Amazing facts about the "languages" of animals. Project “Why do people and animals need language” (senior group) Animals: language is a musical instrument

There are all sorts of languages ​​in nature. It will be unique for each animal species. For what animals do we need a language and what exactly is it?

Speech is truly the “gift of tongues,” says Harvard psycholinguist and author of the bestseller “Language as Instinct,” Steven Pinker. Together with the lips, larynx and palate, the tongue is involved in the production of a variety of sounds. But only people can speak, and yet many animals have the organ responsible for this ability. At what stage of evolution did language appear and what was its original purpose?

Biologists call the tongue “a muscular growth in the oral cavity that performs the functions of transporting and tasting food.” But this organ did not appear in animals right away; in the early stages of evolution, living beings managed just fine without it. For example, the lancelet still pushes food through microscopic cilia, but it doesn’t seem to need to taste. And fish have a fold sticking out in their mouth, but this is not a real tongue, since it is devoid of muscles (and therefore cannot be used to make sounds), but it is good at “delivering food.” It doesn’t even have taste buds: sensitive cells capable of distinguishing taste are scattered throughout the fish’s body.

The next stage in the evolution of animals - the emergence of amphibians from the water - turned out to be fateful for the tongue: land dwellers had to hide taste buds in their mouths - on the walls and tongue - in order to protect it from drying out. True, scientists believe that amphibians themselves are indiscriminate in their tastes, and their tongue receptors only allow them to sense the position of food in their mouths. However, it was in amphibians that the tongue became muscular, which made it easier to push food into the esophagus.

Reptiles: tongue - analyzer

A full-fledged language first appeared in reptiles, namely lizards and snakes. For them, it is mobile and capable of extending far outward; moreover, many have a forked tongue at the end, and in the old days they thought that this was nothing more than a poisonous sting. Of course, there is no poison on it. Reptiles stick it out and hide it in order to “taste” everything. The snake, having touched the object lying in front of it and thus taking a “sample”, then retracts its tongue and applies its tips to the sensitive pits located on the inner surface of the mouth. The surrounding air, saturated with odors, also serves as a source of information. The smallest amount of a substance from the outside is enough for the reptile to do a “microchemical analysis” and take the trace of the victim, find a partner during the mating season, or find its way to a source of water.

The chameleon's tongue is a skillful trapping device with a sticky trap in the form of an expanded glandular field at the end.

Long longitudinal muscles and transverse circular muscles, alternately contracting, either compress the tongue in the mouth, or instantly lengthen and push it out.

The protruding tongue of the lizard is elastic due to its filling with blood, and its length can reach 10 cm, which is comparable to the size of the individual itself.

Birds: tongue is a trap

Bird tongues are very diverse, the shape of which surprisingly corresponds to the way they feed. Some ducks, which obtain food by filtering water and bottom silt, have a fringe along the edges of their tongues, which helps retain crustaceans, insect larvae, and small fish. In hummingbirds and honeybirds, this organ curls into a tube and helps pump out flower nectar. The tongue of parrots is fleshy, with a hard horny coating - an ideal tool for crushing small nuts: taking a seed into its mouth, the bird presses on it with its tongue, pressing it firmly against the inside of its beak until the shell cracks. Lorikeet parrots have a tongue at the end with a brush, with which they collect the juice of fruits crushed by their beak. And probably the most amazing one is found in woodpeckers. Looking for insects in the bark and trunks of trees, the woodpecker hollows out a hole with its beak, but the beak is not long enough to reach the larvae hidden in the wood. Here a flexible tongue with horny hooks at the tip comes to the rescue: the woodpecker launches it into a tree passage and, having groped for prey, deftly picks it up. Although this “tool” in woodpeckers is long, it is not capable of contracting much; its length is regulated differently: it extends from the oral cavity with the help of a long ribbon that goes around the entire skull and is attached to the nostril. The entire apparatus, in turn, is driven by contraction of the sublingual muscles.

The ends of the tongues of most birds are keratinized, but on the soft parts at the base there are taste buds that can recognize sweet, bitter and salty. Their structure is exactly the same as that of humans, but they have nothing to do with bird singing. The sounds made by birds are formed not in the upper part of the trachea, as in humans, but in the lower and even at the base of the bronchi, which is very far from the tongue.

Animals: tongue is a piston

The language of mammals has gone through a number of improvements, as a result of which its capabilities have been fully revealed. Having been freed from bones and having complicated muscles, this organ has become soft and mobile in all directions, which makes it possible to use it for many types of food. For example, predators tear their prey into pieces, turn it in their mouth, moving it towards one teeth or another. Mammals have different teeth: the incisors are used for biting off small pieces, the fangs are for tearing meat into large pieces, the “carnassial” teeth are for crushing bones, and the back teeth are for subsequent chewing. To move food from one “machine” to another, the tongue must be very agile! It’s even better when it has a horny “grater” installed on it, such as in cats, which allows them to rip meat from the bones of the victim. Or in ruminants: animals tightly grasp tufts of grass, leaves or branches with it, just as a person would do with his hand, and then, tearing them off, deftly put the food into the mouth for chewing. The anteater's tongue has turned into a sticky rod up to 60 cm long, which it either launches into the anthill or pulls into its mouth with a frequency of 160 times per minute.

But food is not everything, because land animals, unlike aquatic animals, need to drink, and their mechanism for consuming liquid food is completely different than solid food. Most mammals drink by lapping, that is, scooping up small portions of water with the tip of their tongue. Analysis of frames of accelerated filming showed that the dog at the same time turns its end up, and the cat, on the contrary, bends it down. Animals with a narrow mouth can drink by sucking water, in which case the tongue works as a piston. But the main thing that every baby has to do is suck mother’s milk: here this organ turns out to be the most important, the existence of the entire class of mammals depends on its capabilities.

Animals: tongue is a taster

As an organ of taste, the tongue of mammals is unsurpassed. It diagnoses four well-known tastes - sweet, salty, bitter, sour. Recently, two more types of receptors were discovered: sensitive to the taste of fat and to a special, “blood” taste. Fat taste receptors have been found and studied so far only in rats; thanks to them, these rodents distinguish and prefer high-calorie foods. People also have blood taste analyzers: we owe them our sympathy for glutamate, a meat simulator. In mammals, and only in them, taste buds cover the entire surface of the tongue, which makes them gourmets: the taste of food for animals is especially important. After all, what is taste? This is the sensation that occurs when certain soluble chemicals act on the taste buds, the sensory cells. As a rule, these cells are collected in bundles and, together with special supporting cells, form the so-called taste buds. In higher vertebrates, including humans, these bulbs are located on the walls of the taste buds, which have different shapes. Look at your tongue in the mirror: near the tip on the sides you can see smooth round plaques - these are mushroom-shaped papillae, in cross-section they look like puffball mushrooms. And at the very root of the tongue there is a transverse row of large rounded convexities with an annular groove - these are grooved papillae. The rest of its surface is covered with leaf-shaped and conical papillae. Each contains 300–5,000 taste buds. They are short-lived, living only 10 days: new ones grow to replace the old ones. Differences in their shape do not in any way affect their functions; papillae of the same type can react to different chemical stimuli. But the linguistic surface itself is heterogeneous: the basal part is responsible for the perception of bitter, the front edges of the tongue react to salty taste, the deep edges react to sour, and only its end reacts to sweet. Therefore, you should not stuff sweets deeply or stuff your mouth full with them: the pleasure from this will not be greater.

