Physiological effects of alcohols on the human body presentation. Lesson topic: "Chemical properties of alcohols. Physiological effect of alcohols on the human body." Oxidation of ethyl alcohol

Completed by chemistry teacher MAOU Borovsk secondary school No. 1 Krugliakova O.V.

Slide 2

Slide 3

toxic effects of ethanol on the human body Purpose: To identify the causes of the toxicity of ethyl alcohol. Objectives: Consider the mechanism of action of alcohol on cells, organs and systems of the body. Predict the consequences of the toxic effects of ethanol.

Slide 4

Slide 5

Biological membrane lipids proteins

Slide 6

Effect of ethanol on protein molecules

Identify the cause of impaired cell membrane permeability. Identify the effects of alcohol on enzyme molecules found in the cell. Explain why alcohol has disinfectant properties (causes the death of bacterial cells). Identify the cause of destruction of red blood cells by alcohol molecules and the consequences of this process.

Slide 7

Slide 8

Conclusion: proteins are destroyed, the cell dies. And we must also remember that proteins do not have the ability to reproduce themselves.

Slide 9

Brain heart liver stomach small intestine large intestine The path of alcohol in the body

Slide 10

Oxidation of ethyl alcohol

C2H5OH (O) CH3-C=O H (O) CH3-C=O OH CO2 + H2O Ethyl alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Intermediate decomposition products Final decomposition products

Slide 11

Brain heart liver stomach small intestine large intestine The path of alcohol in the body

Slide 12

You have probably heard the expression more than once: “let’s have a drink and warm ourselves up.” It is believed in everyday life that alcohol is a good way to warm the body. It’s not for nothing that alcohol is often called “strong drinks.” Or another popular belief among people: alcohol excites, invigorates, improves mood, well-being, makes conversation more lively and interesting, which is important for a group of young people. It is not without reason that alcohol is taken “against fatigue”, when feeling unwell, and at almost all celebrations. WHY DO PEOPLE DRINK?

Slide 13

Alcoholism is not a habit, but a disease. The habit is controlled by the mind, and you can get rid of it. Alcohol addiction is more difficult to overcome due to the poisoning of the body. About 10 percent of people who drink alcohol become alcoholics. Alcoholism is a disease characterized by mental and physical changes in the body. Alcoholism develops according to the following pattern: Initial phase: intoxication with loss of memory, “eclipse.” A person constantly thinks about alcohol, it seems to him that he has not drunk enough, he drinks for future use, and he develops a greed for alcohol. However, he retains the consciousness of his guilt and avoids talking about his craving for alcohol. Critical phase: loss of control over himself after the first sip of alcohol. The desire to find an excuse for his drinking, resistance to all attempts to prevent his desire to drink. A person develops arrogance and aggressiveness. He blames others for his troubles. He begins to go on a drinking binge, and random drinking buddies become his friends. He is forced to leave his permanent job, loses interest in everything that has nothing to do with alcohol. Chronic phase: daily hangover, personality disintegration, clouded memory, confusion of thought. A person drinks alcohol substitutes, technical liquids, and cologne. He develops groundless fears, delirium tremens, and other alcoholic psychoses. One of the characteristic complications during binge drinking is delirium tremens. Delirium tremens is the most common alcoholic psychosis. It usually occurs in a state of hangover, when the drunkard develops unaccountable fear, insomnia, trembling hands, nightmares (chases, attacks, etc.), auditory and visual deceptions in the form of noises, bells, and the movement of shadows. Symptoms of delirium tremens are especially pronounced at night. The patient begins to have vivid experiences of a frightening nature. He sees insects crawling around, rats, monsters, bandits attacking him, feels pain from bites, blows, hears threats. He reacts violently to his hallucinations: he defends himself or runs to escape persecution. During the day, the hallucinations subside somewhat, although the patient remains agitated. ALCOHOLISM IS NOT A HABIT, BUT A DISEASE

Slide 14

Blood. Alcohol inhibits the production of platelets, as well as white and red blood cells. Result: anemia, infections, bleeding. Brain. Alcohol slows down blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, leading to constant oxygen starvation of its cells, resulting in weakening of memory and slow mental degradation. Early sclerotic changes develop in the vessels, and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage increases. Alcohol destroys the connections between the nerve cells of the brain, developing in them the need for alcohol and alcohol dependence. Destruction of brain cells and degeneration of the nervous system sometimes lead to pneumonia, heart and kidney failure, or organic psychosis. Delirium tremens is a condition accompanied by extreme agitation, mental insanity, restlessness, fever, trembling, fast and irregular pulse and hallucinations, which often occurs when drinking large quantities of alcohol after several days of abstinence. Heart. Alcohol abuse causes increased blood cholesterol levels, persistent hypertension and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiovascular failure puts the patient on the brink of the grave. Alcoholic myopathy: muscle degeneration resulting from alcoholism. The reasons for this are lack of use of muscles, poor diet and alcohol damage to the nervous system. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy affects the heart muscle. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Slide 15

