the night (M. Tsvetaeva).

Transcribe the text. Mark the signs that convey fricative consonants. Describe their articulation.

Memory is wolves in the field,

They run away, taking one look, -

Like swimmers in a crazy crawl,

They look back! (A. Voznesensky).

Transcribe the text. Mark all transcription marks for frontal and backlingual consonants.

It was already the beginning of July when Prince Andrei, returning home, again drove into that birch grove in which this old gnarled oak struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady, and dense; and the young ones ate , scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating the general character, were gently green with fluffy young shoots (L.N. Tolstoy).

Distribute the words into groups depending on the phonetic processes occurring with consonant sounds (assimilation, reduction, diaeresis).

Drummer, threshing, do, cold, flattering, frost, stack, giant, fidelity, fairy tale, burns, agency, honesty, seam, mowing, pipeline, unknown, let, forward, Caucasian, peers, wasted, prince, reset, lead, rainy, sad.

Indicate the sound meaning of the letter “z” in the words:

Gold, milk mushrooms, greens, frost, without a husband, without a wife, without a son-in-law, without a brother-in-law, without a sister, without salt.

Indicate the sound meaning of the letter “I” in the words:

Five, nickel, anchor, family, announcement, application, mine, quagmire, amber.

In each line, underline the words where:

a) deafening (reduction) of a consonant sound;

b) assimilation by deafness of a consonant sound:

onion,meadow, potatoes, cabbage, vegetable garden, sunflower, garden bed;

delicious, soup, book, cutlet, sauce, ketchup, mayonnaise;

forward, down, up, back, together, quickly;

Transcribe the proverbs. Note all positional alternations of vowel and consonant phonemes.

Learning to read and write is always useful.

You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

The sun paints the earth, and man - work.

Learning adorns you in times of happiness, and consoles you in times of misfortune.

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b ( soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, the word can use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, with the help of intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous ones sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter analysis.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does it vary? total number sounds and letters, both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, is represented by only a few foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change phonetic characteristic depending on position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” phonetic word, and in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when sound analysis belong to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• change.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t strain, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - cleft (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative connection remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case it changes common feature two standing nearby consonants: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l’o′kh’k’ii], soft [m’a′kh’k’ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft dental and labial ones, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to take them into account positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without a number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:] : report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'], no way [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shave, fits;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch'ustva], sensuality [ch'ustv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and emphasis. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

Used literature:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Study guide. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Lesson 1: Basic Phonetic Transcription

The Russian alphabet has 33 letters (graphemes), which can be divided into consonants and vowels. Each grapheme has its own sound form, called phoneme, which may have other variants (allophones).

Consonants arise with the help of a stream of air, which, passing through the vocal cords, causes them to vibrate, which produces a pure sound (tone). This tone is further modified in the oral and nasal cavities, where obstructions are present and noise occurs. Consonants can be divided into voiced(in addition to noise, they also contain tone) and deaf(contain only noise). Next we divide the consonants into hard and soft. In the Russian language there are 15 paired hard and soft consonants, 3 consonants are always hard - these are “sh”, “zh” and “ts” and 3 consonants are always soft “ch”, “sch” and “y”. In total, we distinguish 36 consonant phonemes.

Vowels are also formed when a stream of air passes through the vocal cords, which produces a tone that is modified in the nasal and oral cavities, but in the absence of obstacles, so that a pure tone is preserved. There are 6 vowel phonemes in the Russian language: |a|, |e|, |i|, |ы|, |о|, |у| , which have their own variants - allophones, depending on the position of the vowel in relation to the stress in the word.

Russian emphasis free, mobile. It can be on any syllable in a word, it is not constant and can be on different syllables in one word, for example. window - window, city - city.

Russian accent strong, dynamic, the understressed vowel is qualitatively and quantitatively much stronger than the unstressed one, which is pronounced much weaker. The weakening of unstressed vowels is called reduction and there are 2 degrees of reduction.

Russian vowels in relation to stress can be divided into:

3 – drums (strong, dynamic, long)

2 – first pre-shock (1st reduction stage)

1 – more than the first pre-stress and post-stress (2nd degree of reduction).

Table of pronunciation of Russian vowels and their recording in transcription

Vowels after consonants:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options	in relation to	word positions
		3	2	1
a	| a|	[ á]	[^], also at the beginning and end of a word	[ъ]
o	| o|	[ ó]	[^]	[ъ]
I	| "a|	[" á]	["and",["^] at the end of a word	["ь]
e	| "e|	["uh"]	["And]	["ь]
e	|"o|	[" ó]	–	–
uh	|e|	[uh"]	[s]	[ъ]
at	|y|	[ý]	[y]	[y]
yu	|"y|	["ý]	["y]	["y]
And	|"and|	["and"], [s]	["and", [s]	[" and], [s]
s	|s|	[s]	[s]	[s]

