The meaning of Mingrelian language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Mingrelian language Iversian language

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Classification Category: South Kartvelian branch Zan group Writing: Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project: Linguistics

Mingrelian language map

Mingrelian language(self-name მარგალური ნინა, margaluri nina listen)) is the language of Mingrelians, one of the Kartvelian languages of northwestern Georgia. The approximate number of speakers is 650 thousand people.

About the name

Name options: Mingrelian, Iversian, Egerian. Georgian names: მეგრული ენა (megruli ena), outdated. odišuri, iveriuli ena. The Abkhazian name is agyrua byzshaa.

Range and numbers

Traditionally distributed in 7 regions of Western Georgia (Zugdidi, Tsalenjikha, Khobi, Chkhorotsk, Martvili, Senaki, western part of Abash) and the city of Poti, united in the historical region of Megrelia; as well as in the border regions of Abkhazia (Gal and part of Tkuarchal districts, Ochamchira). In addition, a significant part of the adult Abkhaz population of the Ochamchira region speaks Mingrelian to one degree or another. In the extreme east of Megrelia between the Tskhenistskali and Nogela rivers (east of the Abash and Martvili regions), the Mingrelian language was completely replaced by the Georgian language by the beginning of the 20th century.

It is quite difficult to determine the exact number of speakers. About 400 thousand speak Megrelian in the Megrelian region (estimate based on 2002 census data). Large quantity immigrants from Megrelia (up to 300-400 thousand) live in other regions of Georgia (especially in the cities of Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi), but not all of them speak Megrelian.

Previously, the Zan languages occupied a continuous strip of land along the eastern shore of the Black Sea. But then (it’s difficult to say exactly when, but no later than the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD) the middle of this territory was settled by Georgian-speaking immigrants from more eastern regions (possibly Imereti), who assimilated the local population and gave rise to modern Gurians and Adjarians.

Sometimes, especially in Georgia, you can hear the opinion that Mingrelian and Laz are dialects of the same language. However, this point of view is not confirmed by either structural or sociolinguistic criteria (speakers of these languages lack mutual understanding, a common literary language, and a common ethnic identity).

According to the European Center for Minority Issues, there is a tendency among Georgian linguists to consider Mingrelian a dialect of Georgian rather than a language. This reluctance to recognize Mingrelian as a language has a strong political background and is based on the fear that such recognition could undermine the unity of Georgians as a nation. In such a case, the difference between dialect and language becomes critical, since languages are entitled to protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, while dialect state language does not have this right.

Dialects

There are two close dialects:

Senaki(Odisha, eastern; self-name. senak'iš) - distributed in the east of Megrelia (northern basin of the Rioni River) with a center in Senaki;
Zugdidi-Samurzakan(Western; self-named. zugidiš-murzaqaniš) - in the west of Megrelia (with its center in Zugdidi) and in the Gali region of Abkhazia (historical Samurzakan). It includes the Dzhvar dialect in the north of Megrelia, along the Inguri River.

The criteria for their identification are mainly phonetic and lexical; there is no clear boundary between dialects; There is good mutual understanding between dialect speakers.

The inhabitants of Samurzakan come from a mixture of Mingrelians and Samurzakans who switched to Mingrelian - ethnic group Abkhazians, back in mid. XIX century who spoke Abkhazian (in 1926, 10% of the population of Samurzakan still spoke Abkhazian).

Language situation and writing

Functions primarily as an oral means of communication. Georgian is used as the main literary and written language, which is spoken by the vast majority of speakers.

Attempts to introduce Cyrillic writing for Mingrelians were made in the 1860s (Cyrillic alphabet). The compiler of the first Mingrelian grammar was the Russian teacher Mikhail Zavadsky. Since the 1920s, the Georgian alphabet (with a few additional letters) began to be regularly used, and several newspapers were published (Kazakhishi Gazeti, Komuna, Samargalosh Chai, Narazenish Chai, Samargalosh Tutuni). All this was stopped in 1938.

Since then, writing has been used only in private correspondence. Only in the 1990s. Several books appeared in Mingrelian (mainly dictionaries and poetry collections). The spoken Mingrelian language is actively used in Mingrelia (a region in western Georgia), and many pop works are performed in Mingrelian.

In Abkhazia, the newspaper “Gal” (“გალი”) is currently published in the Abkhaz, Russian and Mingrelian languages.

History of the language

According to some information, Mingrelian, Georgian, and Svan originate from the proto-Kartvelian language. The Svan language, or the language of the Svans living in the Caucasian heights of the Inguri Basin and around the upper Tskhenistsali River, most likely split off from the pre-Kartvelian language ca. 2000 BC.

And Mingrelian most likely broke away from the proto-Kartvelian language ca. 700 BC.

