State exam in biology. Specificity of the manifestation of a gene in a trait Which genes exhibit their action
Questions inside the paragraph: What methods of biological research underlie the study of living systems?
The scientific method is a set of actions designed to help achieve a desired result.
Methods used in biology:
A. Empirical - observation and experiment.
b. Theoretical – analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling, mathematical processing.
Page 110. Questions and tasks after §
1. Why in some cases does not one of the allelic genes manifest its effect in the phenotype?
Allelic genes are genes located in homologous loci of chromosomes. Why don’t any of them show their effects in the phenotype? the rule of allelic exclusion applies here - some allelic genes on the chromosome are active, but some are “turned off”, and nothing can be done with them - mutation. for example education salivary glands. if the allelic genes for this trait do not appear, the person will be born without them - although he will not live long.
2. Explain why Mendel is considered the founder of genetics.
Mendel began experiments on the inheritance of traits in a new way. He took into account the mistakes of his predecessors and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to concentrate on a specific trait, and not on the plant as a whole. Secondly, he successfully chose the object of study - peas, a self-pollinating plant that has a set of well-expressed alternative traits and produces numerous offspring. Thirdly, Mendel carried out strict records of the descendants obtained as a result of a certain type of crossing, which allowed him to identify the purity with which carriers of mutually exclusive (alternative) characteristics appeared. Based on all this, he developed a hybridological analysis, that is, the nature of inheritance of traits based on a crossing system.
3. What new approaches did Mendel use in his experiments on plant hybrids?
Focusing on specific plant characteristics (shape, fruit color, stem type, leaf size, etc.)
A good object of study is the pea (self-pollinating, convenient flower for artificial pollination, large chromosomes)
Statistical analysis of offspring (detailed calculation of the number of offspring with the trait in question)
AA – dominant yellow homozygote
aa – recessive green homozygote
Answer: in this crossing, a type of complete dominance of characters was revealed, Mendel’s First Law - uniformity of all F1 hybrids.
If the dominant trait (gene) does not completely suppress the recessive trait, and both alleles exert their effect. Such intermediate dominance of a trait occurs in nature more often than complete dominance; this explains the diversity of traits on Earth.
P – parents ♂ - male, ♀ - female
G – gametes (sex cells, circled to indicate a cell)
F1 – first generation of hybrids (descendants)
AA – dominant red homozygous snapdragon
aa – recessive white homozygous snapdragon
Answer: in this crossing, a type of incomplete dominance of traits appeared, but Mendel’s First Law - the uniformity of all F1 hybrids - was fully manifested, only the color of the hybrids is not red, but pink, due to the incomplete suppression of the recessive white trait by red.
BIOLOGY EXAM
Work structure.
Three hours (180 minutes) are given to complete the examination work in biology. The work consists of 3 parts, including 55 tasks.
Part 1 includes 42 tasks (A1 - A42). Each task has 4 answers, one of which is correct.
Part 2 contains 8 tasks (B1 - B8): 4 - with a choice of three correct answers out of six, 2 - for correspondence, 2 - for the sequence of biological processes, phenomena, objects.
Part 3 contains 5 free-response tasks (C1 - C5). When completing tasks C1 - SZ, you must give an answer of one or two sentences, and tasks C4, C5 - a full, detailed answer. Answers to tasks C1 - C5 must be written down on a special form for recording answers in free form.
Read each task carefully and the suggested answer options, if any. Answer only after you understand the question and have analyzed all the answer options.
Complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. If any task causes you difficulty, skip it and try to complete those for which you are confident in the answers. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
One or more points are given for completing tasks of varying complexity. The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as much as possible more tasks and dial greatest number points.
PS: You can break the Internet connection after this page has fully loaded and resume it when you are ready to transfer your result to the server for processing.
Your Name: Your Class: Your E-mail:
When completing the tasks in this part, for each task, choose the answer that. in your opinion is correct.
° cytology
Answer: ° genetics
° selection
° taxonomy
° Plant cells differ from animal cells in the presence of chloroplasts
Answer: ° A cell is a unit of structure, life activity and development of organisms.
° Prokaryotic cells do not have a formed nucleus.
° Viruses do not have a cellular structure.
° Golgi complex
Answer: ° plasma membrane
° endoplasmic reticulum
° microtubules of the cytoplasm
° monosaccharides
Answer: ° polysaccharides
° Nucleic acids
A5. What ensures the exact sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule during its biosynthesis?
° matrix nature of reactions in the cell
° high speed chemical reactions in a cage
Answer: ° the oxidative nature of reactions in the cell
° restore the nature of reactions in the cell
° connective and epithelial tissues, male and female reproductive tissues
Answer: ° sexual and somatic
° muscle and nerve tissue
° sexual male and female
° polio
Answer: ° flu
A8. Identify the organism in which, in the process of ontogenesis,
does cell differentiation occur?
° common amoeba
Answer: ° ciliate slipper
° multicellular algae
° freshwater hydra
° allelic
° dominant
Answer: ° recessive
° linked
A10. When crossing dominant and recessive individuals, the first hybrid generation is uniform. What explains this?
° all individuals have the same genotype
Answer: ° all individuals have the same phenotype
° all individuals resemble one of the parents
° all individuals live in the same conditions
A11. What are the features of modification variability?
° manifests itself individually in each individual, as it changes
° is adaptive in nature, the genotype is not
changes
Answer: ° has no adaptive nature, caused by a change in genotype
° obeys the laws of heredity, the genotype does not
changes
A12. What methods did breeders use to develop the black-and-white cattle breed?
° mutagenesis
° polyploidy
Answer: ° hybridization and selection
° heterosis and artificial insemination
° formation of food connections between them
Answer: ° their participation in the cycle of substances
° their cohabitation in the ecosystem
° their classification, grouping
° legume seeds contain a lot of protein.
Answer: ° the field is cleared of weeds.
° the soil is enriched with nitrogen salts.
° the soil becomes looser.
° nightshades
° legumes
Answer: ° cruciferous
° ranunculaceae
° endocrine system
° circulatory system
Answer: ° digestive system
° musculoskeletal system
° have a developed cerebral cortex, constant temperature
bodies, feed their young with milk
° have a streamlined body shape, feed young
Answer: milk
° move with the help of the caudal fin and front
limbs turned into flippers
° breed in water, give birth to large young
° undigested food is removed through them.
Answer: ° liquid metabolic products are removed through them.
° digestive enzymes are formed in them.
° they regulate the content of hormones in the blood.
° they are part of enzymes
° they are part of hormones
Answer: ° they contain energy-rich bonds
° they are the guardians hereditary information
Answer: ° b ° g
° you can get infected with childhood ostriches
° you can become infected with echinococcus
Answer: ° you can become infected with liver fluke
° Finns of bovine tapeworm can enter the body
° colony
Answer: ° flock
° population
A23. What is the role hereditary variability in evolution?
° In increasing the viability of the population
° In increasing the genetic diversity of individuals in the population and increasing the efficiency of selection
Answer: ° In reducing the genetic diversity of individuals in a population and
increasing selection efficiency
° In increasing the heterogeneity of individuals in the population and reducing
selection efficiency
° preservation of old species
° maintaining reaction norms
° emergence of new species
° elimination of individuals with new mutations
° about their relationship, descent from a common ancestor
° about their development along the path of idioadaptation
Answer: ° about the possibility of modern apes turning into humans
° about the possibility of the emergence of speech in apes
A26. Action anthropogenic factor is not of a regular nature, therefore, in individuals of the population
° adaptations are formed for it
Answer: ° adaptations to it cannot be formed
° mutations beneficial to the individual occur
° modifications beneficial to the individual arise
Answer: ° ecological pyramid
° population fluctuations
° process of self-regulation
° root pressure
° photosynthesis
Answer: ° self-regulation
° cycle of substances
° living organisms
Answer: ° chemical processes
° physical processes
° mechanical phenomena
° reduction in the thickness of the ozone layer
° reduction of nitrogen content in the atmosphere
Answer: ° increase in the content of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere
° increase in content carbon dioxide and smoke
atmosphere
° glucose
Answer: ° mRNA
° energy-rich ATP molecules
Answer: ° enzymes to speed up reactions
° oxygen for cleavage reactions
° inorganic salts and acids
° consist of two polynucleotide chains
Answer: ° have a spiral shape
° these are biopolymers consisting of monomers-nucleotides
° fertilization
° blastula
Answer: ° gastrula
° organogenesis
Answer: ° AA x AA
° they are low in nutrients.
Answer: ° they grow very slowly and are tasteless.
° they accumulate many harmful, toxic substances.
° they accumulate a lot of nitrates.
° in the process of photosynthesis they form organic substances from
inorganic.