Intestines. The constant effect of alcohol on the wall of the small intestine leads to a change in the structure of cells, and they lose the ability to fully absorb nutrients and mineral components, which ends in the depletion of the alcoholic’s body. Diseases associated with poor nutrition and vitamin deficiency, such as scurvy, pellagra and beriberi, caused by neglecting food for the sake of drinking. Liver. Considering that 95% of all alcohol entering the body is neutralized in the liver, it is clear that this organ suffers the most from alcohol: an inflammatory process occurs (hepatitis), and then scarring (cirrhosis). The liver ceases to perform its function of disinfecting toxic metabolic products, producing blood proteins and other important functions, which leads to the inevitable death of the patient. Cirrhosis is an insidious disease: it slowly creeps up on a person, and then strikes, and immediately leads to death. Ten percent of chronic alcoholics have cirrhosis of the liver, and 75% of people with cirrhosis are or have been alcoholics. Until cirrhosis develops sufficiently, there are almost no symptoms, then the alcoholic begins to complain of a general deterioration in health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and digestive problems. The cause of the disease is the toxic effects of alcohol. Healthy liver Liver affected by cirrhosis

Slide 16

In women, unlike men, under the influence of alcohol, personality changes occur faster and mental deviations occur. Women who drink more often end their lives in the psychoneurological department. First of all, the central nervous system reacts in women, the liver suffers (hepatitis occurs), and alcoholic cardiosclerosis develops. Alcohol has a detrimental effect on the fetus of a pregnant woman, especially in the first three months, when all the organs are developing. Obstetricians have the term “fetal alcohol syndrome.” And it’s not worth talking about nursing mothers. Previously, there was an opinion that alcohol increases the amount of milk, but they forgot about its effect on the infant. The baby is behind in height and weight, and becomes irritable. And later these children also become alcoholics. Mentally retarded child Child with cerebral hernia OFFENDERS OF ALCOHOLICS FEATURES OF FEMALE ALCOHOLISM

Slide 17

Sometimes teenagers evaluate their first acquaintance with alcohol as a “new lifestyle”, hence the “cultivation” of a state of intoxication. The initial resistance of adolescents to the effects of alcohol is low (50-100 ml of vodka), and the younger the age at which the first intoxication occurred, the less it is. With regular alcohol consumption (up to 2-3 times a month), a teenager’s resistance to the effects of alcohol begins to increase. This is perceived in the company of peers as a sign of special “strength and strength” that distinguishes the leader. The lifestyle adopted in an “alcoholic” company is mistakenly perceived as natural and normal. Drinking alcohol before dancing, on weekends, when meeting with friends, etc. is considered the norm of behavior. The circle of active social life is limited to the problems and interests of the “alcohol” company, in which you can sometimes meet people who have previously been convicted and are registered with the juvenile affairs inspectorate. A new member of such a micro-collective is almost doomed to undergo a “mandatory program”, which begins with hooliganism while intoxicated, and often ends with a serious offense. Drinking alcohol becomes a pathologically necessary attribute of pastime, the range of reasons and motives for drunkenness expands: “I drink to improve my mood” in order to “have fun”, “have a nice drink”, etc. Drinking alcohol becomes almost the main meaning of life. A stereotype of behavior develops when all life’s problems are solved and generated by drinking alcohol. They drink in order to “switch off”, “forget troubles”, etc. ADOLESCENT ALCOHOLISM

Slide 18

Excessive alcohol consumption causes social discontent, hangovers and decreased performance in the short term; in the long term, it causes irreversible liver damage, memory loss and deterioration of mental functioning, insomnia, slowed reflexes with a corresponding increase in the risk of accidents, and deterioration of sanity and emotional control. Although alcohol tolerance is higher in men than in women, male alcoholics are at greater risk of liver damage. Development of many forms of cancer and immune system disorders. EXIT

View all slides

TOPICS FOR VIEWING: 1. ABOUT SUBSTANCES WITH HYDROXYL GROUP. ABOUT SUBSTANCES WITH HYDROXYL GROUP. 2. HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF ETHYL ALCOHOL.HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 4. METHODS FOR PRODUCING ETHYL ALCOHOL. METHODS FOR PRODUCING ETHYL ALCOHOL. 5. APPLICATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL.USE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 6. WITHOUT GUILT GUILTY (CONFESSION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL).WITHOUT GUILT GUILTY (CONFESSION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL). 7. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALCOHOL.MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALCOHOL. 8. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.

