Presentation on the topic of medieval painting. Painting of the Middle Ages. What is painting? Painting is one of the types of fine art, reproduction with paints on canvas, wood, or the plane of a wall. The emergence of oil paints

What is painting? Painting is one of the types of fine art, the reproduction of objects and phenomena of reality with paints on canvas, wood, the plane of a wall, etc. Like other forms of art, painting is a form of reflection of the real world, a means of learning about life and public education.

The Middle Ages are often described as dark and gloomy. This was facilitated by religious wars, the acts of the Inquisition, and undeveloped medicine. However, the Middle Ages left many cultural monuments worthy of admiration for posterity. From the 11th to the 12th centuries, the Romanesque style dominated all European art. It received its main expression in architecture.

Medieval temples were decorated very modestly on the outside, but their interior decoration became more and more diverse over time, primarily due to the wall paintings of frescoes. Fresco (from Italian fresco, literally fresh), a technique of painting with paints (on clean or lime water) on fresh, damp plaster, which, when dried, forms a thin transparent film of crystalline calcium carbonate, fixing the paints and making the fresco durable.

At the end of the Romanesque era, painting was assigned a secondary role to painting. But with the advent of the 13th century, the rapid development of European civilization began, opening up new perspectives for artists. The palaces and castles of the highest nobility were decorated with unprecedented splendor, Paris, Prague, London, the cities of Italy and Flanders grew rapidly. With the spread of literacy, the demand for secular literature also increased. The best examples of book art, richly decorated with miniatures, were intended for kings and princes and were created not only in monasteries, but also by professional artists who had their own workshops.

Massive stone walls and huge window openings, through the decorative glass of which sunlight filtered through, reviving images of saints and biblical scenes. Admiring the external beauty, stained glass windows are able to create a bright emotional mood, causing silent delight, respect and awe. Installed in Catholic cathedrals, stained glass windows enhanced the religious mood of worshipers. Gothic style STAINED GLASS - paintings or patterns made of pieces of colored glass, fastened with lead rims. Light penetrated the temple through stained glass windows, playing colorful reflections on the columns, arches and floor stones.

The painting of the Middle Ages in Europe slowly acquired depth. A significant role in this process was played by the desire to convey reality in the picture with all its volumes. Slowly, honing their skills over the years, the artists learned to depict perspective, to give bodies and objects a resemblance to the original. In the 15th century, painting was enriched with a new style, which subsequently had a huge influence on all fine arts. Oil paints were invented in Flanders. Vegetable oil mixed with dyes imparted new properties to the composition. Colors have become significantly more saturated and vibrant.

Tapestry is a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. Tapestry Tapestries were originally called tapestries. And the word “tapestry” arose in France in the 17th century, when the royal manufactory of the Gobelin brothers opened there

In Europe, the first trellises appeared in the 18th centuries. in Germany. They not only decorated the walls of cathedrals, and then castles and palaces, but also allowed them to retain heat and protect themselves from drafts. In the early tapestries, the background was smooth, the image was simple: geometric patterns, heraldic signs, floral patterns. In the 14th century, tapestries depicting historical subjects appeared.

In the 15th century, mille fleur trellises (meaning “a thousand flowers”) appeared in France. Scattered on a dark green or red background are many bouquets of flowers and berries, often depicted with botanical precision. Allegorical scenes, scenes from rural life and scenes from the Bible, individual figures of boys and girls, animals and birds were depicted on a floral background.

In the Middle Ages, painting as such did not exist; it was inextricably linked with other types of fine art. For a long time, the artist was perceived as a craftsman; such a profession was not respected. But these circumstances did not interfere with the development of painting; the skill of the painters grew. The painting of the Middle Ages allowed the development of many types of art of later times, which continued trends and were based on the achievements of the Middle Ages. Conclusion

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What is painting?

Painting is one of the types of fine art, the reproduction of objects and phenomena of reality with paints on canvas, wood, the plane of a wall, etc. Like other forms of art, painting is a form of reflection of the real world, a means of understanding life and public education.

Development of painting over the centuries

Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in 20th century painting.

Altamira cave painting, Spain

Back at the end of the 6th century. Pope Gregory I spoke of the enormous importance of fine art in the barbarian world: “Painting is permissible in churches so that the illiterate can read by looking at the walls, finding what they are not able to glean from books.” Thus, church paintings in the early Middle Ages turned into a “Bible for the illiterate.”

Forefather Noah in the Church of the Transfiguration, 1378. Theophan the Greek

Medieval temples were decorated very modestly on the outside, but their interior decoration became more and more diverse over time, primarily due to wall paintings - frescoes.

Temple of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God

Medieval fresco art

Fresco(from Italian fresco, literally - fresh), a technique of painting with paints (on clean or lime water) on fresh, damp plaster, which, when dried, forms a thin transparent film of crystalline calcium carbonate, fixing the paints and making the fresco durable.

Medieval fresco of the beginning 13th century with image Emperor who dedicates St. Martin's knighthood(artist Simone Martini). Church of St. Martin, Italy

Fresco allows you to create monumental compositions that are organically connected with architecture. In medieval painting it was used in paintings of churches, cathedrals, and temples.

Our Lady, Theophanes the Greek. 1405

The art of book miniatures

Around the end of the 3rd century. The papyrus scroll was replaced by parchment - specially processed calf or pig skin. In the VII-VIII centuries. Instead of stil (a metal writing stick) and kalam (a reed or wooden stick), they began to use bird feathers.