Answer: ° do not need water during fertilization
° belong to higher spore plants
° have roots and well-developed conducting tissues
° nutrients
° enzymes
Answer: ° hormones
° antibodies
° enzymes are produced
Answer: ° blood coagulates, a blood clot forms
° antibodies are formed
° the constancy of the internal environment is disrupted
° autonomic nervous system
° cerebellum
Answer: ° spinal cord
° medulla oblongata
° preservation of old species
Answer: ° preservation of the reaction norm
° emergence of new species
° preservation of individuals with unchanged characteristics
° it does not include big variety species
Answer: ° it is characterized by a wide variety of species
° it has long power chains
° the number is not large number the species in it are high
When completing the tasks in this part, write down in ascending order, without punctuation and separated by a space, the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer.
IN 1. What features of the circulatory and respiratory organs are characteristic of amphibians?
H) one circle of blood circulation
4) two circles of blood circulation
AT 2. The activity of which organs is regulated by vegetative nervous system person?
H) organs of the digestive canal
4) facial muscles
5) kidneys and bladder
6) diaphragm and intercostal muscles
AT 3. What functions does the nucleus perform in a cell?
5) in it, organic substances are oxidized to inorganic ones
6) participates in the formation of chromatids
AT 4. What changes in plants during the process of evolution did not contribute to the general rise in their organization?
When completing tasks B5 - B6, establish a correspondence between objects or processes and a description of their properties and characteristics.
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the individual functions of neurons and the types of neurons that perform these functions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS TYPES OF NEURONS
carried out in the brain
1) transmission of nerve impulses from A) sensitive
one neuron to another
transmit nerve impulses from
2) sense organs and internal B) intercalary
organs to the brain
transmit nerve impulses
transmit nerve impulses from B) motor
4) internal organs to the brain
5) transmit nerve impulses to
AT 6. Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF ORGANOIDS
ORGANOIDS
bubbles at the ends
2) consists of a system of connected
tubules between each other
4) participates in the formation of lysosomes B) Golgi complex
5) participates in education
cell membrane
6) carries out transport
organic matter to different
cell parts
When completing tasks B7 - B8, determine the sequence of biological processes and phenomena.
AT 7. Set in what order sound vibrations must be transmitted to the receptors of the hearing organ.
A) outer ear
B) membrane of the oval window
B) auditory ossicles
D) eardrum
D) fluid in the cochlea
E) auditory receptors
AT 8. Set the sequence of steps energy metabolism.
A) splitting of biopolymers into monomers
B) the entry of organic substances into the cell
B) oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
D) breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
D) synthesis of two ATP molecules
E) synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
For tasks C1 - C2, give a short answer of one or two sentences, and for tasks C3, C4, C5 - a full, detailed answer.
C1. What is the purpose of whitewashing the trunks and large branches of fruit trees?
C2. What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
C3. What characteristics are characteristic of the plant kingdom?
C4. Why achievements molecular biology were of great importance for the development of genetic engineering?
C5. Why is the resistance of insect pests to pesticides increasing?
Option 1
Instructions for the student
The examination paper in biology consists of 57 tasks, which are divided into two parts. Part 1 contains 30 simple multiple-choice tasks (A1 - AZ0). Part 2 consists of 27 more complex tasks of three types: 20 tasks - with a choice of answers (AZ1 - A50), 5 tasks (C1 - C5) - with a short answer (of 1-2 words or sentences) and two tasks (C6 - C7 ) with a detailed answer. Answers to tasks C1 - C7 must be written down on a special form for recording answers in free form.
Three hours (180 minutes) are allotted to complete the work. We recommend completing the tasks in the order in which they are given. If any task is difficult for you, skip it and try to complete those in which you are confident. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
We wish you success!
© 2001 Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Copying, distribution and use without written permission from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
not allowed
This part consists of 30 simple tasks. For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. In the answer form, under the task number, place a cross (x) in the box whose number is equal to the number of the correct answer you chose.
A1. Determine which cell organelle is depicted
on the image.
1) cell center
2) Golgi complex
3) chloroplast
4) mitochondria
A2. Name the molecule that is part of the cell that is shown in
3) Amino acid
4) Fiber
AZ. The figure shows a ribosome, this is evidenced by the components included in it.
1) numerous cristae
2) gran systems
3) tanks and cavities
4) large and small particles
A4. 38 ATP molecules are synthesized in the cell during the process
1) oxidation of the glucose molecule
2) fermentation
3) photosynthesis
4) chemosynthesis
A5. Chromosome conjugation is the joining of two homologous chromosomes in the process
3) fertilization
4) pollination
A6. In agricultural practice, vegetative propagation of plants is often used to
1) get a high yield
2) increase their resistance to pests
3) increase their resistance to diseases
4) get mature plants faster
A7. Look at the picture and identify the dominant ones
characteristics of the color and shape of pea seeds based on the results of dihybrid crossing (in the figure, yellow seeds are light).
1) yellow and smooth 2) green and smooth 
3) yellow and wrinkled 4) green and wrinkled
1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) algae
4) protozoa
A9. The appearance of all offspring with the same phenotype and the same
genotype indicates the manifestation of the law
1) splitting
2) dominance
3) independent inheritance
4) linked inheritance
A10. Exposure to X-rays can cause
1) relative variability
2) combinative variability
3) gene mutations
4) adaptability to the environment
A11. What is the name given to a factor that deviates significantly from the optimal
for the type of quantity?
1) abiotic
2) biotic
3) anthropogenic
4) limiting
A12. What connections in the ecosystem were formed during the process of evolution in the functional groups of organisms shown in the figure?
1) genetic 
2) abiotic
3) food
4) anthropogenic
A13. The loss of energy in the food chain from plants to herbivorous animals, and from them to subsequent links is called
1) the rule of the ecological pyramid
2) the cycle of substances
3) fluctuations in population numbers
4) self-regulation of population numbers
A14. The wide variety of species of Galapagos finches is a result of
1) aromorphosis
2) degeneration
3) idioadaptations
4) biological regression
A15. Driving force evolution that increases the heterogeneity of individuals in a population is
1) mutational variability
2) modification variability
3) struggle for existence
4) artificial selection
A16. The difference between dicotyledons and monocotyledons is that they have
1) one cotyledon per seed, fibrous root system, leaves with parallel veins
2) two cotyledons in the seed, taproot system, reticulate venation of leaves
3) root, shoot, flower and fruit
4) panicle inflorescence, complex leaf structure
1) a root appeared
2) a flower has formed
3) seeds formed
4) fruits appeared
A18. The diversity of plant species on Earth and their adaptability to the environment
habitat - result
1) evolution of the plant world
2) changes in weather conditions
3) human activity
4) animal activity
A19. The signal for the onset of leaf fall in plants is
1) increase in environmental humidity
2) reducing the length of daylight hours
3) reducing environmental humidity
4) increase in ambient temperature
A20. What do the connections between life processes in the
plant organism?
1) about the cellular structure of a plant organism
2) about the connection of a plant with its environment
3) about the relationship of all plants
4) about the integrity of the plant organism
A21. Creating conditions unfavorable for the life of bacteria is the basis
1) making jam from berries and fruits
2) pickling cabbage
3) silo filling
4) making kefir and cheese
A22. The species diversity of plants in natural communities can be
1) growing grain crops
2) creating a collection of seeds
3) protection of plant habitats
4) feeding with fertilizers
A23. In reptiles, unlike amphibians, fertilization
1) internal, reproduction on land
2) internal, reproduction in water
3) external, reproduction on land
4) external, reproduction in water
A24. They have a two-chambered heart
1) skullless
2) cartilaginous and bony fish
3) amphibians
4) birds and mammals
1) complication of structure and life activity
2) simplification of the structure and functioning of l
3) complication of the structure, but simplification of life activities
4) simplification of the structure, but complication of life activity
2) reptiles and birds
4) birds and mammals
A27. Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord educated
1) the bodies of neurons and their short processes
2) long processes of neurons
3) sensitive neurons
4) motor neurons
A28. In what order are the components? reflex arc included in the implementation of the reflex?
1) executive organ, motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron, receptor
2) interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron, receptor, executive organ
3) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, executive organ
4) sensory neuron, interneuron, receptor, executive organ, motor neuron
A29. Excessive amounts of carbohydrates in the body leads to
1) poisoning of the body
2) turning them into bindings
3) their conversion into fats
4) splitting into simpler substances
A30. The CIIID virus can be detected in the body of infected people
1) in the brain
2) in the pulmonary vesicles
3) in the stomach and intestines
4) in blood cells
This part includes more difficult tasks three types: with a choice of the correct answer (A31 - A50), with a short answer (C1 - C5), with an extended answer (C6 - C7).
For tasks AZ1 - A50 there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. In the answer form, under the task number, place a cross (X) in the box whose number is equal to the number of the correct answer you chose.
