What Peter 1 forbade uneducated nobles to do. Online quiz “When young Russia matured with the genius of Peter. Test on the history of Russia in the 17th century

The period of Tsar Peter Alekseevich's reign was marked by global changes in the life of Russian society. It started in 1696 and ended around 1725.
Peter the Great wanted fundamental changes in Russia. By that time it was a backward country. Therefore, Peter’s reforms, which you can read briefly about in encyclopedias, and you can also learn a lot by looking on the Internet, were aimed at achieving progress.
Industry in Russia was not well developed. Meanwhile, the country waged a war with Sweden, with the goal of achieving access to Baltic Sea, so weapons were needed. Therefore, Peter's reforms were aimed at searching for minerals and building factories and factories to create weapons and necessary equipment from them. Manufactories were created, a new region of industrial establishments was founded - the Urals. People who were engaged in industry received benefits and privileges from the king.
At the same time, the owner of the enterprise, who managed it and helped carry out Peter’s reforms, really became rich. Ordinary workers often worked in difficult conditions and received meager wages.
However, industry under Peter the Great made a sharp leap in development. Russians have become much less dependent on foreign goods. And other countries began to receive iron, linen, and wheat from Russia.
Peter the Great constantly participated in wars and was a supporter of military exercises. During his reign, the main task of the Russians was to conquer the passage to the Baltic Sea. The war with Sweden, which at that time was led by Charles the Twelfth, required the creation of a regular army.
And Peter created one. Peter's reforms briefly boil down to the transformation of peasants into soldiers who become defenders of the state. The army is led by foreigners. The new army receives new uniforms, and it gains victories. The Swedish king runs away. Peter's reforms briefly boil down to Peter the Great's attempt to change Russian society, make it European. The boyars are ordered to shave their beards, because Westerners go shaven. The chronology system is changing. New Year They begin to celebrate on January 1, and not on September 1, as before.
Boyars in the era of Peter begin to join European values. Peter obliges them to study literacy and opens schools. Begins publishing the newspaper Vedomosti. Many books are translated from foreign languages ​​into Russian. Arabic numerals are being introduced into everyday use. The alphabet is simplified, many Church Slavonic letters are abolished.
The Boyar Duma is abolished, and the Senate, the supreme body, becomes the head of the country. He makes decisions about governing the country. The way in which peasants are treated begins to change. Many of Peter's reforms briefly boil down to clearly dividing the people into classes. And before Peter there was a division of peasants into serfs and owners. At the same time, the slaves did not pay taxes.
The number of serfs under Peter only increased.

Under Peter, some restrictions on marriage were introduced, and they affected almost all classes. It was forbidden for illiterate nobles to marry, and military and civil officials could not marry without the consent of their superiors.

I don't want to study - I want to get married

On January 20, 1714, Peter issued a decree prohibiting male nobles from marrying without acquiring the basic knowledge necessary for service. By order of the emperor, young nobles were sent to study abroad at the expense of the state. In Russia, at that time, there was a catastrophic shortage of educated personnel - managers, military personnel, and government officials.

In 1722, Peter issued another decree that did not allow noble minors to marry before receiving an education and before receiving public service, and those who violated the decree were reported to the Senate. The document was directed against noble families who did not want to give their heirs to public service.

In the document, the emperor’s approach is justified by the fact that it is impossible to marry people who are unfit “for any science or service”; the heirs of such parents are unlikely to be useful to the state. The decree also prohibits the marriage of mentally ill and insane people. People who did not have the ability to perform administrative activities were excluded from public service and estate management.

Girls - later

We touched upon reforms of marriage and the military class. The Admiralty and Navy Regulations of 1722 prohibited midshipmen from marrying without a decree from their superiors. If the officer did get married, he was punished with 3 years of hard labor. There was also an age limit: the Admiralty College forbade marriage before the age of 25. Documents and birth certificates were also checked to avoid falsification.

The Emperor believed that a naval officer, for whose training large funds allocated by the state were spent, must first develop as a person, be good specialist and serve the Motherland as a military man in order to benefit the country. A military man should put marriage and personal interests in second place.

Also, military legislation under Peter reduced the responsibility of the father in the event of the conception of an illegitimate child. Peter's military regulations stated that an unmarried man must marry a pregnant or giving birth woman if he had previously promised her marriage. If not, then a service man could not be forced to marry. In this case, the “offender” paid a fine to the state.

Marry for love

Emperor Peter was an opponent of forced marriages, so he issued a decree on April 22, 1722, which ordered the Senate and Synod to prohibit the practice of arranged and forced marriages. First of all, this affected noble families, where parents and guardians of young people forced them to marry. This also affected the Russian peasantry; before this, landowners married their serfs, without any restrictions from the state.