Book bindings, usually wooden, were covered with leather and often decorated with ivory plates, gold or precious stones. The sizes of books could be very diverse: from large to very tiny, where the miniature figures were the size of a pinhead.

15th century book binding

Book miniature. Coronation of Marie

Book miniature. Book of Hours. Luke the Evangelist

The books were decorated with miniatures. During the Carolingian era, this art reached an extraordinary flowering.

The word “miniature” comes from the Latin name for cinnabar, a red paint that was used to highlight the beginning of a text.

Fragments of pages from the Octoechos Pentagram and the Psalter with the recitation of Cetinje

Miniature painters often moved from place to place. Therefore, there were no schools of miniature painting, but there were centers for the production of illustrated manuscripts at the monasteries of some cities.

medieval monastery Sanahin

At the end of the 8th century. under the patronage of Charlemagne, a book-writing workshop was founded in Aachen. In the miniatures created here, artists used both barbarian and ancient traditions. The complex weaving of patterns, purple and gold gave the miniatures splendor.

Book miniature "Four Evangelists", book-writing workshop in Aachen

For the first time in medieval Western Europe, images of people appeared in them - evangelists in majestic and solemn poses, usually with a book and pen in their hands.

Book miniature. XVII century Athos. Prophet Ageus

A few decades later, the traditions of Carolingian miniature painting became known in Reims, Tours (modern France) and other cities. The ancient majesty gradually disappeared in the images - human feelings revived the characters in the miniatures.

Peasants. Miniature from a French manuscript

Tapestries

Tapestry- a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The tapestries were originally called trellises. And the word “tapestry” arose in France in the 17th century, when the royal manufactory of the Gobelin brothers opened there

Tapestry from the series “Lady with a Unicorn”

In Europe, the first trellises appeared in the 12th-13th centuries. in Germany. At that time, in the south of Europe, walls were decorated with fresco paintings, and tapestries appeared in the north of Europe. They not only decorated the walls of cathedrals, and then castles and palaces, but also allowed them to retain heat and protect themselves from drafts.

The triumph of hope. Brussels

In the 15th century, mille-fleur trellises appeared in France ( mille fleur, which means "a thousand flowers"). Scattered on a dark green or red background are many bouquets of flowers and berries, often depicted with botanical precision. Allegorical scenes, scenes from rural life and scenes from the Bible, individual figures of boys and girls, animals and birds were depicted on a floral background.

By the end of the 15th century, a realistic landscape appeared in the tapestries, whereas in earlier works the landscape, if it appeared, was very conventional.

“Spring”, from a series of 8 tapestries woven at the manufactory of the same name at the royal court in the 17th century

Bookplate

The Middle Ages were ending, and painting was gradually separated from other types of fine arts. One of the achievements of painting of the Middle Ages is the bookplate.

Bookplate(from lat. ex libris“from books”) is a book sign pasted by library owners onto a book, mainly on the inside of the binding.

Typically, the bookplate contains the owner’s first and last name and a drawing that succinctly and figuratively speaks about the owner’s profession, interests, or the composition of the owner’s library. Germany is considered the birthplace of the bookplate, where it appeared shortly after the invention of printing.

Engraved bookplate by German artist Albrecht Durer

Conclusion

In the Middle Ages, painting as such did not exist; it was inextricably linked with other types of fine art. For a long time, the artist was perceived as a craftsman; such a profession was not respected. But these circumstances did not interfere with the development of painting; the skill of the painters grew.

The painting of the Middle Ages allowed the development of many types of art of later times, which continued trends and were based on the achievements of the Middle Ages.

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Medieval art Architecture Since the 11th century, great construction began in Western Europe. The rich church expanded the number and size of churches and rebuilt old buildings. The builders of the early Middle Ages adopted a lot from the architecture of the ancient Romans, and therefore the buildings until the 11th-12th centuries were called Romanesque (from “Roma” - Rome).

Romanesque church The Romanesque church is characterized by: a massive building with almost smooth walls; high towers; a laconic pattern: repeating the outline of a semicircular arch; with its power

Gothic temple Buildings XII - XV were called Gothic. The Gothic temple is characterized by: a light and high pointed vault; tall columns; outside – massive supporting pillars and connecting arches; many huge windows with lacy stone carvings.

Bible for the Illiterate Sculpture In the Middle Ages, sculpture was inseparable from architecture. Temples were decorated inside and out with hundreds of reliefs and statues depicting God and the Virgin Mary, apostles and saints, bishops and kings.

PAINTING The walls of Romanesque churches were covered with paintings. But there was little room for them on the walls of Gothic cathedrals. Stained glass filled the huge windows. Stained glass windows are paintings or patterns made from pieces of colored glass, fastened with lead rims. Through the stained glass windows, light penetrated into the temple, playing with colorful reflections, which gave the temple a festive look.

Painting A great achievement of painting was book miniatures. Many bright drawings reflected the whole life of people: how people of different origins dressed, combed their hair, worked, and spent their leisure time. The most famous example of a miniature is the “Calendar of the Duke of Berry”

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Lesson summary for 6th grade Medieval art

Medieval Literature and Art" introduces students to the cultural heritage of the Medieval era... art, illustration, which makes the presentation more visual, the lesson entertaining......