As a result of centuries of influence from Georgian language the structural changes caused by it affect all levels of the linguistic structure. In phonetics, this is strengthening the position of the phoneme Q; in morphology - the appearance of a number of allomorphs of affixal morphemes (for example, e- for the passive); in syntax - the development of a complex sentence; in vocabulary - a significant increase in the vocabulary.

Grammatical characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

The phonemic inventory is characterized by a comparative richness of consonantism with moderate development of vocalism. In total there are 29 consonant phonemes, 2 vowel-consonant, 5 vowels and 1 semi-vowel. There are no true long vowels or true diphthongs.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Glottal
Explosive	p b p'	t d t’			k g k’	(q')	ʔ
Africates		ʦ dz ʦ’	ʧ ʤ ʧ’
Spirants	v	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		(h)
Nasals	m	n
Smooth		r l		j

Note: In cells with three consonants, they are arranged in the following order: voiceless/voiced/abruptive.

Morphology

There are 9 cases. The syntax has stronger signs of the nominative system compared to Georgian.

Notes

Literature

Beridze Sh. Megrelian (Iversian) language. Introduction and materials. Tbilisi, 1920 (in Georgian).
Gudava T. E. (comp.) Georgian folk literature. Mingrelian texts. Poetry. Tbilisi, 1975 (in Georgian).
Zhgenti S. M. Phonetics of the Chan-Mingrelian language. Tbilisi, 1953 (in Georgian).
Kipshidze I. Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary. // Materials on Japhetic linguistics. VII. St. Petersburg, 1914.
Klimov G. A. Megrelian language // Languages of the world: Caucasian languages. M., 2001.
Khubua M. Megrelian texts. Tbilisi, 1937 (in Georgian).
Tsagareli A. Mingrelian sketches. Vol. I. Mingrelian texts with translations and explanations. Vol. P. Experience in phonetics of the Mingrelian language. St. Petersburg, 1880.
Chikobava A. S. Grammatical analysis of the Chan (Laz) dialect with texts. Tbilisi, 1936 (in Georgian).
Chikobava A. S. Chan-Mingrelian-Georgian comparative dictionary. Tbilisi, 1938 (in Georgian).
Kluge Th. Beiträge zur Mingrelischen Grrmmatik. Memnon (Zeitschrift für die Kunst- und Kultur-geschichte des Alten Orients). T. VII, H. 1-2. 1913.
Laurence Broers (2004), Containing the Nation, Building the State - Coping with Nationalism, Minorities, and Conflict in Post-Soviet Georgia.

MEGREL LANGUAGE

(Mingrelian language) is one of the Kartvelian languages. Distributed in the West. Georgia: to 3. from the river. Tskhenistskali and in the adjacent strip of Abkhazia (toponymy indicates a much wider area of M. Ya. in the past). Number of speakers approx. 400 thousand people M. I. is divided into 2 close dialects - Senaki and Samurzakans-Zug-Dida (main mode with lexical differences). Close to the Laz yachyk. There is a dialect in the vocalism. alternation of i/e and u/e, as well as an abundance of assimilation processes. In consonantism, metathesis in complexes of consonants, the buildup of ligas, process, q > ", as well as strong palatalization 1. The distribution of vowels and consonants in the text is more uniform than in the Georgian language. In the declension paradigm there are 9 cases, from MINGRELIAN 289 are common. 3 are based on gechitpve. 2 cases of the subject -i and -k are peculiar, not determined by the transitivity of the verb-predicate. The egalitarian degree of the adjective is specific. There are about 90 preverbs of locative semantics, certify, prefix, and also a prefix of the category of reciprocity. In the syntax, both composition and subordination of sentences are common. There is a very clear predominance of features of the nominative structure. In word formation, there are both derivational affixes and composition models. specific gravity sound symbolic lexeme. Borrowings from cargo, language Mingrelians have long used cargo, lit. tongue. The language is unwritten. # Tsagareli A., Mingrelian etudes, c. 2 - Experience in phonetics of the Mingrelian language, St. Petersburg, 1880; Kipshidze I., Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary, St. Petersburg. 1914; Zh gen t i SM., Phonetics of the Chan-Megrelian language, Tb., 1953 (in Georgian). G. A. Klimov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

About the name

Name options: Mingrelian, Iversian, Egerian. Georgian names: მეგრული ენა (megruli ena), outdated. odišuri, iveriuli ena. In Abkhazian it is called agyrshaa.

Range and numbers

Traditionally distributed in 7 regions of Western Georgia (Zugdidi, Tsalenjikha, Khobi, Chkhorotsk, Martvili, Senaki, Abash) and the city of Poti, united in the historical region of Megrelia; as well as in the border regions of Abkhazia (Gal and part of Tkuarchal districts, Ochamchira). In addition, the majority of the adult Abkhaz population of the Ochamchira region speaks Mingrelian to one degree or another. In the extreme east of Megrelia between the Tskhenistskali and Nogela rivers (east of the Abash and Martvili regions), the Mingrelian language was completely replaced by the Georgian language by the beginning of the 20th century.