The most famous organic compounds with the hydroxyl group - OH - are alcohols. ALCOHOL ALCOHOL (FROM ARABIC alkohol – THIN POWDER) or “WATER OF LIFE” “WATER OF LIFE” (aqua vitae) – THE STRONGEST MEDICINE This is what ethyl alcohol was called in the Middle Ages. Later, the name alcohol was assigned to the entire class of alcohols. ETHANOL ETHANEDIOL PROPANETHRIOL -1,2,3

THE HISTORY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IS LOST IN THE DEPTH OF CENTURIES. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages no less than 8000 years BC - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to produce alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes.

The famous traveler N.N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th and 7th centuries and called it “al cogol,” which means “intoxicating.” The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Rages in 860. In Western Europe, for the first time in Western Europe, “the miraculous elixir that makes the old man young, the tired man cheerful, the tired man cheerful, the yearning man cheerful,” the yearning man cheerful,” was received by an Italian monk, the alchemist Valentius. alchemist Valentius.

MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURNS IN LOW LIGHT" title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUTE IN WATER, GASOLINE, ASH IS HIGHLY HYGROSCOPIC => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE THIS ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IS EASILY FLAMMABLE AND BURNS WITH A LOW LIGHT" class="link_thumb"> 7 !} COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURNING WITH A DIM FLAME MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE THIS ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE AND BURNS IN LOW LIGHT "> MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE THIS ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE WITH A LOW-LUMINOUS FLAME"> MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFIED ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFIED, IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE, AND BURN WITH A LOW-LIGHT FLAME " title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUTE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS EASILY CALLED RECTIFICATE FLAMES, BURNING IN LOW LIGHT"> title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURNING IN LOW LIGHT"> !}

ETHYL ALCOHOL CAN BE PRODUCED BY VARIOUS WAYS. 1. FERMENTATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS CONTAINING SUGAR SUBSTANCES. CONTAINING SUGAR SUBSTANCES. GRAPES, FRUIT, BERRIES, CEREALS, POTATOES, BEET CEREALS, POTATOES, BEET ALCOHOL OBTAINED IN THIS METHOD IS CALLED FOOD ALCOHOL OR WINE ALCOHOL. contain glucose

2. HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE CONTAINED IN WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTION WASTE. CELLULOSE GLUCOSE ALCOHOL This alcohol is called hydrolytic. THE METHOD IS VERY PROFITABLE! FROM 1t of WOOD YOU CAN GET 200 L OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. THIS CAN SAVE 1.5 tons of POTATOES OR 0.7 tons of GRAIN.

THE NEED FOR ALCOHOL IS NOT AMONG THE NATURAL LIFE NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS (THE NEED FOR OXYGEN OR FOOD). ALCOHOL BY ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE A DRIVING POWER FOR HUMAN BEINGS. ALCOHOL BY ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE A DRIVING POWER FOR HUMAN BEINGS. THE NEED APPEARS BECAUSE THE SOCIETY PRODUCES THIS PRODUCT. THE SOCIETY “REPRODUCES” THE CUSTOMS, FORMS, HABITS AND PREJUDICES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONSUMPTION

THE REASONS FOR YOUR FIRST INTRODUCTION TO ALCOHOL ARE DIVERSE. THEIR CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES DEPENDING ON AGE ARE TRACKED. UP TO 11 YEARS OLD UNDER 11 YEARS OLD, THE FIRST ACQUISITION WITH ALCOHOL HAPPENS EITHER BY ACCIDENT, OR IT IS GIVEN “FOR APPETITE”, “TREATED” WITH WINE, OR THE CHILD HIMSELF TRYS ALCOHOL OUT OF CURIOSITY. AT AN OLDER AGE, THE MOTIVES BECOME: “HOLIDAY”, “FAMILY CELEBRATION”, “GUESTS”, ETC. OVER THE YEARS, REGIONS APPEAR: “IT WAS INCONVENIENT TO STAY AWAY FROM THE GUYS”, “FRIENDS PERSUADED”, “FOR COMPANY”, “FOR COURAGE”, TO GET RID OF BOREDOM”, “RELIEF OF TENSION”, “AFFIRMATION IN A GROUP OF COMrades” ETC.