A31. Amino acid oxidation and fatty acids in energy metabolism occurs in
1) mitochondria
2) chromosomes
3) chloroplasts
4) ribosomes
A32. Complete identity of the chemical composition of DNA in individuals of the same species
indicates that DNA molecules
1) are part of heterotrophic cells
2) have a spiral shape
3) consist of two interconnected circuits
4) are characterized by species specificity
A33. Cellular structure organisms of all kingdoms of living nature, the similarity of cell structure and their chemical composition serves as evidence
A34. The unit of reproduction of organisms is
2) cytoplasm
1) cells form organic substances from inorganic ones
2) solar energy is used to form organic substances
3) the energy released during the oxidation of inorganic substances is used for the formation of organic substances
4) the same metabolic products are formed
1) consumption of energy contained in ATP molecules
A37. In the process of mitosis, in contrast to meiosis,
1) female gametes
2) somatic cells
3) male gametes
A38. As a result of what process in cells the number of chromosomes is halved?
3) fertilization
4) ontogeny
A39. The daughter organism is most similar to the parent during reproduction
1) sexual
2) seed
3) asexual
4) with alternating generations
A40. Animal cells have a less stable shape than plant cells,
since they don't have
1) chloroplasts
2) vacuoles
3) cell wall
4) lysosomes
A41. The production of hybrid offspring in the first generation with the same phenotype and genotype, but different from the phenotype of the parental forms, indicates the manifestation of the law
1) splitting
2) incomplete dominance
3) independent inheritance
4) linked inheritance
1) incomplete dominance
2) complete dominance
H) independent inheritance
4) splitting of signs
A43. Differences in phenotype among individuals with the same genotype indicate
about the occurrence of variability in them
1) modification
2) mutational
3) combinative
4) correlative
A44. Reproduction of new individuals from one or more cells is engaged in
1) cell engineering
2) genetic engineering
3) microbiology
4) cytology
A45. Pine forest is considered a biogeocenosis because
1) there are related connections between the species living in it
2) there are no related relationships between the species living in it
3) it has a high number of species of animals, plants and microorganisms
4) everyone living in it long time species are related to each other and to
factors of inanimate nature, carry out the circulation of substances
A46. An ecosystem containing many related species and
there is a balanced circulation of substances, they believe
1) unstable
2) stable
3) young
4) dying
A47. Participates most actively in the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in the biosphere
1) oxygen
2) living matter
4) the warmth of the earth's interior
A48. Great importance in evolution, Charles Darwin emphasized the isolation of species,
thanks to which
1) competition between species is intensifying
2) competition between populations is intensifying
3) hereditary changes accumulate in them
4) the action is terminated natural selection
A49. Increase in the number of hooded crows in populated areas- example
1) aromorphosis
2) degeneration
3) biological regression
4) biological progress
A50. The interaction of social and biological factors determines
evolution
1) plants
2) animals
4 people
For tasks C1 - C5, you need to write down a short answer (of one or two words or sentences) on a special form for recording the answer in free form.
C1. In which metabolic reactions is water the starting material for the synthesis of carbohydrates?
C2. Why can't heterotrophic organisms create organic matter themselves?
C3. What are the harmful effects of drugs on human offspring?
C4. Why are there short food chains in the agroecosystem?
C5. Why is vegetative propagation used to preserve valuable heterozygous individuals?
For tasks C6 and C7, you must write down a detailed answer on a special form for recording the answer in free form.
C6. What is the basis for the statement that prokaryotes are the most ancient primitive organisms?
C7. What is the integrity of the genotype?
When completing the tasks in this part, indicate in the answer form the number that indicates the answer you have chosen by placing a sign< Х >in the corresponding cell of the form for each task (A1-A42)
A1. Which science uses the twin research method?
1) cytology
2) genetics
H) selection
4) taxonomy
A2. Specify the formulation of one of the provisions of the cell theory.
1) Plant cells differ from animal cells in the presence of chloroplasts.
2) The cell is a unit of structure, life activity and development of organisms.
3) Prokaryotic cells do not have a formed nucleus.
4) Viruses do not have a cellular structure.
A3. The organelle shown in the figure, which ensures the rapid movement of substances in the cell, is
1) Golgi complex 
2) plasma membrane
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) microtubules of the cytoplasm
A4. Which molecules contain phosphorus, which is necessary for all living organisms?
2) monosaccharides
3) polysaccharides
4) nucleic acids
A5. What ensures the exact sequence of amino acids?
in a protein molecule during its biosynthesis
1) matrix nature of reactions in the cell
2) high speed of chemical reactions in the cell
3) the oxidative nature of reactions in the cell
4) the reductive nature of reactions in the cell
A6. Which human cells differ most significantly in the number of chromosomes?
1) connective and epithelial tissues
2) sexual male and female
3) sexual and somatic
4) muscle and nervous tissue
A7. What virus disrupts the human immune system?
1) polymyelitis
A8. Identify the organism in which cell differentiation occurs during ontogenesis?
1) common amoeba
2) ciliate slipper
3) multicellular algae
4) freshwater hydra
A9. What genes show their effect in the first hybrid generation?
1) allelic
2) dominant
3) recessive
4) linked
A10. When crossing dominant and recessive individuals, the first hybrid
generation is uniform. What explains this?
1) all individuals have the same genotype
2) all individuals have the same phenotype
3) all individuals are similar to one of the parents
4) all individuals live in the same conditions
A11. What are the features of modification variability?
1) manifests itself individually in each individual, as the genotype changes
2) is adaptive in nature, the genotype does not change
3) does not have an adaptive nature, caused by a change in the genotype
4) obeys the laws of heredity, the genotype does not change
A12. What methods did breeders use to develop the black and white cattle breed?
1) mutagenesis
2) polyploidy
3) hybridization and selection
4) heterosis and artificial insemination
A13. The similarity and relatedness of organisms, due to their common origin, underlies
1) the formation of food connections between them
2) their participation in the cycle of substances
3) their cohabitation in the ecosystem
4) their classification, grouping
A14. Why does planting corn after legumes, in which nodule bacteria develop on the roots, lead to increased yield?
1) legume seeds contain a lot of protein.
2) the field is cleared of weeds.
3) the soil is enriched with nitrogen salts.
4) the soil becomes looser.
A15. To which family do potatoes and tomatoes belong, which have a five-membered flower with an fused perianth and a fruit - a berry?
1) nightshades
2) legumes
3) cruciferous
4) ranunculaceae
A16. Which mammalian organ system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and frees them from waste products?
1) endocrine system
2) circulatory system
3) digestive system
4) musculoskeletal system
A17. Why are whales classified as mammals?
1) have a developed cerebral cortex, constant body temperature, feed their cubs with milk
2) have a streamlined body shape, feed their young with milk
3) move with the help of the caudal fin and forelimbs, which have turned into flippers
4) reproduce in water, give birth to large young
A18. Why is it important for a person to keep their kidneys healthy?
1) Undigested food is removed through them.
2) Through them, liquid metabolic products are removed.
3) Digestive enzymes are formed in them.
4) They regulate the content of hormones in the blood.
A19. Why should food contain vitamins?
1) they are part of enzymes
2) they are part of hormones
4) they are the keepers of hereditary information
A20. Respiratory center located in the part of the brain indicated in the figure by the letter
1)a 3)c 
2)b 4)d
A21. Why is it dangerous to pet stray dogs?
1) you can become infected with childhood acute infections
2) you can become infected with echinococcus
3) you can become infected with liver fluke
4) bovine tapeworms can enter the body
A22. What is the structural unit of a species?
2) colony
4) population
A22. What is the role of hereditary variability in evolution?
1) In increasing the viability of the population
2) In increasing the genetic diversity of individuals in the population and increasing the efficiency of selection
3) In reducing the genetic diversity of a particular population and increasing the efficiency of selection
4) In increasing the heterogeneity of individuals in the population and reducing the efficiency of selection
A24. What are the consequences of driving selection?
1) preservation of old species
2) maintaining reaction norms
H) the emergence of new species
4) elimination of individuals with new mutations
A25. What does the similarity between humans and modern apes indicate?
1) about their relationship, descent from a common ancestor
2) about their development along the path of idioadaptation
3) about the possibility of the transformation of modern apes into humans
4) about the possibility of the emergence of speech in apes
A26. The effect of the anthropogenic factor is not of a natural nature, therefore, in individuals of the population
1) adaptations to it are formed
2) adaptations to it cannot be formed
3) beneficial mutations for the individual arise
4) modifications useful for the individual arise
A27. What pattern does the picture show?
1) food chain 
2) ecological pyramid
3) fluctuations in population numbers
4) the process of self-regulation
A28. What process allows plants to repeatedly use the same chemical elements absorbed from the soil?
1) root pressure
2) photosynthesis
3) self-regulation
4) cycle of substances
A29. In the transformation of the biosphere main role play
1) living organisms
2) chemical processes
3) physical processes
4) mechanical phenomena
A30. What is the cause of global changes in the biosphere - the emergence of the greenhouse effect?
1) reducing the thickness of the ozone layer
2) reduction of nitrogen content in the atmosphere
3) increase in the content of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere
4) increase in carbon dioxide content and atmospheric smoke
A31. Mitochondria, unlike chloroplasts, do not synthesize molecules.