It is quite difficult to determine the exact number of speakers. About 400 thousand speak Megrelian in the Megrelian region (estimate based on 2002 census data). A large number of migrants from Megrelia (up to 300-400 thousand) live in other regions of Georgia (especially in the cities of Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi), but not all of them speak Megrelian.

Dialects

There are two close dialects:

Senaki(Odisha, eastern; self-name. senak'iš) - distributed in the east of Megrelia (northern basin of the Rioni River) with a center in Senaki;
Zugdidi-Samurzakan(Western; self-named. zugidiš-murzaqaniš) - in the west of Megrelia (with its center in Zugdidi) and in the Gali region of Abkhazia (historical Samurzakan). It includes the Dzhvar dialect in the north of Megrelia, along the Inguri River.

The criteria for their identification are mainly phonetic and lexical; there is no clear boundary between dialects; There is good mutual understanding between dialect speakers.

The inhabitants of Samurzakan come from a mixture of Mingrelians and Samurzakans who switched to Mingrelian - an ethnic group of Abkhazians, back in the middle. XIX century who spoke Abkhazian (in 1926, 10% of the population of Samurzakan still spoke Abkhazian).

Language situation and writing

Functions primarily as an oral means of communication. Georgian is used as the main literary and written language, which is spoken by the vast majority of speakers.

The first attempts to introduce writing were made in the 1860s (Cyrillic alphabet). The compiler of the first Mingrelian grammar was the Russian teacher Mikhail Zavadsky. Since the 1920s The Georgian alphabet (with several additional letters) began to be regularly used, and several newspapers were published (Kazaxiši Gazeti, Komuna, Samargaloš Čai, Narazeniš Čai, Samargaloš Tutuni). All this was stopped in 1938.

Since then, writing has been used in private correspondence. Only in the 1990s. Several books appeared in Mingrelian (mainly dictionaries and poetry collections). But in Georgia, Mingrelian continues to be considered a dialect of Georgian (and Mingrelians as part of the Georgians) and the development of writing in it is not encouraged.

In Abkhazia, the newspaper “Gal” (“გალი”) is currently published in the Abkhaz, Russian and Mingrelian languages.

History of the language

As a result of centuries-old influence from the Georgian language, the structural changes caused by it affect all levels of the linguistic structure. In phonetics, this is strengthening the position of the phoneme Q; in morphology - the appearance of a number of allomorphs of affixal morphemes (for example, e- for the passive); in syntax - the development of a complex sentence; in vocabulary - a significant increase in the vocabulary.

Grammatical characteristics

There are 9 cases (in Georgian - 7). The syntax has stronger signs of the nominative system compared to Georgian.

Phonetics and phonology

The phonemic inventory is characterized by a comparative richness of consonantism with moderate development of vocalism. There are a total of 28 consonant phonemes with 5 vowels. There are no true long vowels or true diphthongs.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Glottal
Explosive	p b p'	t d t’			k g k’	(q')	ʔ
Africates		ʦ dz ʦ’	ʧ ʤ ʧ’
Spirants	v	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		(h)
Nasals	m	n
Smooth		r l		j

In cells with three consonants, they are arranged in the following order: voiceless/voiced/abruptive.

Literature

Beridze Sh. Megrelian (Iversian) language. Introduction and materials. Tbilisi, 1920 (in Georgian).
Gudava T. E. (comp.) Georgian folk literature. Mingrelian texts. Poetry. Tbilisi, 1975 (in Georgian).
Zhgenti S. M. Phonetics of the Chan-Mingrelian language. Tbilisi, 1953 (in Georgian).
Kipshidze I. Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary. // Materials on Japhetic linguistics. VII. St. Petersburg, 1914.
Klimov G. A. Megrelian language // Languages of the world: Caucasian languages. M., 2001.
Khubua M. Megrelian texts. Tbilisi, 1937 (in Georgian).
Tsagareli A. Mingrelian sketches. Vol. I. Mingrelian texts with translations and explanations. Vol. P. Experience in phonetics of the Mingrelian language. St. Petersburg, 1880.
Chikobava A. S. Grammatical analysis of the Chan (Laz) dialect with texts. Tbilisi, 1936 (in Georgian).
Chikobava A. S. Chan-Mingrelian-Georgian comparative dictionary. Tbilisi, 1938 (in Georgian).
Kluge Th. Beiträge zur Mingrelischen Grrmmatik. Memnon (Zeitschrift für die Kunst- und Kultur-geschichte des Alten Orients). T. VII, H. 1-2. 1913.
Laurence Broers (2004), Containing the Nation, Building the State - Coping with Nationalism, Minorities, and Conflict in Post-Soviet Georgia.