A SMALL CHILD CAN DIE FROM VODKA AN ADULT – AFTER A SINGLE USE OF 1-1.5 L ALCOHOL IS A DEADLY ENEMY OF THE WASHING GENERATION. ANY TOXIC FACTOR HAS A MOST INFLUENCE ON ORGANS AND SYSTEMS THAT ARE IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT.

MILD DEGREE OF SIMPLE INJUNCTION – EUPHORIC SIMPLE INJUNCTION – EUPHORIC (EXCITATION, GOOD MOOD, VIRGINITY, FEELING OF WELL-BEING). REAL REALITY, RELATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE ARE INADQUARELY VALUED. EXPERIENCES ARE IGNORED, ANXIETY, FEAR, EXCITATION ARE SUPPRESSED. Elevated mood and motor disinhibition are observed. THE COORDINATION OF MOVEMENTS AND ACCURACY OF ACTIONS OCCURS, AND THE PACE OF THINKING ACCELERATES. A PERSON TALKS A LOT, OVERESTIMATES HIS CAPABILITIES, BECOMES BRAGGY, AND COMMITS RUNNING ACTIONS.

EUPHORIA IS REPLACED BY ANCIENTITY, AGGRESSIVENESS, TEARNESS, THE FEELING OF SYMPATHY TURNS INTO ANTIPATHY. SECOND DEGREE OF INCORRECTION – DEGREE OF OPPRESSION OF BRAIN PARTS. (GENERAL lethargy, REDUCED PACE OF THINKING, GAIT DISORDERS, LOSS OF CONTROL OVER YOUR BEHAVIOR). THIRD DEGREE – THE HARDEST. (MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA, TEMPERATURE DECREASES, REFLEX REACTIONS DECREASE). THE SKIN BECOMES PAL AND COLD, SEIZURES, INVOLUTIONARY DISCHARGE OF URINE AND FECES. Seizures, involuntary passage of urine and feces. DEATH CAN COMES FROM PARALYSIS OF NERVE CENTERS.

CAUSE OF ALCOHOLISM (DISEASE) – DRUNKENNESS, PROBUSINESS, IMORAL, ANTI-SOCIAL LIFE. DRINKING IS A SITUATIONAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, WHICH IS DETERMINED BY EXTERNAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM, YOU NEED TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

ALCOHOL FROM THE STOMACH ENTERS THE BLOOD 2 MINUTES AFTER CONSUMPTION. FIRST, THE CELLS OF THE LARGER HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SUFFER: THE CONDITIONED REFLEX ACTIVITY WORSES THE CONDITIONED REFLEX ACTIVITY OF HUMAN ACTIVITY IS SLOWED DOWN THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX ACTIVITIES IS SLOWED DOWN THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX ACTIVITIES MOVEMENTS OF MOVEMENTS THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROCESSES CHANGES THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION EXCITATION AND INHIBITION

IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE ORGANISM: UNCONSTIBLE CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF ALCOHOL TOLERANCE DEGRADATION OF PERSONALITY ALCOHOLISM IS NOT A HABIT, BUT A DISEASE. ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL IS MORE DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME DUE TO POISONING OF THE BODY (10% OF PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALCOHOL BECOME ALCOHOLICS).

THE CHEMICAL IS SUBJECT TO TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE BODY: ITS TOXICITY IS REDUCED; METABOLITES ARE RELEASED. IN THE STOMACH, A SMALL PART OF IT IS ABSORBED BY THE MUCOUS MASTER, AND THE REST IS QUICKLY DILUTED BY THE GASTRIC JUICE. IN THE SMALL INTESTINE, ALCOHOL IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD IN AN UNCHANGED FORM, FURTHER WITH THE BLOOD IT PASSES TO ALL ORGANS AND TISSUE (ALCOHOL DOES NOT AFFECT ONLY BONES AND ADITY TISSUE, THEY HAVE A LOW WATER CONTENT). THEY HAVE LOW WATER CONTENT).

ALCOHOL CIRCULATES WITH THE BLOOD AROUND THE BODY, SLOWLY DISSOLVED IN THE LIVER, PART OF THE METABOLITES IS REMOVED THROUGH THE KIDNEYS AND LUNGS, A SMALL PART THROUGH THE SKIN WITH SWEAT. ALCOHOL DAMAGES THE STRUCTURE OF LIVER CELLS, LEADING TO DEBIRTH OF ITS TISSUE. WITH SYSTEMATICAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES, FATTY CHANGES IN THE LIVER CELLS LEAD TO THE DEADNESS OF THE LIVER TISSUE - LIVER CIRRHOSIS DEVELOPES. DAMAGE TO LIVER CELLS LEADS TO DISRUPTIONS IN PROTEIN AND CARBON METABOLISM, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMINS AND ENZYMES.