2) glucose
A32. Energy exchange cannot occur without plastic, since plastic exchange supplies energy
1) energy-rich ATP molecules
2) enzymes to speed up reactions
3) oxygen for splitting reactions
4) inorganic salts and acids
A33. What are the similarities between DNA and RNA molecules?
1) consist of two polynucleotide chains
2) have a spiral shape
3) these are biopolymers consisting of monomers-nucleotides
A34. At what stage embryonic development does the volume of a multicellular embryo exceed the volume of a zygote?
1) fertilization
2) blastulas
3) gastrula
4) organogenesis
A35. When crossing tomatoes with red and yellow fruits, offspring were obtained in which half the fruits were red and half were yellow. What are the genotypes of the parents?
A36. Why are mushrooms collected near a highway dangerous to eat?
1) They are low in nutrients.
2) They grow very slowly and are tasteless.
3) They accumulate many harmful, toxic substances.
4) They accumulate a lot of nitrates.
A37. How do ferns become more complex than mosses?
1) During the process of photosynthesis, organic substances are formed from inorganic ones.
2) They do not need water during fertilization.
3) They belong to higher spore plants.
4) They have roots and well-developed conducting tissues.
A38. Breastfeeding protects infants from infectious diseases, since mother's milk contains
1) nutrients
2) enzymes
3) hormones
4) antibodies
A39. What happens in the human body after a protective vaccination?
1) enzymes are produced
2) blood coagulates, a blood clot forms
3) antibodies are formed
4) the constancy of the internal environment is disrupted
A40. A person in a state of intoxication poorly coordinates his actions, as his activity is impaired
1) autonomic nervous system
2) cerebellum
3) spinal cord
4) medulla oblongata
A41. What are the consequences of stabilizing selection?
1) preservation of old species
2) maintaining the reaction norm
3) the emergence of new species
4) preservation of individuals with unchanged characteristics
A42. Why is the agroecosystem not characterized by a balanced cycle of substances?
1) it includes a small variety of species
2) it is characterized by a wide variety of species
3) it has long power chains
4) the abundance of a small number of species in it is high
When completing tasks B1 - B4, in the answer form, write down the numbers of the three elements related to the correct answer, starting from the first cell, without spaces or punctuation marks.
Q1 What features of the circulatory and respiratory organs are characteristic of amphibians?
1) three-chambered heart without a septum in the ventricle
2) three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle
3) one circle of blood circulation
4) two circles of blood circulation
5) at all stages of development they breathe using the lungs
6) at the stage of an adult animal they breathe using the lungs and skin
Q2 The activity of which organs is regulated by the human autonomic nervous system?
1) muscles of the upper and lower extremities
2) heart and blood vessels
3) organs of the digestive canal
4) facial muscles
5) kidneys and bladder
6) diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Q3 What functions does the nucleus perform in a cell?
1) ensures the flow of substances into the cell
2) serves as a localization site for carriers of hereditary information - chromosomes
3) with the help of intermediary molecules, participates in the synthesis of protein molecules
4) participates in the process of photosynthesis
5) in it organic substances are oxidized to inorganic ones b) participates in the formation of chromatids
Q4 What changes in plants during the process of evolution did not contribute to the general rise in their organization?
1) The appearance of roots in ancient ferns.
2) The appearance of chlorophyll in mosses.
3) The emergence of tissues in conifers.
5) The appearance of flowers and fruits in angiosperms.
6) The emergence of conductive tissues in flowering plants.
When completing tasks B5 - B6, establish a correspondence between objects or processes and a description of their properties and characteristics.
Q5 Establish a correspondence between the individual functions of neurons and the types of neurons that perform these functions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Enter the answer you received into the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form (without spaces or other symbols).
FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS TYPES OF NEURON0B
1) carry out transmission in the brain A) sensitive
nerve impulses from one neuron to
2) transmit nerve impulses from organs B) intercalary
senses and internal organs to the brain
3) transmit nerve impulses to muscles B) motor
4) transmit nerve impulses from internal
organs to the brain
5) transmit nerve impulses to the glands
Q6 Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Enter the answer you received into the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form (without spaces or other symbols).
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF ORGANOIDS
ORGANOIDS
1) consists of a group of cavities with A) endoplasmic reticulum
bubbles at the ends
2) consists of a system of associated B) Golgi complex
tubules between each other
3) participates in protein biosynthesis
4) participates in the formation of lysosomes
5) participates in the formation of cellular
shell
6) carries out transport
organic substances to different parts of the cell
When completing tasks B7 - B8, determine the sequence of biological processes and phenomena.
Q7 Establish the sequence in which sound vibrations should be transmitted to the receptors of the hearing organ.
A) outer ear
B) membrane of the oval window
B) auditory ossicles
D) eardrum
D) fluid in the cochlea
E) auditory receptors
Write down the letters of the selected answers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form (without spaces or other symbols).
To answer the tasks in this part (C1 - C5), use a special form. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), then for tasks C1 - C2 give a short answer of one or two sentences, and for tasks C3, C4, C5 - a full, detailed answer.
C1 What is the purpose of whitewashing the trunks and large branches of fruit trees?
C2 What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
C3 What features are characteristic of the plant kingdom?
C4 Why were the achievements of molecular biology of great importance for the development of genetic engineering?
C5 Why does the resistance of insect pests to pesticides increase?
Single State exam in BIOLOGY
Option 2
Instructions for the student
Before starting work, read these instructions carefully. It will help you organize your time correctly and complete your work successfully.
The examination paper in biology consists of 57 tasks, which are divided into two parts. Part 1 contains 30 simple multiple-choice tasks (A1 - A30). Part 2 consists of 27 more complex tasks of three types: 20 tasks - with a choice of answers (A31 - A50), 5 tasks (C1 - C5) - with a short answer (of 1-2 words or sentences) and two tasks (C6 - C7 ) with a detailed answer. Answers to tasks C1 - C7 must be written down on a special form for recording answers in free form.
For each task A1 - A50 there are 4 answer options, of which one is correct. In the answer form, under the task number, place a cross (X) in the box whose number is equal to the number of the answer you chose.
Carefully read each task and the suggested answer options, if any. Answer only after you understand the question and have considered all possible answers.
3 hours (180 minutes) are allotted to complete the work. We recommend completing the tasks in the order in which they are given. If any task causes you difficulty. skip it and try to do the ones you are confident in. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
Check that you have completed all the fields on the “answer form” that you should have completed BEFORE starting the work.
Get to work
We wish you success!
A4. At which stage of energy metabolism are two ATP molecules synthesized?
1) glycolysis
2) preparatory stage
3) oxygen stage
4) the entry of substances into the cell
A5. Chromosome conjugation is characteristic of the process
1) fertilization
2) prophase of the second meiotic division
4) prophase of the first meiotic division
A6. In agricultural practice, the vegetative method of plant propagation is often used to
1) to achieve the greatest similarity of the offspring with the parent organism
2) achieve the greatest difference between the offspring and the original forms
3) increase plant resistance to pests
4) increase plant resistance to diseases
A7. Examine the picture and determine, based on the results of dihybrid crossing, the recessive traits in pea seeds (yellow seeds are light in the picture).
1) yellow and smooth 
2) green and smooth
3) yellow and wrinkled
4) green and wrinkled
A8. Creatures that are characterized by a non-cellular structure, and their vital activity is manifested only in the cells of other organisms, belong to the group
1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) algae
4) protozoa
1) general degeneration
2) aromorphosis
3) speciation
4) biological regression
A15. An evolutionary factor contributing to the accumulation of various mutations in a population is
1) intraspecific struggle
2) interspecific struggle
3) geographic isolation
4) limiting factor
A16. The main characteristics by which angiosperms are grouped into families are their structure
1) flower and fruit
2) root system
3) leaves and their venation
4) seed and stem
A17. An important step in the evolution of plants is the appearance of the seed, since, unlike a spore, it is
1) one cell covered with a membrane
2) vegetative bud
3) multicellular rudiment of a new plant
4) germ cell
A18. Coniferous plants are used as an adaptation to reduce water evaporation
1) the lifespan of needles is several years
2) keeping the leaves-needles green in most conifers all year round
3) limited number of stomata and dense skin of needles
4) rapid movement of water through the vessels of conductive tissue
A19. Flooding of wheat fields with melt water in early spring sometimes leads to the death of seedlings, since this disrupts the process
1) photosynthesis due to lack of oxygen
2) breathing due to lack of oxygen
3) absorption of water from the soil
4) water evaporation
A20. Plants that develop nodule bacteria on their roots belong to the family
1) Rosaceae
2) legumes
3) cabbage
4) lilies
A21. To preserve the diversity of mushrooms, when collecting them, the mycelium should not be damaged, as it
1) improves soil fertility
2) serves as a place for the formation of disputes
3) protects the soil from erosion by water
4) absorbs water and minerals from the soil
A22. Unfavorable conditions for the life of bacteria are created when
1) laying silo
2) preparing kefir
3) pickling cabbage
4) drying mushrooms
A23. A three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle was formed in the process of evolution in
1) amphibians
2) bony fish
3) reptiles
4) cartilaginous fish
A24. The skin plays the most significant role in breathing
1) aquatic reptiles
2) cartilaginous and bony fish
3) amphibians
4) mammals
A25. More complex brain structure and behavior are characteristic of
2) mammals
3) amphibians
4) reptiles
A26. Findings of fossil remains of Archeopteryx indicate a relationship
1) amphibians and reptiles
2) reptiles and birds
3) reptiles and mammals
4) birds and mammals
A27. A hormone that is involved in the regulation of blood sugar is produced in the gland
1) thyroid
2) dairy
3) pancreas
4) salivary
A28. Middle ear pressure
1) does not depend on atmospheric
2) exceeds atmospheric
3) corresponds to atmospheric
4) less atmospheric
A29. Nutrients in the stomach and intestines are digested under the influence of digestive juices contained in
1) hormones
2) enzymes
3) vitamins
4) antibodies
A30. One of the main ways of contracting AIDS is
1) communication with an AIDS patient
2) use of donor blood and sperm
3) visit to the clinic for examination by a general practitioner
4) using clothes worn by an AIDS patient
This part includes more complex tasks of three types: with choosing the correct answer (A31 - A50), with a short answer (C1 - C5), with an extended answer (C6 - C7).