There is no strict connection between the quality of taste sensation and the chemical properties of a substance. We find it sweet not only sucrose, but also alcohols, saccharin and lead salts. We consider many alkaloids and compounds with a nitro group to be bitter, and the anions of chlorine, bromine and iodine to be salty. In small concentrations, table salt seems sweet to us. And only sour taste is universal; it is caused by free hydrogen ions in solution, the concentration of which determines the strength of taste.

Animals: tongue is a musical instrument

Mammals use their tongues not only to transport and taste food, but also for many other purposes. For example, as a hygiene product. Remember how carefully cats and dogs lick their fur or lick their wounds. It's not just cleaning: recently, growth factors for the epidermis (in other words, integumentary cells) and fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) have been discovered in the saliva of mammals, which accelerate healing.

In some animals, the tongue has become an important organ of thermoregulation, such as in dogs. These animals have few sweat glands in their skin, and it is difficult for them to regulate their temperature in the usual way for land creatures - through evaporation. The main role in the evaporation of moisture is played by the lungs and rapid breathing. By sticking out their tongue, richly moistened with saliva, dogs increase the surface area of ​​evaporation and thereby significantly increase its effectiveness. Another important function of this organ is to close the airway during swallowing, which prevents food from entering the windpipe.

And finally, it was among mammals that language became one of the means of extracting sounds. Primates, whose oral apparatus is similar in structure to humans, make many different sounds, including using the tongue. But this is not yet speech: since animals cannot use sounds arbitrarily, their different combinations do not lead to the emergence of new meaning. All attempts to teach apes to speak, and there have been many, have failed. In order for the “vocals” of animals to turn into speech, freedom of movement of the linguistic organ is not enough. This requires a change in the structure of the larynx so that the vocal cords descend to the very bottom of the vocal tract and make it possible to modulate sound, and the development of the cerebral cortex, especially on its left hemisphere.

Came to the right place

In the process of evolution, the tongue took on the functions of delivering food to the pharynx and analyzing taste. Although in most simply organized aquatic animals there is no division of receptors into taste and olfactory, both are united by the general concept of “chemoreceptors” or “chemical sense organs”. They can be located anywhere on the animal’s body: on the head, on the sides of the body, on its outgrowths.

Pushing food can also occur without the tongue. After all, worms, mollusks, crayfish, insects, in general, all invertebrates, of which there are much more on Earth than vertebrates, survive without it. However, they also have special formations that help to capture food and move it deep into the mouth. In many corals, jellyfish or squids, tentacles are responsible for this. They are not at all similar to tongues, but if we take into account that cells sensitive to chemical irritants are more densely concentrated on the tentacles, then the similarity is obvious.

What, then, is the uniqueness of language? After all, it is not necessary either for transporting food or for taste analysis - other organs can cope with this. The key point, apparently, was the combination of these two functions in one device and its successful proximity to the respiratory tract. When these changes occurred, the human tongue emerged - a multifunctional organ that allows us to eat, taste and communicate.