This legislation was contested in the Senate and was not approved by the elite. Dissatisfaction was caused by the clause concerning dependent peasants. Peter the Great did not take into account the opinion of the senators and on January 5, 1724, signed a Decree that contained all the previously prepared points.

Naturally, in order to reform the rules of marriage, Peter needed to intervene in church affairs. Family law was entirely under the jurisdiction of the Church. The first transformation of the emperor was a change in the nature of the betrothal procedure. The Church turned this ritual into a mandatory ritual.

Before the reform, betrothal served as an indissoluble agreement between the families of the bride and groom. It was conducted by relatives or guardians, and very young children were often engaged. In 1702, Peter banned the payment of a penalty for a failed marriage; this deprived the betrothal of the property aspect and simplified life for young people.

The engagement period also changed - under Peter it could take place no earlier than 6 weeks before the wedding. Dissolution of the engagement was allowed if the bride and groom had not seen each other before, and when they met they did not like each other. Before the reform, substitutions at bride shows were common, that is, relatives replaced an ugly or sick girl with her beautiful maid or sister.

The age for marriage was prescribed in the decree on unified inheritance in 1722. It was forbidden to marry before the age of 20; girls could only get married after 17. The most important thing was the consent of the young people, as well as their parents or guardians, to marry.

A 1924 decree states that parents are prohibited from forcing their children into marriage under pain of “serious punishment.” Before the wedding of the newlyweds, relatives had to swear that they would not force their children to get married. If this prohibition was violated, then repentance followed.

On January 31, 1714, Peter I signed a decree prohibiting young noblemen from marrying without receiving the basics of mathematical literacy. Priests were forbidden to marry young people without the permission of the school teacher.

On the foundation of the school of mathematical and navigational sciences

January 1701

Great sovereign, king and Grand Duke, all Great and Little and White Russia, the autocrat... indicated with his personal command to the great sovereign... to be mathematical and navigational, that is, nautical and cunning sciences. To be a teacher of those sciences from the English land: mathematics - Andrei Danilov's son Farkhvarson, navigation - Stepan Gvyn, and the knight Gryz; and to teach those sciences to all in supplying management in the Armory to the boyar Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin and his comrades, and to select those sciences for teaching voluntarily, but others even more so under compulsion; and provide daily food for the needy for food, using arithmetic or geometry: if someone is found to be somewhat skilled, five altyns a day; and for others, a hryvnia or less, having examined each of the arts of learning; and for those sciences, to determine the yard in Kadashev workshop of the chamber, called the big linen, and about the cleaning of that yard, send your great sovereign decree to the workshop chamber of the bedchamber Gavrila Ivanovich Golovin, and, having taken that yard and having seen all the necessary needs in it, build from the income from Armory Chamber.

January 20, 1714 - to the Senate

Send several people from mathematical schools to all provinces to teach the children of the nobility, except those of the same palace, the clerk of numbers and geometry, and impose a fine such that they will involuntarily get married while they learn this. And for this purpose to the bishops about this, so that wedding memorials are not given without the permission of those to whom the schools are ordered.

February 28, 1714

The Great Sovereign indicated: in all provinces of the nobility and the clerk's rank, clerks' and clerks' children from 10 to 15 years old, and those of the same palace, teach numbers and some part of geometry and send for this teaching mathematics schools several students each to the province to the bishops and to noble monasteries, and in the bishop's houses and monasteries, give them schools, and during that teaching, give those teachers 3 altyns of food, 2 money per day, from the provincial income, which is according to the name . And. V. (king's title: His Imperial Majesty) the decree was set aside; and from those students they have nothing to gain; and how those disciples of theirs will learn that science completely: and at that time give them certified letters under their own hands, and at that time release from those disciples for that teaching they will receive a ruble per person; and without such certified letters, they should not be allowed to marry and should not be given crown memorials.

On the establishment of the Academy of Sciences. January 28, 1724

Two images of a building are usually used to describe the location of the arts and sciences: the first image is called the University; the second is the Academy or Society of Arts and Sciences.
§ 1. The university is a meeting learned people, which teach young people the high sciences, such as theology and jurisprudence (the rights of art), medicine and philosophy, that is, to what state they have now reached; The Academy is a collection of learned and skilled people who not only know these sciences in their own way in the degree in which they are found, but also strive to complete and multiply them through new inventories (editions), but have no concern for teaching others .

§ 14. The university has four faculties, namely: 1) theology, 2) law, 3) medicine and 4) philosophy. The Faculty of Theology is resigning here, and the care of this is entrusted only to the Synod.