“I”, “e”, “e”, “yu”, “i” after vowels, at the beginning of a word or after a soft and solid sign:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options for	towards	word positions
		3	2	1
I	|j|+|a|		[ṷи], [ṷ^] at the end of a word	[ṷь]
e	|j|+|e|		[ṷи]	[ṷь]
e	|j|+|o|		–	–
yu	|j|+|y|		[ṷу]	[ṷу]
And	|j|+|i|		[ṷи]	[ṷи]

Transcription of some consonants:

hard [t] – soft [t"]

• th = stressed [j], unstressed [ṷ]

• Tsya, -tsya = [ts:^]

Exercises

Exercise 1.1

Read and rewrite in transcription:

Mommy, grandma, milk, good, pine, cold, side, crocod And l, chocolate, magpie, laugh, city, young, dialect And t, saying, mash And on, house, contract, school, frying pan, open s weaving, stop, aroma, car And l.

Tree, knee, birch, girl, spring, business, timber truck, translation, telephone, television And zor, auditor, director, series, furniture, attic, suitcase, man, d I da, aunt, zar I dka, n I chick, knit, heavy, meat, frog, private, with And Nya.

Apple, amber, Japan, I on, Yaroslav, language s To, I ma, I year, phenomenon, January, I sleepy, Europe, Elena, Eva, Eg And pet, european, let's go, food, hedgehog, herringbone, spruce, Egor, eli, yu bka, yu zhny, Yula, Yu rmala, yu burden, yu ny, southwest, Yugoslavia, jewelry And r.

Seven I, trees, mo I, green, Tat I na, comma, d I con, Dar I, Mar And I, summer, will pour, mine, with And her, bad weather, happiness, health, move out, move in, go, yours yu, With And I do, I do, my yu, Ra And sa, Zina And yes, mo And, its And, operations, laboratories.

Ride, exercise, swim, get dressed, study And wash, wash, agreement And he smiles, she is shy I it is, they are skating, he is learning And I was happy, she was happy, I was happy And gone.

A special recording of speech, used to record in writing all the features of sound, begins to be studied already in high school. The first thing a student learns about transcription notation is square brackets. If the text is placed in [...], then this is definitely a phonetic transcription.

In addition, you need to know that the word itself comes from the Latin (transcription - rewriting), denoting a special letter that records spoken speech. Russian phonetic transcription, naturally, will be based on the Russian alphabet, from which the letters “ё”, “e”, “y”, “yu”, “sch”, “ya” have been removed, the letters “ъ” and “ь” have been instructed to denote special vowels are unstressed, and when there were not enough Russian letters as a result of these actions, they called on the Latin “j” (iot) and the Greek “Y” (gamma).

Why is phonetic transcription needed?

1. It is necessary to hear native speech and know the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When studying foreign languages, where spelling almost always differs from pronunciation.

3. To record a language that does not have a written language, dialect speech, or hieroglyphs.

Living sound processes are rarely reflected in orthographic writing, but phonetic writing differs sharply from it. The strictest tradition reigns among letters. And the phonetic transcription of the text fully conveys the entire flow of speech with all the changes in the sound system of the language.

Letter and sound

The Russian writing system was built so perfectly that it took into account all the phonetic features of the Slavic language. In the ninth century, Constantine the philosopher, and in monasticism - Cyril, our Saint and Equal of the Apostles, compiled Slavic alphabet, which was named after its creator - Cyrillic.

The phonetic transcription of the Russian language is not as simple as that of the Bulgarian brothers, for example. This is because in our country a letter often conveys two sounds, or vice versa: one sound is obtained when reading two letters. The entries are sometimes so funny that with the development of the Internet, young people, being mischievous, came up with a way to communicate in chats in “Albany language”, where, for example, the word “hedgehog” consisted of four letters, among which there was not a single correct one. Guessing the word in these letters is not so easy, because “yosh” doesn’t fit in your head. It's almost a transcription. There are not enough square brackets, and also the knowledge that the letter “th” in transcription is most often designated “j”, and a soft sign cannot be present here, because there is nothing to soften. The correct phonetic transcription of the word is [yosh].

Soft consonants

In a letter, after consonants intended to become soft, you need to write not the letters “a”, “u”, “o”, “e”, but softening ones - “ya”, “yu”, “e”, “e”. In endings, a soft sign is added to the consonant (in the pre-revolutionary alphabet it was called “er”). Phonetic transcription requires an apostrophe to indicate the softness of the consonant sound. There is one exception - “th”, that is [j], it is quite good without an apostrophe. The rest are designated as follows: [m"].

Spelling rules, that is, spelling, quite often do not convey exactly the sound that is pronounced in a word. Transcription signs are required to record pronunciation as accurately as possible. For example, we write the word “side” and pronounce it: [bʌkav`oy].