Elena Krasnova, Candidate of Biological Sciences

-709295-129540 PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
"LIGHT MOUNTAINS"
Practice-oriented research project
"Why do we need pets"
The project was completed by:
students of 3 "A" class
CHOU Secondary School "Bright Mountains"
Scientific supervisors of the project:
Lukashova Elena Nikolaevna,
Kuznetsova Natalya Nikolaevna
2016
Project passport
Project title: “Why do we need pets” (slide 1)
Authors of the project: students of class 3 “A” of the private secondary school “Svetlye Gory”.
Scientific supervisors of the project:
Lukashova Elena Nikolaevna, primary school teacher,
Kuznetsova Natalya Nikolaevna, teacher of fine arts and technology.
Project type: practice-oriented research.
Object of study: pets of urban residents. Subject of study: the influence of pets on human health and mood
Relevance of the project (slide 2)
We often ask our parents to give us a pet, we dream of a little friend - a cat, a bird, a hamster. On the one hand, it seems good, we are learning to take care of someone, but on the other hand, parents don’t want unnecessary problems, because any pet means additional worries and expenses. What should I do? How can pets benefit us and our parents? How are the relationships between humans and animals built? These questions became decisive for the study.
We think that our research is relevant because the question of whether or not to have a pet arises in almost every family with children. We will help parents decide whether to have an animal at home.
Research problems: (slide 3)
What kind of pets exist in the modern world?
Are Pets Human Companions?
Why do people have pets these days?
What is the impact of pets on human health?
Hypothesis (slide 4)
Pets not only bring material benefits, but also influence human health and bring happiness to communication.
Target:
Get to know the variety of domestic animals.
Find out what pets are for humans.
Find out why people have pets these days.
Consider the problem of the influence of pets on human health and mood.
Tasks:(slide 5)
Systematize information about pets.
Conduct a survey among students and teachers of our school.
Determine how pets affect human health.
Create a photo gallery of students in our class with their pets.
Create a collection of presentations from class students.
Publish a cool magazine “My Favorite Friend.”
Create a project presentation and defend it at a school conference
Expected resultsAfter completing the project, students will acquire the following skills:
Personal: 1. Hard work. 2. Careful attitude towards animals. 3. Sense of responsibility.
Meta-subject: 1. Learn to define a task. 2.Able to build a sequence of actions to complete a task. 3. Learn to carry out self-control of design and research activities. 4.Will cooperate in solving problems. 5. Learn to competently plan their own activities.
Subject: 1. They will better know some types of domestic animals. 2. Learn about the influence of pets on human health and mood.
During the project, children, with the help of adults, learn:
observe your pet and record the results of observations;
photograph your pet in the most interesting situations;
write a story about your pet, its character, habits, games;
look for additional information on the project topic in different sources and prepare it in the form of a report and presentation;
present your project with a demonstration of photographs (slides);
organize a photo exhibition, an exhibition of drawings and crafts;
evaluate the results of your own work and the work of your comrades.
Research methods: search, reference and information, creative, generalization.
Implementation period: September 1 – October 31, 2016.
Introduction to the project (slide 6)
It would seem that urban life does not provide for the presence of our smaller brothers at all: there is not enough space, and time, and sometimes it is a pity to spend extra money on the maintenance of a creature that does not bring any tangible and concrete benefit.
In fact, in the village everything is simple and clear: the cow gives milk, the chickens give eggs, the dog guards the house, the cat catches mice. Here the animals are in their place, and in an important and honorable place.
Another thing is the city. What is the use of being a couch potato who requires constant care and expense? Who needs this burden, with wool, hay, sawdust, and smell everywhere?
Remember how the cat Matroskin complained from the good old cartoon “Prostokvashino”:
- Eh, no income from you Sharik... Only expenses...
And yet, often we, city dwellers, willy-nilly or not, suddenly become owners of a pet.
Of course, children are closer to nature and therefore do not ask the question “Why?” They simply rejoice at the little animal, love it, and explore the world with its help. Adults, burdened with worries about themselves, children, family and daily bread, sometimes wonder: “What is the use of this cat?”
However, there are benefits, and considerable ones. Let's try to prove this.
All over the world, people keep pets.
There are more than 2 thousand species of mammals in the world, and there are only about 40 species of domestic animals. And if beneficial insects (bees, silkworms) and two breeds of fish (goldfish and carp) are excluded from the list of domestic animals, then only species of real domestic animals will remain 27.
November 30 is World Pet Day.
Almost all the guys in our class (11 out of 13) have a pet, and often more than one. Every day one of us talks about the tricks of our smaller brothers. And we decided to find out as much as possible about them.
First, each of us wrote an essay about our favorite pets and took a photo of our four-legged friends. Some teachers also enjoyed taking photographic portraits of their favorites. (slide 7)
We created a photo gallery of students in our class with their pets. (slide 8, 9)
Research part
Questioning of adults and schoolchildren (slide 10)
Then we decided to find out what kind of pets the students and teachers of our school keep. To do this, we conducted a survey. The questionnaire asked the following questions:
1. Who are you? Student. Teacher, employee.
2. Where do you live? In the city. In the village.
3. Do you have a pet? Which?
4. Please name his three main “positive” qualities.
5. Who takes care of him?
6. Which family member is your pet most connected to?
7. Who is your pet for you?
8. Why do you need a pet?
9. Would you agree to exchange your pet for an expensive toy or thing?
After processing 85 questionnaires, we made the following conclusions:
79 respondents have pets, and many have more than one. And only 6 people do not have animals.
The number of dogs and cats is almost the same - 82% dogs and 84% cats; fish in 3rd place.
Among the positive qualities of pets, playfulness (43%), kindness (38%) and loyalty (33%) won.
To the question “Who takes care of the pet?” the most common answer is “I” (72%), followed by mom (47%) and dad (37%).
Most of all, a pet is connected with a child (43%), with a mother (30%), with grandparents (22%).
Our pet is first and foremost a friend (59%), a family member (42%), and a pet (16%).
We take an animal into our home primarily for pleasure, joy, comfort (45%), games, fun (24%), to protect the house (21%).
And finally, to the question “Would you agree to exchange your pet for an expensive toy or thing?” every single person answered “No.”
(Slides 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
Conclusion:
Judging by the results of the survey, cats and dogs are among the most popular pets and are a person’s friend and companion. Cats can entertain and treat humans, and dogs serve humans faithfully.
To confirm or refute our assumptions, we turned to encyclopedias and the Internet for information. (slide 16)
And this is what we found out. We began our work by familiarizing ourselves with the literature on the study of domestic animals. We found out that domestic animals have been living next to humans for thousands of years. A dog, for example, helps in hunting and guards the house, a cat catches mice, large and small livestock provides meat, milk, and skins for sewing clothes. It turns out that the history of domestication is very old. The idea of ​​taming an animal and placing it next to them came to people’s minds at least five thousand years ago. You can create more than one legend about who the ancient people tamed. However, taming does not mean domesticating. Who cares?
Huge: domesticated animals live next to humans from generation to generation, humans take care of them, without this care they may not even survive. And if you tame, say, a crane, a song thrush or a ferret (nowadays it is fashionable to keep them at home), these animals and birds will not become domesticated, they will still remain wild and, if necessary, will try to return to the wild.
No. Last name, first name of the student Subject of the message and presentation
1 Baranova Polina Laws of the Russian Federation on pets
2 Belay Zhanna Pet in the service of man
3 Belyaeva Sofya Why do we need pets
4 Saveliy Burenkov Pets in different countries
5 Gorbunov Egor Monuments to pets
6 Ivanov Sergey Agricultural pets
7 Anna Karpushina Pets are human companions
8 Kononenko Vladislav What animals are considered domestic?
9 Kulikova Maria Why does a city dweller need a pet?
10 Miroshnichenko Anastasia Devotion of pets
11 Pugacheva Veronica We are responsible for those we have tamed
12 Selyavina Taisiya Is any animal living in a house considered a pet?
13 Chorba Alexandra The influence of pets on human health
Then each of us wrote a report on the project topic and made a presentation.
(slide 17)
From these reports and presentations we learned:
what unusual types of domestic animals are found in different countries.
Many Indians prefer mongooses.
In the USA, keeping a skunk at home is very fashionable. Such an animal is affectionate, obedient and beautiful. Skunks attack enemies with foul-smelling weapons, but their breeders claim that animals in captivity do not use them. Anteaters are also very popular among Americans as pets.
The cricket is a favorite insect of the Chinese. Since the 12th century, cricket competitions have been popular in China - the insect whose singing was the loudest and most sonorous won.
The Chinese also adore songbirds. In the morning, in the parks of populated areas in China, you can see people walking their feathered pets.
In the UK, African pygmy hedgehogs are often kept in homes.
In France, the ferret, a domestic ferret, has won people's love. The animal is trainable.
The fret also serves as a living accessory for French fashionistas. A flexible and light ferret can be thrown over your shoulder, thereby decorating your outfit.
Many Canadians own the Sugar Flying Squirrel. This animal is classified as a marsupial. The flying squirrel can jump and soar in the air. The animal looks very cute and shows unpretentiousness.
Orangutans can often be found in Indonesian families, especially those without children.
The meerkat is not only an ideal pet in South Africa, but also a talisman. The people of South Africa believe that the meerkat scares away werewolves and devils. (slide 18)
how animals affect the health of their owners.
All animals are bioenergetics. They are sensitive to negative energy that comes from your thoughts or your diseased organs. In addition, they know how to transform it into a positive one. (slide 19)
Therefore, when you feel bad, have a stomach ache or a headache, our faithful friends will definitely react. They press against the sore spot, tug,
they purr, coo, dry tears with their tongues, make people laugh, distract them. (slide 20)
There is a branch of medicine called animal therapy, or animal therapy (zootherapy) - this is the positive effect of animals on human health.
What types of animal-assisted therapy are there?
Canistherapy This is the scientific name for therapy using contact with dogs.
A dog is a friendly and loyal creature. That is why dogs are very good at helping children with mental and physical development delays. Children with speech and hearing impairments are taught to talk in the presence of dogs. Dogs save you from headaches and even help you think better. It will be easier for you to write a text, prepare for exams, or do repairs if your four-legged friend is nearby.
Felinotherapy Treatment through contact with cats.
Cats don’t even need special training; in fact, they don’t do anything unusual. If they like a person, they rub against his legs, jump on his lap, caress, purr, lick his hands, thereby achieving reciprocal tenderness.
By the way, a cat’s purring speeds up the healing process of wounds and strengthens bones.
They save you from loneliness, relieve joint pain and headaches, and treat internal diseases.
By the way, if you notice that your cat is too obsessively affectionate towards you, jumping on your lap - if possible, do not chase it away. Thus, it not only shows a kind attitude towards you, but also signals that your body is in danger of failure, it’s time to act.
Dolphin therapyTreating people with the help of dolphins.
Dolphins are sociable, intelligent, treat people well, and especially love children. It is only from the outside that it seems that the dolphin is simply playing with the child. In fact, he tests his body using ultrasounds. If everything is fine with the child, the dolphin calmly clicks; if the baby is sick, the dolphin purrs.
Ornithotherapy Feathered friends charge people with vigor and optimism. Watch the birds - and you will see that they never lose heart and are constantly busy with something. Bird watching relaxes and saves you from nervous breakdowns. And the melodic singing of birds has a beneficial effect on the psyche and helps prepare for sleep.
Hippotherapy is a therapy based on communication with horses.
When riding a horse, both the physical and psychological spheres of a person are normalized. During active exercises, all the muscles of the body work, breathing is trained, and the circulatory system is toned.
Concentration also increases, memory and thinking improve. You need to memorize many new movements and repeat them in a certain sequence, you also need to learn how to care for horses and how to communicate with them.
about pets of famous people.
It is always interesting to learn about the details of the personal lives of the powerful. Especially if these details concern their pets. Famous people often buy pets themselves, but even more often they receive them as a gift. (slide 21, 22)
Vladimir Putin
Favorite pets are Labrador Connie Polgrave, toy poodle Tosya and her son Rodeo.
In 2010, after Russian-Bulgarian negotiations, Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov presented Putin with a Bulgarian Shepherd Karakachan puppy directly at a press conference. Later, a competition was announced, and a five-year-old boy came up with a name for the puppy - Buffy. As a token of gratitude, the Japanese authorities also gave the dog to the president for helping the Akita region, which suffered from the tsunami. The dog Yume (of the Akita Inu breed, like Hachiko) also lives with the president.
Among his pets, Putin also has a white goat, Skazka, which was given to him by ex-mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov.
The pony given to Putin by the then President of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev is named Vadik. Dmitry Medvedev
Cat Dorotheus. This is an animal of the Nevsky Masquerade breed. The Russian President bought this cat himself, however, they say that he actually loves dogs more. And at one time, as they say, he dreamed of a Labrador, but his family insisted on a lapdog. In the end, they actually brought the cat home.
As a result, the former president of Russia was given a dog: a white and black English setter puppy, the cat Dorofey seemed to have found a common language with him.
George Bush
Scottish terrier Barney, black cat India, cow Ophelia.
Bill Clinton
Sox the cat, Buddy the labrador.
Abraham Lincoln
Pig, goose and turkey.
George Washington
Horse Nelson.
Queen Elizabeth II
Several corgi dogs, several Labradors, a flock of flamingos.
Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair
The cat Humphrey, common to three British prime ministers, then the cat Larry.
Winston Churchill
The parrot is still alive and is believed to be over 100 years old.
We learned that people often erect monuments to pets as a sign of gratitude for their loyalty and devotion. (slide 23)
For a long time, dogs have lived next to humans. Guards his house, protects him, helps herd the herd, hunts the beast. There are all kinds of dogs - service, hunting, decorative and even mongrel. All of them serve man faithfully. A dog is man's friend. We love dogs very much, but they love us more than themselves.
The merits of dogs to people are enormous. As a token of gratitude to our faithful friends, monuments have been erected in Russia and in many other cities around the world. In France there is a monument to St. Bernard Barry. He found and saved forty freezing travelers in the mountains.
The Italians erected a bronze monument to a dog named Faithful. For fourteen years in a row, every day he met his owner, who died in the war, at the station.
A monument to guide dogs has been erected in Berlin.
Our works
We made an electronic version of our class magazine, “My Most Beloved Friend,” which included our essays, reports, and other interesting messages about pets. During extracurricular activities, we made the collective work “Happy Walk” using origami and cut-out appliqué techniques, and the collective work “Cat Street” using iso-threading techniques.
Conclusion
As a result of the research, we:
got acquainted with the variety of domestic animals;
found out that pets in modern life are most often human companions, friends and even family members;
people get pets for warmth, comfort, the joy of communication, so as not to be lonely;
Pets have a beneficial effect on human health and mood. The presence of any animal in the house has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, relieves stress, helps recovery, and improves mood. (slide 24)
Our hypothesis was confirmed.
As we have found out, animals have a great positive impact on our health and development.
Additionally, the decision to have a pet has an impact on the entire family. If the whole family takes care of their pet, it becomes much friendlier and more united.
Pets make us closer to nature, teach us love and compassion. We learn to have a careful and caring attitude towards the entire world around us. (slide 25)
Literature.
1. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 24. Pets.: M., “Avanta+”. 2004
2. T.A. Shorygina “Pets. What are they? M.: "GNOM and D". 2008
N.P. Batsanov. Your pet four-legged friends. Saint Petersburg. Lenizdat.1992
Dmitriev Yu. D. Man and animals. Book 2.- M.: Det. lit., 1975
Our pets are celebrating. Cat and Dog - 2000. - No. 9. - P. 6.
Cats and kittens. M.:ROSMEN.- 2000
V. Chaplin. We have a cat at home. M.:Malysh.- 1990
Internet resources.
https://zverki.orghttps://health.passion.ruhttps://vashaibolit.ruhttps://ocheninteresno.com
http://orenwiki.ru/index.php
http://miranimashek.com/photo/animacija_animashki/40http://mirgif.com/koshki5.htm