IN 1 HOUR, ON AVERAGE, 0.1 g OF ALCOHOL IS DESTROYED PER 1 kg OF PERSON’S WEIGHT. ACETALDEHYDE IS THE MAIN PRODUCT OF ETHANOL DECOMPOSITION. THIS SUBSTANCE IS A TOXIC COMPOUND (REACTS WITH MANY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES). FURTHER DECOMPOSITION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ACETIC ACID (FURTHER DESTROYED IN ALL CELLS OF THE BODY, FORMING WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE). ALL ALCOHOL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE TOXIC!

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION THERE ARE: SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED => THROMBOSIS OR STROKE => THROMBOSIS OR STROKE VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM SCLEROSIS (ELASTIC TISSUE OF THEIR WALLS IS REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) (ELASTIC TISSUE OF THEIR WALLS IS REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) MANY SOS THE VESSELS DILAD MANY VESSELS DILATED (IN ALCOHOL ABUSES THE FACE IS OFTEN RED AND SOMETIMES BLUE – DUE TO PERSISTENT DILARATION OF THE VEINS OF THE NOSE AND CHEEKS) THROMBOSIS AND "> THROMBOSIS OR STROKE => THROMBOSIS OR STROKE VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM (ELASTIC TISSUE OF THEIR WALLS IS REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) (ELASTIC TISSUE OF THEIR WALLS IS REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) MANY VESSELS DILATED MANY VESSELS DILATED (IN ALCOHOL ABUSES, THE FACE IS OFTEN RED, AND SOMETIMES BLUE, DUE TO PERSISTENT RAS ELONGATION OF VEINS OF THE NOSE AND CHEEKS)"> THROMBOSIS AND" title=" UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION THERE ARE: SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED THROMBOSIS And"> title="UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION THERE ARE: SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES INCREASED THROMBOSIS And"> !}

LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL RESULTS IN DETERMINATION OF THE HEART MUSCLE DUE TO METABOLISM DISORDERS. MUSCLE FIBERS ARE PARTIALLY REPLACED BY ADITY AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE REDUCED CONTRACTABILITY OF THE HEART PALABILITY, SHORTHENE, WEAKNESS CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLISM SO GREAT THAT THEY CAN BE A CAUSE OF DEATH.

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main part A) Historical data on alcohol B) Structure of alcohols C) Physical properties D) Chemical properties E) Preparation of alcohols E) Use of alcohols G) The effect of alcohol on the human body H) Signs of alcohol poisoning and first aid I ) Wise sayings 3. Conclusion 4. References

CHEMISTRY is a science that studies the transformations of substances, accompanied by changes in their composition and structure. Chemical processes have been used by humanity since the dawn of its cultural life. In the 3rd-4th centuries. Alchemy arose, the task of which was to transform base metals into noble ones. Since the Renaissance, chemical research has increasingly been used for practical purposes. In modern chemistry, its individual areas—inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and polymer chemistry—have become largely independent sciences. Monohydric alcohols are studied in the “Organic Chemistry” section. Ethyl alcohol is also a monohydric alcohol. According to official statistics, in Russia today there are about 2.4 thousand alcoholics, and for every 100 thousand population there are 1,600 alcoholics. But this is only according to statistics, and it does not take into account everything, only every tenth case. This means that for every 100 thousand people there are about 1,617 thousand alcohol-dependent people, which is comparable to the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. But there are worse numbers: in 2006, there were officially about 60 thousand child alcoholics in Russia, although law enforcement agencies put the figure at 75 thousand, and doctors put it at 100. This topic interested me, and I decided to study it in more detail.