For tasks A31 - A50 there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. In the answer form, under the task number, place a cross (X) in the box whose number is equal to the number of the correct answer you chose.
A31. The unit of development of organisms is
2) chloroplasts
3) mitochondria
A32. Lipids dissolve in ether, but do not dissolve in water, since
1) consist of monomers
2) hydrophobic
3) hydrophilic
4) are polymers
A33. The cellular structure of organisms of all kingdoms of living nature, the similarity of the structure of cells and their chemical composition serves as evidence
1) unity organic world
2) the unity of living and inanimate nature
3) evolution of the organic world
4) the origin of nuclear organisms from pre-nuclear
A34. Hydrogen bonds between the CO and NH groups in the protein molecule give it a spiral shape, characteristic of the structure
1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary
A35. The similarity between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis is that in both processes
1) solar energy is used to form organic substances
2) the energy released during the oxidation of inorganic substances is used for the formation of organic substances
3) carbon dioxide is used as a carbon source
4) the final product - oxygen - is released into the atmosphere
A36. In the process of energy metabolism, in contrast to plastic, there is
1) consumption of energy contained in ATP molecules
2) energy storage in high-energy bonds of ATP molecules
3) providing cells with proteins and lipids
4) providing cells with carbohydrates and nucleic acids
A37. During the process of meiosis, in contrast to mitosis,
2) somatic cells
3) chromosomes
4) sex cells
A38. In the formation of daughter cells with a diploid set of chromosomes, as in the mother cell, plays an important role.
3) fertilization
4) ontogeny
A39. The daughter organism differs to a greater extent from the parent organisms during reproduction
1) vegetative
2) using spores
3) sexual
4) budding
A40. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, interact with each other using
1) plasma bridges
2) glycocalyx
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) Golgi complex
A41. When crossing homozygous tomato plants with round yellow fruits and with pear-shaped red fruits (red color A is dominant over yellow a, round shape B over pear-shaped b), the offspring with the genotype will be obtained
A42. If genes are located in different pairs of non-homologous chromosomes, then the law appears
1) incomplete dominance
2) complete dominance
3) independent inheritance
4) splitting of signs
A43. The significance of mutational variability for evolution, in contrast to modificational variability, is that it
1) occurs immediately in a large number of individuals
2) occurs only in certain individuals
3) inherited
4) not inherited
A44. Mass selection as a selection method, in contrast to individual selection,
1) used to restore the number of bison
2) especially widely used in animal husbandry
3) carried out by genotype
4) carried out according to phenotype
A45. A reservoir is considered a biogeocenosis because
1) all species living in it are related
2) the species living in it are not related
3) it is inhabited by plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms
4) for a long time, species adapted to each other and to inanimate nature, carry out the circulation of substances
A46. An ecosystem is considered sustainable if it
1) the cycle of substances is not closed
2) the cycle of substances is balanced
3) there are a small number of species
4) the number of individual species changes
A47. In preserving the diversity of plant and animal species in the biosphere, it is of great importance
1) creation of nature reserves
2) expansion of the area of agrocenoses
3) increasing the productivity of agrocenoses
4) pest control of agricultural plants
A48. Charles Darwin attached great importance to hereditary variability in the evolution of the organic world, since it contributes
1) increased competition between species
2) increased competition between populations
3) increasing the efficiency of natural selection
4) fluctuations in population numbers
A49. Increase in the number of insect pests of agricultural plants, example
1) aromorphosis
2) degeneration
3) biological regression
4) biological progress
A50. The expansion of the species range is facilitated by
1) the presence of a large number of populations in it
2) genetic relatedness of individuals
3) lack of genetic relatedness of individuals
4) the presence of a small number of populations in it
Test on the topic "Genetics"
A1.In the Drosophila fruit fly, somatic cells contains 8 chromosomes, and germ cells -
1) 12 2) 10 3) 8 4) 4+
A2. Paired genes of homologous chromosomes are called
1) allelic + 2) linked
3) recessive 4) dominant
A3. What law will manifest itself in the inheritance of traits when crossing organisms with genotypes: Aa x Aa?
1) uniformity 2) splitting+
3) linked inheritance 4) independent inheritance
A4. What ratio of traits by phenotype is observed in the offspring during an analytical cross if the genotype of one of the parents is AaBb (characters are inherited independently of each other)?
1) 1:1 2) 3:1 3) 1:2:1 4) 1:1:1:1 +
A5. What are the names of individuals that form one type of gametes and do not produce splitting characteristics in the offspring?
1) mutant 2) heterotic
3) heterozygous 4) homozygous +
A6. How are the genotypes of individuals designated during dihybrid crossing?
1) BbBb × AaAa 2) AaBb × AaBb +
3) AaAA × BbBb 4) AAaa × BBbb
A7. All leaves of one plant have the same genotype, but may differ in
1) number of chromosomes 2) phenotype +
3) gene pool 4) genetic code
A8. With dihybrid crossing and independent inheritance of traits in parents with genotypes AABb and aabb, a split in the ratio is observed in the offspring
1) 9:3:3:1 2) 1:1:1:1 3) 3:1 4) 1:1 +
A9. The method of studying human heredity, which is based on the study of the number of chromosomes and the features of their structure, is called 1) genealogical 2) twin 3) hybridological 4) cytogenetic +
A10. How many types of gametes are formed in diheterozygous pea plants during dihybrid crossing (the genes do not form a linkage group)? 1) one 2) two 3) three 4) four
A11. When crossing two guinea pigs with black hair (dominant trait), offspring were obtained, of which 25% were individuals with white hair. What are the genotypes of the parents? 1) AA x aa; 2) Aa x AA; 3) Aa x Aa; + 4) AA x AA.
A12. The number of gene linkage groups in organisms depends on the number
1) pairs of homologous chromosomes + 2) allelic genes
3) dominant genes 4) DNA molecules in the cell nucleus
A13. A pure line of plants is the offspring
1) heterotic forms 2) one self-pollinating individual+
3) intervarietal hybrid 3) two heterozygous individuals
A14. In dogs, black hair (A) is dominant over brown hair (a), and short legs (B) dominate over normal leg length (b). Select the genotype of a black short-legged dog that is heterozygous only for leg length.
1) AABb + 2) Aabb 3) AaBb 4) AABB
A15. Chromatids are
1) two subunits of the chromosome of a dividing cell +
2) sections of a chromosome in a non-dividing cell
3) circular DNA molecules
4) two chains of one DNA molecule
A16. In breeding for obtaining new polyploid plant varieties
1) individuals of two pure lines are crossed
2) they cross parents with their descendants
3) multiply the set of chromosomes +
4) increase the number of homozygous individuals
A17. What percentage of night beauty plants with pink flowers can be expected from crossing plants with red and white flowers (incomplete dominance)?
1) 25% 2) 50% + 3) 75% 4) 100%
A18. The set of chromosomes in human somatic cells is equal to
1) 48 2) 46+ 3) 44 4) 23
A19. What method was used to study the human chromosomal disease Down syndrome?
1) genealogical 2) twin
3) cytogenetic + 4) biochemical
A20. Albinism is determined by a recessive autosomal gene, and hemophilia is determined by a sex-linked recessive gene. Indicate the genotype of an albino, hemophiliac woman.
1) AaX H Y or AAX H Y 2) AaX H X H or AA X H X H
3) ааХ h Y 4) ааХ h Х h +
A21. What genes show their effect in the first hybrid generation?
1) allelic 2) dominant + 3) recessive 4) linked
A22. When crossing dominant and recessive individuals, the first hybrid
generation is uniform. What explains this?