Nomination "First discoveries"

Hello! My name is Varvara!

I am a very active, cheerful and inquisitive girl, and I also love animals! I like to watch them, notice their habits and learn something new. My mother and I read a lot of books about animals, go to exhibitions and the zoo.

Recently my mother read me a fairy tale by Vitaly Valentinovich Bianki, called “Tails”. And I started thinking, why do animals actually need tails?

Purpose of the study: I decided to find out why animals need a tail and how they use it.

Research objectives:

1. Find out from the children in my group if they know why animals need tails.

2. With the help of your mother, collect information about animal tails and why they need them.

3. Based on the results of the research, together with your mother, create a book with a selection of poems, fairy tales and stories about why animals need tails.

4. Introduce the project to the children of my group.

Hypothesis: I think that animals need tails not only for beauty.

Object of study: use of the tail in the animal world.

Subject of research: tail.

Research methods:

• work with literature (encyclopedias, fiction)
• working with video materials (programs and documentaries about animals);
• work on the Internet;
• survey;
• observation.

And the work began to boil... First, I decided to ask the children in my group if they knew why animals need tails. A total of 20 children were interviewed.

Here's what happened:

• 5 children said they didn’t know anything;
• 2 children said that the tail is needed for beauty;
• 5 children said that the tail is needed to ward off flies;
• 5 children said that the tail is needed to cover tracks;
• 3 children said that the tail is needed for communication.

Then we observed a lot, searched on the Internet, watched, read, and this is what we managed to find out...

Result:

1. There are a lot of different tails in the animal world! They differ from each other in color, shape, are long and short, bare and fluffy, thick and thin. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have tails. Many animals got their name due to the structural features and use of their tail. For example, the saw-tail shark, the stingray, the crooked tail, the lyre bird... You can really list them all!

True, it should be noted that animals use them in different ways...

2. Animals use the tail as: support, arm, motor, steering wheel and brake, balance beam, parachute, protection, offensive weapon, lungs, blanket, pantry, decoration, beacon, means of communication.