... In 1220 BC, the Chinese Emperor Wu Weng issued an edict according to which all persons captured during a drinking party were subject to the death penalty. ... In ancient Sparta, according to the order of the authorities, one of the elected officials was supposed to get drunk and wander around the streets of the city as an object lesson for young citizens. ...In ancient India, abstinence from alcohol was considered mandatory for all classes. People found drunk were given molten silver, lead or copper to drink. ... Charlemagne dealt with drunkards in the following way: for the first time they were punished indoors, then publicly. If these measures did not help, the drunkards were executed. ...In England at the beginning of the last century, sailors caught drunk were dressed in dirty clothes, had the inscription “drunkard” hung around their necks and forced to do the most menial jobs. ...A hundred years ago in Russia, in the Samara province, there was an ancient custom: not to bury a person who died from drunkenness. These were thrown into the river or buried in the forest. According to legend, burying an alcoholic according to Christian customs could cause crop failure or drought. ... In 1220 BC, the Chinese Emperor Wu Weng issued an edict according to which all persons captured during a drinking party were subject to the death penalty. ... In ancient Sparta, according to the order of the authorities, one of the elected officials was supposed to get drunk and wander around the streets of the city as an object lesson for young citizens. ...In ancient India, abstinence from alcohol was considered mandatory for all classes. People found drunk were given molten silver, lead or copper to drink. ... Charlemagne dealt with drunkards in the following way: for the first time they were punished indoors, then publicly. If these measures did not help, the drunkards were executed. ...In England at the beginning of the last century, sailors caught drunk were dressed in dirty clothes, had the inscription “drunkard” hung around their necks and forced to do the most menial jobs. ...A hundred years ago in Russia, in the Samara province, there was an ancient custom: not to bury a person who died from drunkenness. These were thrown into the river or buried in the forest. According to legend, burying an alcoholic according to Christian customs could cause crop failure or drought.

Source materials Alcoholic beverages Before distillation After distillation 1. Products containing sugar GrapesWineCognac FruitsFruit wine__ CurrantsCurrant wine__Cane sugar molasses___Rum, arrack Cherries____Cherry vodka PlumsBlue plum wine (China) Slivovitz (plum vodka) Juniper berries____Juniper new vodka Waste when receiving wine and fruit processing ______ Vinogradova vodka (from marc) 2 Products containing starch. BarleyBeerWhisky, vodka WheatBeer, kvassBread vodka Rye kvassBread vodka, whiskey Potato_____Potato vodka. Maize_____Whiskey riceSake (rice vodka) Arrack Millet Buza________ Alcoholic drinks.

Ethyl alcohol is a central nervous system depressant with a weak narcotic effect. There are three degrees of alcohol intoxication. Mild intoxication. May occur after drinking grams of pure alcohol (pure ethanol). It is characterized by moderate arousal, a feeling of warmth, and deterioration in the quality of work (physical and mental). Moderate intoxication. Occurs after taking 1 g of pure alcohol. It is characterized by a pronounced and prolonged stage of excitation; crimes, injuries, and accidents are frequent. Excitement gives way to depression (lethargy, drowsiness), sobering up is accompanied by general malaise, nausea, and headache. Severe intoxication. Occurs when drinking pure alcohol. Typical symptoms: short-term (30-60 min.) violent excitement, passing into deep sleep. Sobering up after 6-8 hours is usually accompanied by significant discomfort. Lethal dose. For adults 4-8 g per kg of body weight, for children - 3 g per 1 kg. However, susceptibility to alcohol depends on individual characteristics, nutritional conditions, alcohol intake, etc. Alcoholism. A disease caused by systematic alcohol consumption and characterized by a constant need and drug dependence on it. Ethyl alcohol is a central nervous system depressant with a weak narcotic effect. There are three degrees of alcohol intoxication. Mild intoxication. May occur after drinking grams of pure alcohol (pure ethanol). It is characterized by moderate arousal, a feeling of warmth, and deterioration in the quality of work (physical and mental). Moderate intoxication. Occurs after taking 1 g of pure alcohol. It is characterized by a pronounced and prolonged stage of excitation; crimes, injuries, and accidents are frequent. Excitement gives way to depression (lethargy, drowsiness), sobering up is accompanied by general malaise, nausea, and headache. Severe intoxication. Occurs when drinking pure alcohol. Typical symptoms: short-term (30-60 min.) violent excitement, passing into deep sleep. Sobering up after 6-8 hours is usually accompanied by significant discomfort. Lethal dose. For adults 4-8 g per kg of body weight, for children - 3 g per 1 kg. However, susceptibility to alcohol depends on individual characteristics, nutritional conditions, alcohol intake, etc. Alcoholism. A disease caused by systematic alcohol consumption and characterized by a constant need and drug dependence on it.

Ethanol. Ethyl alcohol is a narcotic substance and has a depressant effect on the human central nervous system. With alcohol abuse, chronic gastritis, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty degeneration of the heart and liver develop, intelligence and memory suffer, and mental illness develops (psychosis, delirium tremens). To treat alcoholism, the development of negative conditioned reflexes is used, for example, an emetic - apomorphine. The mechanism of action of another drug, teturam, is based on the fact that under its influence the process of ethanol oxidation at the stage of acetaldehyde formation is delayed. The accumulation of the latter in the body causes unpleasant sensations (nausea, vomiting, headache, feeling of fear). The patient must understand that even small doses of ethanol in the blood can lead to death due to the action of teturam.