1) all individuals have the same genotype +
2) all individuals have the same phenotype
3) all individuals are similar to one of the parents
4) all individuals live in the same conditions
A23. When crossing tomatoes with red and yellow fruits, offspring were obtained in which half the fruits were red and half were yellow. What are the genotypes of the parents?
1) AA x aa 2) Aa x AA 3) AA x AA 4) Aa x aa +
A24. What is the name of the method, the essence of which is the crossing of parental forms that differ in a number of characteristics, and the analysis of their manifestation in a number of generations?
1) hybridological + 2) cytogenetic
3) twin 4) biochemical
A25. From hybrids of the first generation in the second generation, 1/4 of individuals with recessive characteristics are born, which indicates the manifestation of the law
1) linked inheritance 2) splitting +
3) independent inheritance 4) intermediate inheritance
A26. What function does a chromosome perform in a cell?
1) photosynthesis 2) protein biosynthesis
3) phagocytosis 4) carrier of hereditary information +
A27. What method is used to reveal the influence of genotype and environment on a child’s development?
1) genealogical 2) twin +
3) cytogenetic 4) hybridological
A28. The birth of half of the offspring from hybrids of the first generation in the second generation with an intermediate trait indicates the manifestation
1) linked inheritance 2) independent inheritance
3) sex-related inheritance 4) incomplete dominance+
A29. The reason for the splitting of individuals with dominant traits in F 2 obtained from first generation hybrids is their
1) hereditary heterogeneity + 2) wide reaction rate
3) narrow reaction norm 4) genetic uniformity
A30. The essence of the hybridological method is
1) crossing organisms and analyzing offspring+
2) determining the genotype of the parents
3) research of the family tree
4) receiving modifications.
A31. The diagram AABB x aabb illustrates the crossing
1) monohybrid 2) polyhybrid
3) analyzing dihybrid + 4) analyzing monohybrid
A32. An organism whose genotype contains different alleles of the same gene is called
1) recessive 2) dominant
3) heterozygous + 4) homozygous
A33. What did G. Mendel call the characteristics that do not appear in first-generation hybrids?
1) heterozygous 2) homozygous
3) recessive + 4) dominant
A34. The set of genes that an organism receives from its parents is called
gene pool 2) heredity 3) phenotype 4) genotype +
A35. In a cell, a pair of allelic genes are located on chromosomes
1) non-homologous 2) paternal 3) maternal 4) homologous +
A36. Indicate the genotype of the person if his phenotype is fair-haired and blue-eyed (recessive traits).
1) AABB 2) AaBB 3) aabb + 4) Aabb
A37. Hybrid individuals are heterogeneous in their genetic nature and form gametes of different types, which is why they are called
heterozygous + 2) homozygous3) recessive4) dominant
A38. Individuals that form one type of gametes and do not produce splitting of characters in the offspring,
mutant 2) heterotic 3) heterozygous 4) homozygous +
A39. A child, like his parents, has 46 chromosomes, of which
44 paternal and 2 maternal
45 maternal and one Y chromosome paternal
23 maternal and 23 paternal +
44 maternal and 2 paternal
A40. A girl develops from an egg if chromosomes are found in the zygote during the process of fertilization
1) 44 autosomes + XY 2) 23 autosomes + X
3) 44 autosomes + XX + 4) 23 autosomes + Y
A41. New combinations of parental genes in the zygote cause
cytoplasmic inheritance
somatic mutations
combinative variability +
violations of the nucleotide sequence in DNA
A42. What gametes are formed in an individual with the Aabb genotype?
1) Ab , bb 2) Ab , ab + 3) Aa, AA 4) Aa, bb
A43. The presence in the gamete of one gene from each pair of alleles is the cytological basis
chromosome theory heredity
law of chained inheritance
law of independent inheritance
gamete purity hypotheses
A44. How are the genotypes of individuals designated during dihybrid crossing?
1)ВВВ x АаАа2)АаАА x ВВВ
3) AaB x AaB+4) Aaaa x B'B
A45. As a result of what process is the genotype of the offspring formed?
ontogeny 2) oogenesis
3) spermatogenesis 4) fertilization +
A46. Determine the genotype of an individual yellow curly pumpkin if, during its self-pollination in F 1, the splitting of traits by phenotype corresponded to 9: 3: 3: 1
1) ААВВ 2) АаВВ3) АаББ + 4) ААБ
A47. When self-pollinating a heterozygous tall pea plant (tall stem -A), the proportion of dwarf forms is equal to
1) 25% + 2)50%3)75% 4) 0%
A48. What phenotype can be expected in the offspring of two guinea pigs with white fur (recessive trait)?
100% white +
25% white and 75% black
50% white individuals and 50% black
75% white and 25% black
A49. What proportion of individuals with a recessive trait will appear in the first generation when crossing two heterozygous this characteristic parents?
1)75%2)50%3)25% +4)0%
A50. Determine the genotypes of parents with brown eyes if their offspring have three brown-eyed and one blue-eyed children (A - brown eyes dominate over blue ones).
1) aa x AA2) AA x Aa3) AA x AA 4) Aa x Aa +
A51. If during a monohybrid cross in the second generation of hybrids a 1:2:1 phenotypic split is observed, then this is a consequence
incomplete dominance + 2) complete dominance
3) gene interaction 4) linked inheritance
A52. Continuity in the structure and life activity of organisms over a series of generations is ensured
variability 2) fitness3) self-regulation 4) heredity +
A53. The color blindness gene is recessive and sex-linked. Indicate the genotype of a man with normal color vision.
l )X d X d 2) X D X d 3)X d Y 4) X D Y +
A54. When crossing a black rabbit (Aa) with a black rabbit (Aa) in the F 1 generation, rabbits will be obtained
100% black 2) 75% black, 25% white +
3) 50% black, 50% white 4) 25% black, 75% white
A55. Determine the genotype of the parent pea plants if their crossing resulted in 50% of plants with yellow and 50% with green seeds (recessive trait)
1) AAhaa2) Aa x Aa 3) AAxAa 4) Aa x aa +
A56. What is the probability of having tall children from heterozygous parents with short stature (short stature dominates over tall stature)?
1) 0% 2) 25% + 3) 50% 4) 75%
A57. If the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes as a result of monohybrid crossing is 1:2:1, then the original parental individuals
homozygous.3) dihomozygous 2) heterozygous + 4) diheterozygous
A58. When crossing homozygous tomato plants with red (A) round (B) fruits and plants with yellow (a) pear-shaped (b) fruits in F2, splitting occurs according to the phenotype in the ratio (genes for color and shape of fruits are located in different pairs of chromosomes)
1) 1: 1 2)3: 1 3) 1: 2: 1 4) 9: 3: 3: 1 +
A59. When crossing Drosophila flies with long and short wings, it was obtained equal number long-winged and short-winged descendants (long wings B dominate over short wings b). What are the genotypes of the parents?
l ) bb x Bb + 2)BBxbb 3)BbxBb 4)ВВхВВ
A60. When crossing homozygous pea plants with yellow round seeds and with green wrinkled seeds (A - yellow, B - round) in F 2, the ratio of individuals with different phenotypes, equal to 9: 3: 3: 1, indicates the manifestation of the law
dominance 2) linked inheritance
3) splitting + 4) intermediate inheritance
A61. When crossing Drosophila flies with a gray body and normal wings with a dark body and rudimentary wings, the law of linked inheritance appears, since the genes are located in
different chromosomes and linked 2) one chromosome and linked +
3) on the same chromosome and not linked 4) on different chromosomes and not linked
A62. When crossing heterozygous pea plants with yellow smooth seeds with green (a) wrinkled (b) seeds, the number of phenotypes in the offspring will be equal to
1) one2) two3) three4) four +
A63. When crossing heterozygous tomato plants with red and round fruits with individuals recessive for both characteristics (red A and round B - dominant characters), offspring will appear with genotypes AaBb, aaBb, Aabb, aabb in the ratio
1)3:12)9:3:3:13)1:1:1:1 + 4)1:2:1
A64. Eye color in a person is determined by an autosomal gene, while color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked gene. Determine the genotype of a brown-eyed woman with normal color vision, father
which is colorblind (brown-eyedness dominates blue-eyedness).
1) AAX B X B 2) AaX b X b 3) AaX B X b + 4) aaX B X b
A65. What percentage of roan color individuals can be obtained by crossing red (BB) and white (bb) cattle with incomplete dominance?