Animals use their tail in different ways. Some need it to fly, others need it to defend or attack, and some move with the help of the tail. One thing is clear: all animals need a tail.

3. Mom and I also found funny poems and stories about animal tails. We collected them in a small book, selected illustrations, printed them and brought them to kindergarten. The children were very interested. Now everyone knows why animals need a tail!

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 9

Project

“Language – friend or foe?”

Completed:

Educator

Belyakova A.P.

Children 5-6 years old

g.o.g. Vyksa r.p. Bl – Sand

2016

Project type – educational – research.

Project duration– medium-term.

Object of study- Language

Project participants– children of the older group, teacher, parents.

Project implementation period– 1 month (01/18/16 - 02/15/16)

“All organs of the body get tired someday, but not the tongue.”

Konrad Adenauer

Relevance

If the ideas of most children about the role of the body in general correspond to reality, then children understand the meaning and role of the body in human life one-sidedly, underestimating the full importance of internal organs and not imagining the full variety of their functions. In a lesson on the topic “Which organ is the most important?” we were talking about language. The question arose: “You can live without language, is it so important?” The children wanted to learn everything about the language of humans and animals.

Hypotheses

• Is language a friend?
• Is language the enemy?

What do we know?

• People and animals have language.
• The color of the tongues is pink and red.
• The tongues are oval in shape.
• People use language to talk and eat.
• Animals need their tongues to eat and lick their lips.

What do we want to know?

• Do all languages ​​have the same?
• What languages ​​are there in shape and color?
• Why else do humans and animals need language?
• What can be determined using language.
• What is good for the language and what is bad.
• If this is an important organ, then how to take care of it.

How can you find out?

• On TV.
• On the Internet.
• Ask the teacher.
• Read it in a book.
• Ask your parents and grandparents.
• Friends can tell.

Project goal:

Creating conditions for the development of elementary natural scientific ideas about man and the animal world.

Project objectives:

1. Develop cognitive interest and curiosity in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation.

2. To develop skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech.

3. Develop independence in resolving problem situations in research activities.

4. Develop the ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods.

5. Bring children to the conclusion that the tongue performs many different functions: in humans it determines the taste of food, participates in the formation of speech, helps digest food; in animals it serves as bait, catching prey, and as a warning.

6. Introduce the rules of care for the tongue and oral cavity.

7. Cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets.

Expected result:

1. Children will receive primary ideas about language and learn its basic functions.

2. Children will have the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health.

3. Cognitive interest and curiosity will develop in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation.

4. Skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis will be formed in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech.

5. Independence in resolving problem situations in research activities will develop.

6. The ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods will be developed.

Forms and methods of project implementation:

Conversations.

GCD

Reading fiction.

Guessing riddles.

Observations.

Game activity.

Productive activities of children.

Conducting experiments.

Homework.

Project implementation stages

Stage 1: Preparatory.

Defining the topic (project problem). Arouse the interest of children and parents in the topic of the project.

Drawing up a project plan.

Collection of information, literature, additional material.

Working with children and parents.

Replenish the experimentation corner with the necessary materials.

Composing messages on the topic “Animal languages” and preparing children.

Viewing pictures and films via the Internet “All about language”

Looking at illustrations

Making a mock-up tongue

Stage 2: Basic.

Conversations:

“What is language? »

"Nose and Tongue"

Target:

“Why do animals need tongues? »

"My favorite animal."

Goals: to cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets.

“Language is the enemy” (“Velcro Tongue”).

“Which organ is the most important?”

Target: form the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health.

“How to take care of the organs of the speech apparatus.”

Target: introduce the rules of care for the tongue and oral cavity.

“What does our tongue not like and what does it like?”

“Why does a dog stick out its tongue? »

Goals: develop the ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods.

Direct educational activities:

Speech development: “How we speak.”

Target: Explain to children how human speech is formed. Introduce children to the process of speech formation and the importance of different organs in the formation of sounds.

Speech development: “Cheerful tongue.”

Target: continue to develop the ability to observe and introspect; develop logical thinking.

Cognitive development: “What are microbes?”

Target: Give children a basic understanding of microorganisms.

Cognitive development: “What is Language for?”

Target: give children primary knowledge of language.

“Artistic and aesthetic development” modeling “Animals with different types of languages.

Target: To cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets. Improve your ability to look at pictures and choose the best ones.

Reading fiction:

S. Mikhalkov “Sasha’s porridge”

N. Nosov “Dreamers”.

V. Dragunsky “The secret becomes clear.”

Goals: introduce children to new works, develop the ability to listen carefully, and answer questions about the content in detail.

"Interesting things about language." A little history.

Making riddles about language.

Proverbs and sayings about language.

Introduction to encyclopedic material.

Goals: bring children to the conclusion that the tongue performs many different functions: in humans it determines the taste of food, participates in the formation of speech, helps digest food; in animals it serves as bait, catching prey, and as a warning.

Guessing riddles about language:

He's always at work when we talk

And he rests when we are silent.

Behind the bone wall

the nightingale lives.

Always in your mouth, never swallowed

If it weren't for him,

I wouldn't say anything.

A board lies in the swamp.

The record lies in the sea,

Doesn't dry out, doesn't get wet.

Wet calf

Lives in the garden.

Jump and jump -

There's an animal behind bars.

Whatever you know-

He told me everything.

Game activity:

Didactic game “Harmful and healthy foods.”

Didactic game “Tongue and nose replace each other.”

Didactic game “Guess the taste.”

Didactic game “Help Khvoraika”

Didactic game “Magic Bag”

Didactic game “Let’s teach Dunno how to care for his tongue.”

An element of the role-playing game “At a doctor’s appointment.”

Board and printed game “Sour, salty, bitter, sweet.”

Word game "Guess who we'll describe."

Word game “What would happen if...”

Goals: development of cognitive interest, imaginative, creative, logical thinking, auditory perception, memory, speech.

Productive activities:

Drawing based on proverbs about language.

Sketch of icons “What is harmful, what is useful for the speech apparatus.”

Drawing symbols “What is the use of language for animals.”

Experiences:

"Language is a friend"

Experience No. 1 “Different to taste.”

Target: To give an idea that different parts of the surface of the tongue perceive foods differently.

Conclusion: Most of the taste buds are located on the tip of the tongue; In order to feel less of the taste of the product, it should be placed as far as possible on the tongue.

Experiment No. 2 “The difference between human language and cat language.”

Target: Show children how human and cat tongues work.

Conclusion:

The language of a cat and a person is different, so a cat can lap milk, but a person is better off drinking it from a cup.

Experiment No. 3 “The tongue is a laborer.”

Target: show children how sometimes we do not understand people who have speech problems.

Conclusion: When children pronounce words poorly, we do not understand them, we need to do exercises for the language.

"Language is the enemy"

Experiment No. 1 “How a microbe gets into the mouth.”

Target: give an idea of ​​how microbes and bacteria affect the tongue, introduce diseases of the tongue.