As a result of constant alcohol consumption, reduced NAD accumulates in the liver, as a result of which 5-oxytryptamine (serotonin) is metabolized to reduced rather than oxidative reactions, that is, its metabolism is disrupted. Signs, social and biological consequences of alcoholism and systematic alcohol consumption, which lead to chronic gastritis; liver cirrhosis (replacement of functional elements with fat) with a malignant course; vascular diseases, such as hypertension; impaired absorption of vitamins, which leads to premature appearance of wrinkles, loss of skin elasticity and its sallow appearance, hair and teeth loss; alcoholic polyneuritis; alcoholic psychoses; personality degradation are well and thoroughly described in numerous literature.

In case of severe alcohol intoxication, it is necessary to rinse the stomach, give tea, milk, 5-10 tablets of activated carbon, pre-crushed. Lay on your side in bed. Do not place: Face down on a pillow (risk of suffocation); On the back (May choke on vomit or suffocate from the protrusion of the tongue, which closes the throat); On a hard surface (the floor, a very hard sofa - it can crush the muscles of the limbs with its weight, which leads to the cessation of kidney function). In case of severe alcohol intoxication, it is necessary to rinse the stomach, give tea, milk, 5-10 tablets of activated carbon, pre-crushed. Lay on your side in bed. Do not place: Face down on a pillow (risk of suffocation); On the back (May choke on vomit or suffocate from the protrusion of the tongue, which closes the throat); On a hard surface (the floor, a very hard sofa - it can crush the muscles of the limbs with its weight, which leads to the cessation of kidney function).

A wise man will not get drunk, A wise man will never drink to the dregs, A man who knows his worth will not sell himself for a jug of wine. A river begins with a stream, drunkenness with a glass. If you drink wine without measure every day, You can lose your appearance forever. When sober, you are saddened. I'm very intoxicated, I'm completely losing my mind The consequence of drinking is a headache The intoxication of a young man turns into a fool Let the mind be stronger than wine Drunkenness is the gateway to any misfortunes, be careful not to enter into them Wine destroys the bonds of friendship, disrupts conversation, alienates loved ones If a drunkard valued life , then I would drink wine not to friends, but to enemies. The reflection of the sun in a cup of wine is deceptive. Be careful that it doesn't burn you. Wine reveals the secrets of the drinker

All alcohols are strong poisons, often fatal to humans. Ethanol is a poisonous, narcotic substance! The human body is defenseless to ethanol. Blood is an aqueous solution, and alcohol is highly soluble in water, which means there are no obstacles to its movement throughout the body. Alcohol is highly soluble in fat, so it is especially concentrated in the fat-like tissue of the brain and liver. There is a widespread misconception that small doses of alcohol are harmless. However, its systematic, regular use leads to the body’s addiction, alcohol dependence, the need for ever larger doses to produce the usual effect, state, and a decrease in concentration, memory, and performance. Thus, with regular use of even small doses, the risk of serious drug dependence on alcohol is so great that the likelihood of developing alcoholism increases sharply. Remember this. Do not delude yourself about your willpower and your capabilities, do not tempt fate. All alcohols are strong poisons, often fatal to humans. Ethanol is a poisonous, narcotic substance! The human body is defenseless to ethanol. Blood is an aqueous solution, and alcohol is highly soluble in water, which means there are no obstacles to its movement throughout the body. Alcohol is highly soluble in fat, so it is especially concentrated in the fat-like tissue of the brain and liver. There is a widespread misconception that small doses of alcohol are harmless. However, its systematic, regular use leads to the body’s addiction, alcohol dependence, the need for ever larger doses to produce the usual effect, state, and a decrease in concentration, memory, and performance. Thus, with regular use of even small doses, the risk of serious drug dependence on alcohol is so great that the likelihood of developing alcoholism increases sharply. Remember this. Do not delude yourself about your willpower and your capabilities, do not tempt fate.

Sections: Chemistry

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. Introduce students to the chemical properties of ethanol as a typical representative of alkanols
2. Focus students' attention on the physiological effects of alcohols
3. Develop the ability to work in pairs and individually
4. Maintain cognitive interest in the subject
5. Promote a healthy lifestyle

Didactic tasks:

Students should know:

1. Definitions of the following concepts: a) dehydration reaction, b) ether.
2. Chemical properties of saturated monohydric alcohols.
3. Physiological effect of alcohols on the human body.