(…)
§ 16. The mentioned and in some classes divided academicians will be required to have one hour of public lectures every day in their science, as in other Universities.
§ 17. If any academician wants to have private colleges for money, then he is allowed.
§ 18. And in order to benefit from these trainings, it requires suitable people who partly know humanities and have some minor arts of philosophy and mathematics. For this reason, it is very necessary that each academician be given one or two young students and provided with a satisfied salary, who study with all diligence and help the academicians; and the above-mentioned young people, under the direction of academicians, can learn the sciences without their own losses, and at the same time (if they behave well and show some samples of their art) they have the hope of succeeding and inheriting their teachers. And it is fitting that they should give thanks for such virtue; For this reason, they have those who begin to learn the first foundations of science, teach them, so that over time they too can use academic teaching, and in this way the intentions of the lower school can be fulfilled without great losses...

Network Quiz

« When Russia's young husband and genius Petra»

PART 1. O MIGHTY LORD OF FATE!!

1. Why did Peter I receive his education not in educational institution, and what about clerk Nikita Zotov?

B) It was not Peter who should subsequently rule the state.

2. What quality of Peter I as a ruler and a person often hindered him in important, state affairs?

A) Imbalance.

3. What event did Peter I call “the mother of the Poltava battle”?

D) Victory near the village of Lesnoy.

4. What did Peter I forbid uneducated nobles to do?

B) Get married.

5. What was the name of the first newspaper in Russia that began to be published under Peter I?

D) “Vedomosti...”.

6. Under Peter I, instead of orders,...

A) Collegiums.

7. How many crafts did Peter I own?

8. What exotic animals did Peter I successfully field near Pskov against the Swedish cavalry?

B) Camels.

9.What did the selected units of the Russian army begin to be called under Peter I?

D) Guard.

10. For what purpose was it erected under Peter I? short time(only 4 months) Peter and Paul Fortress?

A) Protect the territories conquered from the Swedes.

11. Which craft did Peter I fail to master?

C) The craft of weaving bast shoes.

12. Why did Peter I, when visiting his cook, always pay him a chervonets for lunch?

C) Helped his cook to live prosperously.

13. What struck Peter I when visiting Holland, and when he returned to Russia, he established the “Garden Office”?

B) The abundance of flowers in the palace gardens and parks.

14. With what order did the reforms of the young monarch begin?

A) Nobles should shave their beards.

15. In 1722, Peter I issued a decree on systematic...

D) Observing the weather.

PART 2. CLOSEST FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES

1) A merry fellow and a reveler in peaceful life, a dashing grunt and a brave man in war, he became Peter’s closest ally, despite the significant difference in age. His rise happened quickly and unexpectedly for everyone. For only 9 years he was next to Peter, the young monarch trusted him, listened to his advice...

FRANZ LEFORT

2) They say that he herded pigs in his infancy. This is before meeting Peter. But the meeting with the young king changed him. Always collected, free in his manners, gifted with high intelligence, prudence and liveliness. He spoke several foreign languages: English, German, Spanish, French, Polish, Lithuanian. The king's personal confidant. He was considered the second person of the state.

YAGUZHINSKY PAVEL IVANOVICH

3) Pie merchant, taken into the service of Lefort. Smart, cunning, helpful. After the death of his master, he becomes Peter's orderly. And this is where all his talents manifest themselves: he managed to win the favor and love of the young king, and became his friend. He had an excellent memory and great energy, knew how to keep secrets, could soften the monarch’s temper. He achieved a high rise in his career. He had many titles, the first word in the title being first...

MENSHIKOV ALEXANDER DANILOVITCH

4) Finished Kyiv Academy, studied again and again... He always supported Peter, glorifying the monarch. He created the book “The History of Emperor Peter the Great.” He created a school for orphans, where he taught them, in addition to mathematics and reading, handicrafts, music, and drawing. He was a member of the Synod and was a brilliant speaker and publicist.

FEOFAN PROKOPOVYCH

5) An associate of Peter, had a reputation as an incorruptible person, and was engaged in political investigation. He commanded funny regiments, always suspected someone of unseemly behavior, and was cruel. However, he was faithful to Peter like no one else and supported him in everything. Peter himself respected him for his courage and loyalty.

ROMODANOVSKY FEDOR YURIEVICH

PART 3. ORTHODOXY, AUTOCRACY, NATIONALITY

1. SCEPTER – N A RYSHKINA

2. WAND – GUNS N

3. POWER – ALEX E Y

4. BARMS – “COPPER V” WITH ADNIK"

5. ...ANECDO T OV – TRON

BARMS – WITH

POWER – E

ROD – N

SCEPTER – A

TRON - T

KEYWORD: SENATE.