Conclusion:

• Don't lick toys
• Don't put anything in your mouth
• Don't put your fingers in your mouth
• Wash your hands after using the toilet, going outside, walking
• Clean your tongue

Experiment No. 2 “Velcro”

Target: show children what happens to the tongue in the cold when the tongue comes into contact with iron.

Conclusion:

• in winter you cannot lick the fence, iron, because the tongue is wet and there is saliva in the mouth;

• you have to be careful;
• germs may enter the mouth;

Interaction with parents

Creating albums for children together with their parents: “The Language of the Woodpecker”,

“Why does an anteater need a tongue?”

“Why does a snake need a tongue?”

“Why does a chameleon need a tongue?”

"Cayman Turtle"

“Why does a cat have a tongue??».

• Offer to choose a proverb or saying about language and draw a picture for it.
• Homework for parents and children (observing domestic animals, learning proverbs and sayings about language, drawing a picture for them).

Result:

1. Children received primary ideas about language and learned its basic functions.

2. Children have acquired the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health

3. Cognitive interest and curiosity have developed in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation.

4. Skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis have been formed in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech.

5. Independence in resolving problem situations in research activities has developed.

6. Developed the ability to explain what was observed and record the results using accessible methods.

Stage 3-Final:

1. Exhibition of children's drawings.

2. Design of the “Articulation gymnastics” movement folder

3. Design of the movement folder “A little from the history of the language”

References:

1.Veraksa N.E., Veraksa A.N. Project activities. A manual for teachers of preschool institutions, - M,: MOSAIKA-SYNTHESIS, 2010.

2. Project method in organizing cognitive and research activities in kindergarten / comp. N.V. Nishcheva. – St. Petersburg, : PUBLISHING HOUSE “CHILDHOOD-PRESS” LLC, - 2013.

3.Project activities of senior preschoolers/compiled by V.N. Zhuravleva. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2011.

Content:
Introduction……………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Language and speech of animals……………………………………..5
1.1 The language of monkeys…………………………………………… …10
1.2 Language of bats………………………………………...12
1.3 Language of birds……………………………………………………..13
1.4 Insect language……………………………………………..16
1.5 Language of the “blue continent”……………………………19
1.6 The language of dogs…………………………………………………. ..23
Chapter 2. Mental foundations of human learning in animals
speeches…………………………………………………………...25
Conclusion……………………………………………………………29
List of sources and literature used………………….30

Introduction
Can animals “speak” or is language only a unique property of humans? Because there is a tendency to define language in such a way that based on such definition, language is only suitable for humans. To admit that an animal has a language means to admit that an animal has a mind, that people are the same animals, only we are justAs soon as we stand above other living beings, an ethical conflict arises.
In the last 30 years, the study of the linguistic behavior of animals has opened up completely new perspectives for understanding their higher mental functions. It's about using symbols, categories, and even the ability to hide one's “thoughts” and “intentions.” In other words, by studying the communication capabilities of animals, we reveal additional capabilities of their intelligence.
Throughout evolution, man has been close to nature and closely connected with the animals around him. They have long been his faithful assistants and friends, so the person involuntarily transferred his views and habits to them. Animals are often born blind, always helpless, and when they grow up, they behave like children - active, playful, playful. Very soon, qualities that touch people so much begin to appear in them: devotion, affection for the owner, sincerity of feelings, constant readiness to help. It is natural, therefore, that man has long communicated with his animals - regardless of whether they are birds or animals - the way he is used to treating children: he looked after them, caressed them, fed them, took them out for a walk, communicated with them, shared his thoughts and feelings.
Speech communication between humans and animals was an important factor in their domestication; it became a habit and became an integral property of the connection between them. People gave all the animals in the house a name, nickname or nickname and, when necessary, called them, expressing their order or request in words. The very actions of a person serve as a signal for the animal. Animals also interact with each other, one of the types of their interaction is communication. Here we are talking not only about pets.
Many studies are being conducted to identify the characteristics of animal language and communication. However, the question of their communication abilities remains open today.

Chapter 1. Language and speech of animals.
Sound language is important for animals, with the help of which they not only express their emotional state, but also convey to each other very significant information about their intentions, about the environment, and the necessary collective actions.
People have long believed that each species of animal has its own language, unique and understandable only to them. Using it, birds chatter restlessly, flock together and wander from place to place in search of warmth and food, or fly away when they hear a signal of danger and alarm. During the mating season, pigeons coo gently, storks coo and dance, black grouse make loud noises, and nightingales stage recitals to outshine their rivals.
Animals have their own “language” that expresses their state. The roar of a lion can be heard throughout the entire area - with this the king of animals loudly declares his presence, and this makes the blood of roe deer and antelopes run cold in the savannah. The leader of the elephants, the oldest and smartest in the herd, blows an inviting trumpet with his trunk raised, gathering the elephants for a trek through the jungle in search of good pastures. The elk lets out a loud cry as he goes to fight his rival for the mate.
The sounds made by animals are signals expressing their state, desires, feelings of rage, anxiety, love. A person’s language is expressed through his spoken language and is determined by the richness of his vocabulary - for some people it is bright, large, for others it is simple, primitive, poor in content. Something similar happens in birds and animals: in many of them, the signals-sounds emitted are varied, polyphonic, while in others they are rare and inexpressive. But there are also completely mute birds - vultures that do not make a single sound.
The “language” of smells is widespread in the animal world. Animals of the feline, mustelid, and canine families “mark” the boundaries of the territory where they live. By smell, animals determine the maturity of individuals, track prey, avoid enemies or dangerous places - traps and traps. There are other channels of communication between animals and the environment associated with bioelectromagnetic fields and acoustic signals: electromagnetic location in the Nile elephant fish, ultrasonic echolocation in bats, high-frequency sound signals - whistles in dolphins, infrasound signaling in elephants. Fish make many different and characteristic sounds, using them to communicate in a school. The signals they emit change depending on the state of the fish, the environment, and their actions. American scientists have found that fish cough, sneeze and wheeze if the water temperature does not correspond to the conditions in which they should be.
Sound signaling exists in all types of animals: chickens make 13 different sounds, frogs - 6, roosters - 15, tits - 90, rooks - 120, pigs - 23, crows - up to 300, dolphins - 32, foxes - 36, monkeys - more 40, horses - about 100 sounds. These sounds convey the general emotional and mental state of animals - search for food, anxiety, aggressiveness, joy of communication.
Different species of animals have their own language, which is a means of communication and communication. Thanks to him, detailed information about everything that happens to them is transmitted.
In phylogenesis, speech probably initially acted as a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information between them. This assumption is supported by the fact that many animals have developed means of communication and only humans have the ability to use speech when solving intellectual problems. In chimpanzees, for example, we find relatively highly developed speech, which in some respects is human-like. Chimpanzee speech, however, expresses only the organic needs of animals and their subjective states. It is a system of emotionally expressive expressions, but never a symbol or sign of anything outside the animal. The language of animals does not have the same meanings that human speech is rich in, much less meanings. In the various forms of gesture and pantomimic communication of chimpanzees, emotional and expressive movements come first, although they are very bright, rich in form and shades.
In animals, in addition, one can find expressive movements associated with so-called social emotions, for example, special gestures - greeting each other. Higher animals, as experience of careful observation of their communication shows, are well versed in each other's gestures and facial expressions. With the help of gestures, they express not only their emotional states, but also impulses aimed at other objects. The most common way chimpanzees communicate in such cases is that they begin the movement or action that they want to reproduce or to which they want to induce another animal. Grasping movements serve the same purpose, expressing the monkey’s desire to receive an object from another animal. Many animals are characterized by a connection between expressive emotional movements and specific vocal reactions. It also, apparently, underlies the emergence and development of human speech.
For many animals, speech is not only a system of emotional and expressive reactions, but also a means of psychological contact with their own kind. Speech, which develops in ontogenesis, initially plays the same role in humans, at least up to the age of one and a half years. This speech function is also not yet associated with intelligence. But the human individual cannot be satisfied with such a communicative role of speech, which is very limited in its capabilities. In order to convey any experience or content of consciousness to another person, there is no other way than the meaning of speech utterances, i.e. assigning the transmitted content to any known class of objects or phenomena. This certainly requires abstraction and generalization, the expression of generalized abstracted content in a word-concept. Communication between psychologically and culturally developed people necessarily involves generalization and the development of verbal meanings. This is the main way to improve human speech, bringing it closer to thinking and including speech in the control of all other cognitive processes.
In recent years, there has been a lot of controversy and discussion about whether the ability to acquire speech is innate in humans or not. The opinions of scientists on this issue are divided: some take the position that this ability is not innate, others adhere to the point of view that it is genetically determined. On the one hand, there is convincing evidence that it is impossible to talk about any innateness of human speech. These are, for example, the facts of the absence of any signs of articulate human speech in children who grew up in isolation from people speaking their native language and never heard a human voice. This is also data from numerous unsuccessful experiments in teaching higher animals the language of man and the ability to use at least elementary concepts. Only a person, and only under conditions of properly organized training and education, can verbal conceptual speech appear and develop.
On the other hand, there are no less reliable facts that indicate that many higher animals have a developed communication system, which in many of its functions resembles human speech.
Higher animals (monkeys, dogs, dolphins and some others) understand human speech addressed to them and selectively react to its emotionally expressive aspects.