Students should be able to:

1. Draw up reaction equations with their participation.
2. Practically carry out a qualitative reaction involving ethanol.

Equipment:

• on the teacher's desk- alcohol lamp, tripod, test tubes, porcelain cups, tongs.
• reagents: ethanol, butanol, sodium, a mixture of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid, copper wire, potassium permanganate solution.
• on the students' desk- ethanol, chicken egg solution, water, two test tubes, alcohol lamp, copper wire.

Class. What organic substance are we talking about if, when burning 1.2 g of it, 1.344 liters of carbon monoxide (IV) and 1.44 g of water are released? Its vapor density for hydrogen is 30. Compose and name the isomers of this substance (check the problem at the board).

New material.

Frontal conversation (definitions - saturated monohydric alcohols, functional group, hydrogen bond, general formula of alcohols).

Chemical properties.

1. R. Combustion.

D! Burning alcohol lamp

C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 -> 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O + Q

2. R. substitution

a) with sodium (ethanol and butanol)

b) with hydrogen halides

C 2 H 5 OH + HBr -> C 2 H 5 Br + H 2 O

3. R. dehydration

a) C 2 H 5 OH -> C 2 H 4 + H 2 O

D! A student is called to the board to demonstrate his experience. Proves the presence of ethylene in the reaction products.

4. Qualitative reaction to alcohols.

Laboratory experience.

Pour 2-3 ml of ethanol into a test tube. Take a copper wire, heat it on the flame of an alcohol lamp and place it in a test tube with alcohol. What are you observing? Write down the reaction equation:

C 2 H 5 OH + CuO>Cu + CH 3 SON (ethanal) + H 2 O

Physiological effect on the human body.

Burning the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, it enters the gastrointestinal tract. Quickly and completely absorbed in the stomach. Easily overcomes biological membranes, since the molecules are small in size, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and are highly soluble in fats. Scientists have found that alcohol disrupts the functions of cells, leading to their death. When drinking 100 g of beer, about 3000 brain cells die, 100 g of vodka - 7500. The contact of red blood cells with alcohol molecules leads to the coagulation of blood cells.

Chemical experiment "The influence of ethanol on protein molecules."

Purpose of the experiment- find out the effect of ethanol on protein molecules.

Equipment and reagents- chicken protein solution in 2 test tubes, water, ethanol.

Instructional card.

A chicken egg white solution was given in test tubes. Pour 1-2 ml of water into the first test tube, and the same amount of ethanol into the second. Note the changes in both test tubes. Find an explanation for the changes taking place (p. 208).

What human systems and organs are affected by ethanol? (p. 121.)

(the children, using a vivid visual image, presented the biochemical processes of protein denaturation in the body under the influence of ethanol; they realized that when even small doses of alcohol enter the body, every cell, every organ comes into contact with its molecules, experiencing its toxic effect)

D/z §25 before application, z.7, p.122 (Tsvetkov’s textbook).

In Ancient Rus' they drank very little.

Only on selected holidays were they brewed mead, mash or beer

Vintage mug

Villages or hamlets had their own drinking house or tavern, where beer, mash, honey, and kvass were served.

Russian brewery

Kvasir in a medieval engraving

This is a very pressing problem these days.

drinking alcohol

The harm of alcohol is obvious

A alcoholic oh products I , which is produced by non-state enterprises, contains a large amount of toxic substances

Experiments on plants, beetles, birds, and animals have shown that alcohol is harmful to living organisms

Alcohol weakens the growth of plant seeds and kills their viability

Alcohol has four main effects in the body:

- provides the body with energy;

- slows down the work of the central nervous system, reduces its effectiveness;

-stimulates urine production (as a result, cells are dehydrated);

-damages the liver

Influence alcohol per body or “individual dose” are closely related to its concentration in the blood

Consequences of alcoholism: brain damage, esophageal bleeding from varices, functional renal failure, anemia, bleeding disorder

V. Belinsky . All people drink and eat, but only savages drink and glutton

A. Chekhov . Vodka is white, but it turns your nose red and tarnishes your reputation.

L. Tolstoy. Drunkenness drowns out the voice of conscience. This is the main reason for people's self-intoxication. Alcohol preserves the soul and mind of a drunkard just as it preserves anatomical preparations

Theodosius Pechersky . A person possessed by a demon suffers involuntarily and may be rewarded with eternal life, but a drunk person suffers of his own free will and is handed over to eternal torment.

K. Ushinsky . Drunk on a bright street, dark

I. Efimov . There are no strong wines, there are weak heads

N. Semashko . We can say that as much as the husbands drank vodka, their wives and children shed so many tears