1) 25%2) 50% + 3) 75%4) 100%
A66. As a result of crossing night beauty plants with white and red flowers, offspring with pink flowers were obtained, as observed
multiple action of genes 2) intermediate inheritance +
3) the phenomenon of complete dominance 4) linked inheritance of traits
A67. If genes responsible for the development of several traits are located on the same chromosome, then the law manifests itself
splitting 2) linked inheritance +
3) incomplete dominance 4) independent inheritance
A68. When crossing rabbits with shaggy and smooth hair, all the rabbits in the offspring had shaggy hair. What pattern of inheritance emerged in this case?
independent distribution of characters 2) incomplete dominance
3) uniformity of the first generation + 4) splitting of characteristics
A69. With dihybrid crossing and independent inheritance of traits in parents with genotypes AABb and aabb, a split in the ratio is observed in the offspring
1) 9:3:3:12) 1:1:1:13) 3:14) 1:1 +
A70. Determine the ratio of phenotypes in first-generation hybrids when crossing two heterozygous garden strawberry plants (Aa - pink color of fruits, intermediate inheritance)
100% pink fruits
50% pink: 50% red
25% red: 25% pink: 50% white
25%) red: 50% pink: 25% white +
A71. Hemophilia in children often manifests itself from marriage -
unrelated 2) closely related +
3) people of different nationalities 4) people of different races
A72. A woman with light (a) straight (b) hair marries a man with dark curly hair (incomplete dominance). Determine a man's genotype if their child has blonde and wavy hair.
1)AaBb 2)aaBb 3) AABB4) AaBB +
A73. Albinism is determined by a recessive autosomal gene, and hemophilia is determined by a recessive sex-linked gene, indicate the genotype of an albino woman, a hemophiliac.
1) АаХ Н У or ААХХ Н У 2) АаХ Н Х Н or ААХ N Х Н
3) aaH h Y 4) aaX h X h +
A74. How many types of gametes are produced in a heterozygous bull with black coat color (black color is dominant over red)?
1) one2) two + 3) three4) four
C1. How do heterozygotes differ from homozygotes?
They form different gametes carrying different genes of a given pair.
C2. In humans, the gene for brown eyes (A) dominates over blue eyes, and the gene for color blindness is recessive (color blindness - d) and linked to the X chromosome. A brown-eyed woman with normal vision, whose father had blue eyes and suffered from color blindness, marries a blue-eyed man with normal vision. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and possible offspring, the likelihood of having color-blind children with brown eyes and their gender in this family.
C3. When crossing a tomato with a purple stem (A) and red fruits (B) and a tomato with a green stem and red fruits, 722 plants with a purple stem and red fruits and 231 plants with a purple stem and yellow fruits were obtained. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of parents, offspring in the first generation and the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring.
What do they mean when they talk about dominant and recessive inheritance?
Let us return to the fact that genes in the body are represented in pairs (alleles), and the manifestation of an external sign or disease determined by a particular gene depends on the combination of a pair of gene alleles received from the father and mother.
When both alleles in a pair are exactly the same (for example, OO, AA), then such a genotype and its owner are called homozygous, and when these alleles are different (say, AO) - heterozygous. It is known that if homozygous genotypes OO and AA predetermine the first and second blood groups, respectively, then owners of the heterozygous genotype AO will also have a second blood group. This means that in such a combination the effect of gene A is manifested and the effect of gene O is not manifested, that is, gene A is dominant, and gene O is recessive in relation to it (the word “recessive” means disappearing). Thus, dominant genes manifest their effects in both homozygous and heterozygous states, while recessive genes can only appear in a homozygous state and do not give external manifestations in heterozygous people.
Every science creates its own terminology and its own specific vocabulary, which is sometimes difficult for the uninitiated to understand. There is a semi-anecdotal story about a serious physicist who, independently and with great enthusiasm, began to study genetics using the most serious sources. As a result, he memorized by heart, like a magic spell, one mind-blowing phrase with which he loved to shock his acquaintances: “The genotype manifests itself in the phenotype when the recessive allele is in a homozygous state.”
The meaning of this tricky rule is that according to external signs It is not always possible to determine the genotype of their owner. If we can certainly say about any person with the first blood group that he has a homozygous genotype OO, then about people with the second blood group such a definite conclusion cannot be made, since they can be either homozygous AA or heterozygous AO. In order to determine the genotype of the second blood group, it is necessary additional information about relatives: father and mother, brothers and sisters, children, but not always they help to come to an unambiguous conclusion.
If we move from blood groups to the problems of inheriting diseases that are more important for future parents, then the principle of dominance and recessivity is crucial for the nature of the family manifestation of the disease. Depending on whether the pathological gene is dominant or recessive in relation to its normal variant, it manifests itself in families in completely different ways. That is why there are dominant and recessive diseases.
What diseases are passed on from generation to generation?
The dominant type of inheritance is outwardly the simplest and most obvious precisely because it is dominant diseases that are transmitted from parents to children in several subsequent generations. Theoretically, dominant diseases can manifest themselves in heterozygous and homozygous (for a pathological gene) people, but in life, as a rule, patients are still heterozygous. There are more of them, and most of these diseases usually affect only one of the spouses. And this, in turn, contributes to the inheritance of the pathological gene also in a heterozygous state.
So, if a sick parent has one altered and one normal allele, then in families where one of the parents is sick, the altered gene (and therefore the disease itself) will be passed on only in 50% of cases of children born, that is, half of them will be sick, and half are healthy. Sick children can also pass on the dominant disease to half of their descendants in the next generation, which creates an unbroken chain of inheritance. Healthy children of sick parents who have not inherited a pathological gene cannot be a source of transmission of the disease to subsequent generations, and therefore all their direct descendants will be healthy.
Men and women are equally susceptible to these diseases and also pass them on to their sons and daughters equally. More than 1000 diseases are now known that are inherited according to a dominant type. These include some forms of dwarfism, glaucoma - the main cause of blindness, familial hypercholesterolemia ( high level cholesterol in the blood, leading to cardiovascular diseases), and many others.
Why do healthy parents give birth to sick children?
Most traits and diseases inherited in a recessive manner also occur with equal frequency in men and women, but this is where the similarity with dominant inheritance ends. In the vast majority of cases in patients with recessive diseases, both parents are healthy, but are heterozygous carriers of the same pathological gene. Inheritance (recessive) occurs when a child receives this altered gene from both parents. This is how the pathological gene passes from a heterozygous state to a homozygous one, which contributes to the manifestation of the disease as such.
In marriages of two heterozygous parents, each of whom transmits a normal gene to half of their children and an altered gene to half, the proportion of offspring who will receive a “double dose” of the altered gene will be only a quarter, or 25%. Another 25% of children, on the contrary, will be homozygous for the normal gene received simultaneously from the father and mother, that is, they will be healthy. In the remaining 50% of cases, a normal gene will be inherited from one of the parents, and a pathological one from the other, and the children will be healthy, since recessive traits do not appear in the heterozygous state.
Thus, with recessive inheritance, the proportion of healthy children is 75% (or 3/4), and the ratio of healthy and diseased offspring is 3:1 (classical Mendelian ratio for recessive traits).
If patients survive to childbearing age and are able to leave offspring (which is much less common with recessive diseases than with dominant ones), then they will definitely pass on the pathological gene to their children, but this is not enough for the child to inherit the disease itself. After all, since we're talking about For fairly rare diseases, the chances that the second parent will also be a carrier of this particular gene are extremely low. Indeed, children of patients are almost always healthy, although they are necessarily heterozygous carriers of the disease gene.
Therefore, another difference between recessive diseases and dominant ones is that they usually appear only in one generation in siblings. In total, more than 800 recessively inherited diseases are known. Among them are such as the inability to absorb milk sugar and other metabolic disorders, some forms of severe mental retardation, and blood diseases.
If with recessive inheritance a quarter of children are born sick and three quarters of children are born healthy, then why were three sick children born in one family and not a single healthy one?
This question reflects one of the common misconceptions of people unfamiliar with the probabilistic nature of the manifestation of genetic patterns. All numerical ratios, discovered by Mendel on plant hybrids and completely valid for hereditary human diseases, characterize the average ratios for all such cases in general. In specific families, where the number of children is limited, there may be deviations from the average ratios in any direction.
Since the transmission of one of the two genes from parents to children is random, that is, to a certain extent similar to a lottery, the genotype of each subsequent child in no way depends on the genotype of the previous one, and each time the lottery is carried out according to the same rules. Let us remember that when tossing a coin, “heads” and “tails” appear equally often, but not strictly one after the other. Therefore, the principle “probability has no memory” fully applies to the manifestations of hereditary diseases in families.
This means that the birth of one or more sick children does not guarantee a particular married couple mandatory compensation in the future. Based on the probabilistic nature of the laws of inheritance genetic diseases, for each subsequent child, the risk of being born sick is strictly constant, as is the probability of being born healthy (provided that the type of inheritance of a particular disease and the genotypes of the parents are firmly established).
Why are consanguineous marriages dangerous and harmful?
Marriages between close relatives have long been considered undesirable and in many countries are prohibited by law and social customs. This is known, but even between father and daughter or siblings, incestuous relationships are much more common than is commonly believed. Marriages between uncle and niece, cousins or second cousins are quite common, although they are subject to social and religious restrictions in Europe. North America and other regions with Christian traditions, and in many traditionally Muslim Asian populations they are generally preferred. In our country, these traditions still make themselves felt in the republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan.