1.1 Monkey language
The language of the lower narrow-nosed hamadryas monkeys includes a complex system of sounds and gestures. There are about 20 signals in their sound language, and each carries certain information. The leader, noticing the danger, emits a special exclamation - and the entire herd immediately rushes away or takes up a defensive position. A monkey that has fallen behind the herd screams differently. And completely different sounds accompany various intra-herd rituals that help hamadryas express their attitude towards their fellow tribesman. Thus, any member of the hamadryas herd, meeting with a leader or a monkey of the highest rank, will certainly sit down in front of it and abruptly “gasp” several times - this is a message of obedience. When offering its services for searching, the monkey will first rustle its tongue in a special way - a signal to the partner about a friendly disposition and a request to respond in kind. In addition to sound signals, hamadryas use silent means of communication - glances, postures, gestures, facial expressions. For example, with the help of glances, the leader can silently control all the actions of the herd from a distance. The secret is in the white areas of skin above the eyelids. As soon as the monkey raises his eyebrows, his white eyelids stand out clearly on his gray face. Therefore, a forbidden or threatening gaze is visible far away. Biologist N. Pozharitskaya, who studied the language of hamadryas at the Sukhumi monkey nursery, says: “Warring females often use threatening glances during silent squabbles. They blink at each other, satisfy their anger and disperse without attracting the attention of the leader.” * In other cases, hamadryas use their entire highly mobile body, from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail. By raising her tail in a certain way and waving it from side to side, the female can, for example, demonstrate her favor towards the male, or express complete disdain for his advances; When threatening an opponent, the male typically ruffles his mantle, widens his eyes, and strikes the ground with his front paw. But out of the entire arsenal of communication methods, hamadryas have facial expressions in first place. Hamadryas owe their wealth of facial expressions to their well-developed facial muscles. By moving their ears, eyes, mouth, scalp, hamadryas can express fear, rage, curiosity, etc. Such a variety of facial movements and signal gestures, combined with one and a half dozen expressive glances and two dozen sound signals, makes the language of hamadryas very expressive.

1.2 Bat language
Bats have a rather complex language. It contains at least 22 “words” such as “chip”, “bzzz”, “cher-cher”. All sounds that mice exchange with each other are clearly divided into four groups: the first group is used for communication between mothers and cubs, the second is associated with “military actions” - battles between males, the third is used for love monologues and duets, the fourth - alarm and danger signals . Australian zoologist, Professor J. Nelson writes that the sentry warns “fellow citizens” with a cry similar to the abrupt sound of a clarinet. Silence reigns, and all the bats begin to stare intently at the troublemaker. In such conditions, says J. Nelson, it is difficult to understand who is watching whom: the zoologist is watching the animals or vice versa...

1.4 Insect language
Insects have very diverse methods of communication. For example, many insects use the language of smells. Red-breasted carpenter ants communicate with each other using gestures. Termites use a kind of telegraph as a means of transmitting information over a distance. In particular, they can signal to their fellows from afar that an enemy is approaching by tapping alarm signals with their heads on the walls of the termite mound tunnel. Mosquitoes communicate with each other using electromagnetic waves, bees express themselves in the language of dance. The dancing of bees, as proved by the famous German naturalist Karl Frisch, is a kind of official pantomime. With its help, they transmit information about the direction in which the honey plant is located, about the distance to it, about its abundance. Munich zoologist Dr. Herald Esch found that the dance of bees is also accompanied by sounds. Having recorded these sounds and analyzed them, he came to the conclusion that the duration of the “crack” of bee wings during the dance also serves as an indication of the distance from the hive to the bribe site, and the strength of the sound indicates the quality of the nectar.
The chirping language of grasshoppers and crickets is very rich. Dr. Huber from the University of Tyubin recorded about 500 different sounds made by grasshoppers on magnetic tape. In terms of virtuosity, the language of grasshoppers and crickets is not inferior to the language of birds.
To prove that sounds serve as a means of communication for crickets, Professor Regen forced a male field cricket to talk to a female... on the phone. Hearing the male's voice, the female immediately tried to penetrate the telephone receiver. The grasshopper makes certain sounds like a violin: it seems to “saw with bows” (jagged hind legs) along the elytra. Changes in the duration, volume and tonality of sounds in a grasshopper song occur depending on how many teeth of the singer’s leg rub against the elytra and with what force. And the soloist skillfully combines sounds into lines and even verses. The male usually sings first. The meaning of his song is something like this: “Here I am a grasshopper of such and such a species. I really miss my fellow tribesman.” If another grasshopper of the same species hears this song, it responds after a pause. The male accurately detects the direction in which the chirping “interlocutor” is located and makes a powerful leap towards the invisible partner *. However, the “interlocutor” may turn out to be not a female, but a male, then a fight cannot be avoided. Therefore, the singer, in order to avoid misunderstandings, from time to time interrupts the mating song and emits a war cry. If a military signal is not heard in response, then the chattering was not in vain: the female is responding. And after a short exchange of call signs, the singing of the two grasshoppers merges into a love duet. However, even in this case, the male every now and then emits a short military chirp in order to instill fear in an opponent who may be nearby. If the opponent is still determined to get to know the lucky man’s girlfriend better, the matter may end in a battle. Having met, the males arrogantly approach each other, frantically whip the air with their antennae and shake with excitement. From time to time one or the other raises his belly and kicks the air with his powerful hind leg to demonstrate his strength. If all this does not produce the desired impression, both rivals begin to sing a war song. With open jaws they rush at each other, fight with their front legs, butt like goats, and try to kick each other with their back legs. In the event of a successful hit, the loser flies twenty centimeters away and silently leaves the battlefield, while the winner fills the surrounding area with a frantic chatter. Some insects have their own Morse code of light. You've probably seen fireflies in the dark more than once. The male and female, having noticed each other, begin to blink in turns, as if winking at each other. In the tropics, sometimes you can watch a very spectacular spectacle. Bright and large fireflies gather in thousands on one or several neighboring trees and flash simultaneously. At the same time, the trees flash rhythmically, like fireworks. The meaning in such a union is probably the same as in the joint swarming of mosquitoes. Only the mosquitoes have a choir, but here they have wedding illumination.