Accents

Did you notice that the letter “v” has a strange apostophe attached to it? And this is not an apostrophe at all, but an accent. Unstressed vowels are not indicated in writing. Try saying the word "pencil". Isn't it true that all vowels written the same way sound different? Unstressed vowels are shorter and slightly weaker than the same vowel under stress. Phonetic transcription must emphasize this difference: [karʌnd`ash].

There is also a reduction here: do you hear the almost complete disappearance of the first vowel? The sounds we pronounce briefly are most often indicated by the same signs as percussion, but without stress, but “swallowed” sounds, that is, those that have undergone fundamental changes in pronunciation, have special signs: the ancient “er” [b] and “er” [b] . They do not indicate any sounds, but during transcription, as in this case, they have a very important function.

Only special publications (dictionaries, textbooks for foreigners, literature for young children) leave an accent mark in words, but the transcription must mark it where the word has more than one syllable.

Stress in the Russian language is very flexible, it moves freely through the syllables of a word, and is not bound by constancy: gorod- goroda, okno- okna. It is so dynamically strong that a stressed syllable becomes much stronger than an unstressed one. This weakening is called reduction. There are its first and second degrees, depending on the position of the vowel: the first - on the first pre-stressed position, the second - on more than the first pre-stressed, as well as post-stressed position.

Long consonants

Some consonant sounds are only long and soft. These are “sch” - the sound [sh":] and “zh” - the sound [zh":]. If the spelling dictates two identical consonants - "cash", for example, then the phonetic transcription will differ significantly from this construction, since the pronunciation requires one, but long sound: [k`as:a].

However, the notations in textbooks vary. You can also find [kassa]. Sometimes they write one letter “s”, but underline it on top.

Phonetic word

What is a word? In writing and transcription they are not the same thing at all. In writing, we distinguish parts of speech into auxiliary or independent ones, and write everything separately. Prepositions, for example. Phonetic transcription of Russian words suggests a different attitude. This is a sequence of syllables in a single whole; a phonetic word has a single organizing center, a single stress.

This means that all prepositions, conjunctions, particles that are pronounced together with their main words are written in the same way. Of course, all changes that occur with the sounds that make up the word are also recorded. For example, “with him” - , “beyond the river” - [z'r"ik`oi], even more interesting: "asked b" - [sprʌs"`il'p].

The details with which phonetic transcription is recorded depend on the characteristics of sound, where both individual and situational (emotional, for example) speech productions are included. Here the phonetic transcription of the pronunciation as such dictates.

Now back to the basics

The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, the so-called graphemes, which we divide into vowels and consonants. The sound form of each grapheme is a phoneme, which has variants, that is, allophones.

Consonant sounds are divided into voiceless and voiced. It's pretty simple. A stream of air vibrates the vocal cords and thus causes a sound - a tone, which is then modified by natural barriers in the oral and nasal cavities, converting the tone into noise. Based on the nature of this noise, it is easy to divide consonants into voiced (in which the tone has not completely “died”) and voiceless, in which there is nothing left except noise.

It is necessary to divide them into soft and hard. There are thirty-three letters in the alphabet, and thirty-six phonemes of only consonants. Of these, fifteen are paired (hard-soft), three consonants are always hard (“sh”, “zh”, “ts”) and three are always soft (“ch”, “sch”, “y”).

When a stream of air exits, the vocal apparatus does not put any obstacles in the way of vowel sounds, leaving them with the purest tone. This means that we have six vowel phonemes: “a”, “u”, “e”, “i”, “o”, “s”. Allophones are also present here and depend on the stress in the word.

Rules for phonetic transcription for schoolchildren

1. Transcription is always placed in square brackets.

2. Not used capital letters and punctuation marks. Pauses, most often coinciding with punctuation marks, are marked with a double line - a long, significant pause, or a single line - a short pause.

3. Words consisting of two or more syllables must be stressed.

4. Two words united by one stress are written together: to the garden - [fsat].

5. Soft consonants must have an apostrophe: sat - .

6. Among consonant letters, phonetic transcription never uses “шь” and “й”.

7. Long consonant sounds are indicated either by a superscript or a colon: bath - [van:a]. The letter "ш" is not used, but its phoneme is [sh"] or [sh":].

8. The sounds shch, th, ch are only soft, however, an apostrophe for “ch” and “th” is not required, although it sometimes occurs. “Zh”, “sh”, “ts” are always only hard. Exceptions for French words: parachute, jury, julienne, Jules (Verne) and so on, in which the letter "zh" is written [zh"].

Vowel sounds

Stressed vowels have six symbols: [i], [s], [u], [e], [o], [a]. For example, feast - [p'ir], ardor - [ardor], ray - [ray], forest - [l'es], house - [house], garden - [garden].

For the letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” one sound is not enough, so “e” is [ye], “e” is [yo], “ya” is [ya], “yu” is [yy]. If after the letter “and” the spelling dictates a soft sign, then the phonetic transcription will also write doubly: sparrows - [vurʌb`yi]. Just remember that the letter “th” is replaced by the Latin “j”.