Mingrelian, Iversian language, unwritten language of the Kartvelian group of languages (see Kartvelian languages). It is represented in the west of the Georgian SSR by two close dialects: Zugdidi-Samurzakan and Senaki. Mingrelian-Abkhazian bilingualism is widespread in the Abkhaz ASSR.

In M. I. 5 vowels - A, e, i, O, and (in the Zugdidi-Samurzakan dialect - l, r, m, n And w. Assimilation of vowels and dissimilation of consonants is widespread. In morphology - relatively high degree synthesis. Paradigms of inflection are unified. The nominal basis (except for the outcome) is stable; ablaut alternations are not uncommon in the verb: dirak Megrelian language dirik Megrelian language dirk - “to bend.” Nine cases: nominative, ergative, dative, transformative, genitive, instrumental, initial, directive, predicative.

In addition to the categories common to Kartvelian languages, the verb expresses with prefixes the categories of authenticity, reciprocity, and potentiality. There are fifteen modal-temporal forms. Ergative sentence construction is not very common. A special feature of the vocabulary is a multitude of sound-symbolic and onomatopoeic words, often forming correlative series. Along with the abundance of Georgianisms, there are Turkish, Abkhazian and other borrowings. Verbal word formation is very developed.

Lit.: Kipshidze I., Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary, St. Petersburg, 1914; Khubua M., Megrelian texts, Tb., 1937; Kiziria A.I., Zan language, in the book: Languages of the Peoples of the USSR, vol. 4, M., 1967; Kluge Th., Beiträge zur mingrelischen Grammatik, B., 1916.

G. A. Klimov.

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Megrelian language is divided into 2 dialects: Senaki and Samurzakan-Zugdidi. The Senaki (Odisha, eastern) dialect is widespread in the east of Megrelia (northern basin of the Rioni River) with a center in Senaki; Zugdidi-Samurzakan (western) - in the west of Megrelia (with a center in Zugdidi) and in the Gali region of Abkhazia (historical Samurzakan). It includes the Dzhvar dialect in the north of Megrelia, along the Inguri River. The differences between dialects are mainly phonetic and lexical; there is no clear boundary between them.
Phonology. In Mingrelian vocalism, there is a dialectal alternation of i/ə and u/ə, as well as an abundance of assimilation processes. In consonantism, metathesis in consonant complexes, the growth of n and r, and strong palatalization of l are common. The distribution of vowels and consonants in the text is more even than in the Georgian language.
Morphology. In the Mingrelian paradigm of declension of names, there are 9 cases, 3 of which are based on the genitive. The two cases of the subject -i and -k are peculiar, not determined by the transitivity/intransitivity of the predicate verb. The egalitarian degree of the adjective is specific. The verb contains about 90 preverbs of locative semantics, an attestative prefix, and a prefix of the category of reciprocity.
IN syntax Both composing and subordinating sentences are common. The predominance of signs of the nominative system is clear.
IN word formation There are both derivational affixes and compositional models. There is a large share of sound-symbolic lexemes. Borrowings are mainly from the Georgian language.
As literary language Mingrelians, as a rule, use Georgian. Attempts to introduce Cyrillic writing for Mingrelians were undertaken in the 1860s. The compiler of the first Mingrelian grammar was the Russian teacher Mikhail Zavadsky.
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In the 1990s. book publishing in Mingrelian resumed (mainly dictionaries and poetry collections). Nowadays in Abkhazia the newspaper “Gal” (გალი) is published in Abkhazian, Russian and Mingrelian languages.

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The meaning of Mingrelian language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Mingrelian language Iversian language

About the name

Range and numbers

Dialects

Language situation and writing

History of the language

Grammatical characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

Morphology

Notes

Literature

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the MEGRELian LANGUAGE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

About the name

Range and numbers

Dialects

Language situation and writing

History of the language

Grammatical characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

Links

Literature

"Mingrelian language" in books

1. Everyday language and the language of botanists

Chapter 5 “LANGUAGE FOR YOURSELF” and “LANGUAGE FOR OTHERS”

§ 5. The language of “talking” monkeys and human language

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Latin - the language of images and goals

Sanskrit is the language of the mind, the language of states

1. Direct language of transcendence (first language)

2. Language that is universalized in the message (second language)

2.4. Mikhail Andreevich Tulov (1814–1882). The mediation of thought by language and the influence of logical thinking on language. Language is an organ of human mental development

Megrelian ridge

Mingrelian language

XI. Language in the era of “Perestroika” “Perestroika” found the Soviet language in its entirety:

Military canon: language and reality, the language of reality

Chapter Thirteen Standard Language and Prime Language

6.2. Spoken sign language of the deaf as an example of a sign system replacing natural language

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