1.5 Blue continent language
The language of the underwater depths is a special means of communication among numerous inhabitants of water bodies. For example, a goby living in the Azov Sea emits a low growl when building a nest. Having heard this roar, no other bull will dare to invade the possessions of his fellow tribesman. But when the construction of the home is completed, the male makes a high-pitched sound - calling the females. Some sounds made by fish serve as a signal to unite in schools, while others serve as a warning of danger. During the spawning period, individual calling voices are first heard, then the voices merge into a common loud chorus and, finally, gradually fade away: the spawning is over. The Black Sea mackerel makes a sound reminiscent of the cracking of a comb. The sprat's voice is similar to the hum of a bumblebee. The sound made by sardines is a little reminiscent of the sound of the surf, bream - wheezing, sea crucian - clicking. Loaches squeak, which is why in some places they are called pikas. The Atlantic toadfish buzzes, the gurnard cackles, the seahorses snap sharply. The beluga has a very wide vocal range: it whistles and howls, grinds and screams. A beluga caught in the Caspian Sea, according to the stories of fishermen, emits a heavy sigh, reminiscent of a roar. The sea fish trigla is extremely “talkative”: it constantly grumbles and croaks. In the Mediterranean Sea there are two-meter-long “singing” fish - scienae, which produce rather melodic sounds.
Crustaceans are very chatty. The noisiest of them are crabs: they can make up to 30 sounds similar to chirping. The alpheus cancer, which lives in the Far East, clicks its claws so loudly that it not only scares away enemies, but also stuns its prey. The underwater “city” of thousands of Alpheus, according to the famous oceanologist N.I. Tarasov, greets the enemy with a roar that is not inferior to the noise in the workshop when riveting boilers. Shrimp are very noisy. The sound they make is reminiscent of the hissing of oil in a frying pan or the crackling of burning dry branches. In so-called snapping shrimp, a large claw produces a sound similar to the sound of a cork popping out of a bottle. This sound can be so strong that the sound wave can break a glass. Snapping shrimp usually gather in huge schools - up to 200 individuals per square meter - and click continuously day and night, regardless of the time of year. In some areas of the ocean, the clicking of thousands of shrimp merges into a continuous crackling sound. The Japanese did not fail to take advantage of this during the Second World War. They planted a large colony of “nutcrackers” in one of the US military harbors and thereby completely paralyzed hydroacoustic detection systems. Under the cover of the loud noise of the shrimp, Japanese submarines entered the American bay, torpedoed the ships there and left with impunity.
The sounds made by marine mammals are very diverse. Among them, the beluga whale gained the greatest popularity with its voice. According to descriptions of naturalists and observers, she can grunt loudly, groan and whistle, make sounds reminiscent of a child crying, bells, a piercing cry, the distant noise of a children's crowd, playing a flute with iridescent trills, like those of songbirds. It is not for nothing that sailors call this white animal with a yellowish tint the sea canary. It turns out that whales sing quite melodiously. Their vocal abilities were discovered by a young American scientist from the Rockefeller Institute, Roger Pine. While studying the migration of humpback whales, he used hydrophones to eavesdrop on the sounds the animals made and recorded them on magnetic tape. These recordings were reproduced in September 1969 at an international conference on ethology held in Rennes (France). At first, shouts, squeals, squeaks, and even something similar to groans were heard in the multi-voiced chorus of humpback whales. Suddenly, something like a song became clearly visible in the recording. Next, the conference participants heard a deep melodic sound, the tone of which gradually rose, reminiscent of an oboe, a clarinet, or bagpipes, and the song was repeated many times with great accuracy, as if from notes.
Of all the inhabitants of the World Ocean, the richest and most complex language is that of toothed whales - dolphins. Depending on the environment, circumstances and situation, these animals use different signals: some serve for orientation, navigation, reconnaissance, searching for food, others for communication with their relatives. Many of the sounds commonly used by dolphins to communicate underwater can also be made by them in the air. A lone dolphin, as a rule, is extremely silent; two dolphins actively exchange signals (whistles, barks, meows, clapping, quacks, buzzing, etc.). Each “conversation” begins with a call sign and a response. This is followed by a series of signals - whistles of varying duration, height and strength. This allows you to vary the information. The conversation of dolphins is similar to the conversation of true gentlemen: when one speaks, the other is silent. In 1961, John Lilly conducted an interesting experiment: he arranged a telephone conversation between two dolphins. The experiment was conducted at the Institute for the Study of Communication on the island of St. Thomas in the Caribbean. Two pools were chosen that were far enough apart from each other so that sound waves could not travel that distance. Engineers installed microphones and loudspeakers into the walls of the pools. The telephone wires between them passed through the institute's central station, which allowed scientists to monitor the conversation without disturbing the animals with direct observation. One dolphin was allowed into each pool. They began circling the pool and calling out their call signs. Hearing the response signal, the dolphins immediately swam to the loudspeakers and began to alternately answer and listen. Thus began their first telephone conversation! At first, the animals only repeated the same signal and searched in vain for an invisible partner. But a few minutes were enough for them to figure out how the equipment worked. The “conversation” was conducted very “politely.” Not a single dolphin interrupted the other, each listened carefully until the other finished, and only then began to speak himself. The lively conversation lasted about an hour.

1.6 Dog language
The famous trainer V.L. Durov loved animals, studied their habits well, and perfectly mastered the skill of teaching and training animals. This is how he explained dog language. If a dog barks abruptly - “am!”, looking at a person and raising one ear at the same time, this means a question, bewilderment. When she raises her muzzle and utters a drawn-out “au-uh-uh...”, it means she is sad, but if she repeats “mm-mm-mm” several times, then she is asking for something. Well, a growl with the sound “rrrr...” is clear to everyone - it’s a threat.
I also conducted my own observations on my dog ​​and came to the following conclusions:
The dog is angry - it barks and growls angrily, while baring its teeth and pressing itself to the ground. It is better not to approach such a dog.
The dog is scared - he tucks his tail and ears, tries to look small,
etc.............