What is the genetic danger of such marriages? If we remember that recessive diseases appear in families where both parents are carriers of the same harmful gene, this danger will become more understandable. The fact is that most known recessive diseases are quite rare, and the coincidence of carriage of the same genetic defect in both spouses is also a rare event. But if relatives get married, then the likelihood of such a coincidence increases sharply.
This is explained quite simply. After all, blood relatives are relatives who have at least one, more often two, and sometimes larger number common ancestors. For example, at cousins and the sisters are the same grandparents. And it was already mentioned above that every person is a carrier of at least one or two harmful recessive genes. Therefore, the pathological gene that the grandfather or grandmother had could well be passed on to both of their grandchildren, who, therefore, in this case would be carriers of the same harmful gene obtained from a common source.
Therefore, children from such married couples are much more likely to develop various recessive diseases, and pregnancies more often end in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths than in unrelated marriages. On the other hand, in burdened families there is a clear relationship between the frequency of recessive diseases and consanguineous marriages: the less common the disease, the more often the parents of sick children turn out to be blood relatives. And one more dependence: the closer the degree of relationship between spouses, the higher the risk of genetic complications for their offspring.
Why do only men get hemophilia (as well as color blindness)?
The peculiar nature of the inheritance of these diseases was noticed by people in ancient times. For example, the Talmud contains information about the dangers of circumcision in those boys whose mothers had fathers or brothers with increased bleeding. Speaking in the same language modern genetics, if the transmission of a disease depends on sex, this type of inheritance is called sex-linked, or even more strictly, X-linked inheritance.
In this case, we are talking about a special type of manifestation of recessive genes that are located on one of the sex chromosomes, namely the X chromosome. Women normally have two X chromosomes, while men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in women, all genes on the X chromosome are paired, as in all other chromosomes, but in men, they are unpaired, since the Y chromosome does not have common genes with the X chromosome.
Recessive harmful genes located on the X chromosome in women in a heterozygous state naturally do not manifest their pathological effects. In men, the effect of these genes can manifest itself, although in this case the pathological genes do not pass into a homozygous state, as with normal recessive inheritance, but are in a “single” dose (the so-called half genotype). These harmful genes appear because there are no corresponding normal genes on the Y chromosome that would prevent the disease from developing.
The vast majority of X-linked diseases occur when the mother is a heterozygous carrier of an altered gene on one of the X chromosomes. At the same time, the mother does not have any manifestations of the disease, but each child can receive either a “sick” or a “healthy” gene from her. It is known that either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome is inherited from the father; a girl will be born with the XX combination, and a boy with the XV combination. If a girl receives a “sick” gene from her mother, she will also become a carrier of the disease, since the second, “healthy” gene received from her father will not allow the disease to manifest itself. But if the “sick” gene gets into the future son, he will get sick.
The general criteria for the inheritance of sex-linked diseases are as follows:
- transmission of the disease from fathers to sons is never observed, since the son never inherits the X chromosome from the father;
- all daughters of a sick man necessarily receive the altered gene and are carriers;
- healthy men never pass the disease on to their offspring of either sex;
- half of the sons of women who are carriers of the disease will be sick, and half will be healthy;
- half of the daughters of women who are carriers of the disease will also be carriers.
It is known that there are no rules without exceptions. Although X-linked diseases are called sex-linked, in principle, the appearance of affected women is also possible. After all, theoretically, one can draw an analogy with simple recessive inheritance and come to the conclusion that women homozygous for the mutant gene will be sick in the same way as men, with a half-genotype. However, in practice this is observed extremely rarely. Therefore, the last criterion for X-linked inheritance is as follows: sick homozygous women with X-linked inheritance are an exception, which is observed only when the sick man marries a carrier of the same disease.
In general, such marriages almost never occur with rare diseases, but their likelihood is again higher if the husband and wife are consanguineous. We had a chance to observe real confirmation of this during studies conducted in one Azerbaijani village, where over the course of several generations many patients with hemophilia were identified. Most of them, of course, were men, but there were also three obviously sick women. All of them were daughters of sick fathers who were married to their maternal relatives.
What is inheritance vertically, horizontally and by “moving a chess knight”?
At graphic representation pedigrees (family trees) of families for diseases with different types inheritance, characteristic features can be noticed.
Thus, in the case of typical dominant inheritance, one can trace the direct transmission of the disease from parents to children over several generations. This nature of family accumulation is usually called vertical inheritance.
In the case of a typical recessive inheritance, independent of gender, the disease is most often traced only in one generation - in siblings. This is horizontal inheritance.
Finally, pedigrees with X-linked diseases have the most intricate patterns. In a direct descending (in generations) line, sick men and their healthy daughters and granddaughters can alternate, who, however, are carriers of the pathological gene and, as a result, have sick sons.
In other words, in a direct descending line between two sick men there must be one or more intermediate generations of healthy women. However, some of these healthy carriers in intermediate generations have sick brothers (siblings, cousins) belonging to the lateral descending branches of the family tree. That is why if sick men of different generations are linked together in a pedigree, then inheritance results “by the move of a chess knight.”
Scientists believe that intellectual abilities are determined by 50–70% by genes, and the choice of profession by 40%. 34% of us have a tendency towards politeness and rude behavior. Even the desire to sit for a long time in front of the TV is 45% a genetic predisposition.
The rest, according to experts, is determined by upbringing, social environment and sudden blows of fate - for example, illness. A gene, just like an individual organism, is subject to the action of natural selection. If, for example, it allows a person to survive more severe climatic conditions
During the intrauterine development of a child, this influence of natural selection on individual genes can manifest itself in quite strange ways. For example, genes inherited from the father are “interested” in the rapid growth of the fetus - since the father’s body obviously does not lose from this, and the child grows faster. Maternal genes, on the other hand, promote slower development - which ultimately takes longer, but leaves the mother more strength.
Prader-Willi syndrome is an example of what happens when the mother's genes “victory”. During pregnancy, the fetus is inactive; After birth, the child experiences developmental delays, a tendency toward obesity, short stature, drowsiness, and poor coordination of movements. It may seem strange that these apparently unfavorable traits are encoded by maternal genes - but it must be remembered that normally these same genes compete with paternal genes.
In turn, the “victory” of the paternal genes leads to the development of another disease: Angelman syndrome. In this case, the child develops hyperactivity, often epilepsy and delayed speech development. Sometimes lexicon the patient is limited to just a few words, and even in this case the child understands most of what is said to him - it is the ability to express his thoughts that suffers.
Of course, it’s impossible to predict a child’s appearance. But we can say with a certain degree of confidence what the main features will be. Dominant (strong) and recessive (weak) genes will help us with this.
For each of its external and internal signs the child receives two genes. These genes may be the same (tall, full lips) or different (tall and short, plump and thin). If the genes match, there will be no contradictions, and the child will inherit plump lips and tall height. In another case, the strongest gene wins.
A strong gene is called dominant, and a weak gene is called recessive. Strong genes in humans include dark and curly hair; baldness in men; brown, or green eyes; normally pigmented skin. Recessive traits include blue eyes, straight, blond or red hair, and lack of skin pigment.
When a strong and a weak gene meet, as a rule, the strong one wins. For example, mom is a brown-eyed brunette, and dad is blond with blue eyes, with a high degree of probability we can say that the baby will be born with dark hair and brown eyes.
True, brown-eyed parents may give birth to a newborn with blue eyes. Thus, genes received from a grandmother or grandfather could have an effect. The opposite situation is also possible. The explanation is that it turns out that for any trait we have, it is not just one gene from each parent, as was previously believed, that is responsible, but a whole group of genes. And sometimes one gene is responsible for several functions at once. So a whole series of genes are responsible for eye color, which are combined differently each time.
Hereditary diseases transmitted by genes
A baby can inherit from his parents not only appearance and character traits, but also diseases (cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases).
The disease may not appear if basic safety measures are taken. Tell your gynecologist in detail about serious health problems not only for you and your husband, but also for your close relatives. This will help protect the baby in the future. Sometimes absolutely healthy parents give birth to a baby with a hereditary disease. It was embedded in the genes and appeared only in the child. This usually happens when both parents have the same disease in their genes. Therefore, if you are planning a child, according to experts, it is better to undergo a genetic examination. This is especially true for families in which children with hereditary diseases have already been born.
A weak gene may not be detected for one or many generations until two recessive genes from each parent occur. And then, for example, such a rare symptom as albinism may appear.
Chromosomes are also responsible for the sex of the child. For a woman, the chances of giving birth to a girl or a boy are equal. The gender of the child depends only on the father. If an egg meets a sperm with sex chromosome X, it will be a girl. If U, a boy will be born.
What else may depend on genes:
Gender – 100%;
Height – 80% (for men) and 70% (for women);
Blood pressure – 45%;
Snoring – 42%;
Female infidelity – 41%;
Spirituality – 40%;
Religiosity – 10%.
There are also genes responsible for the development of certain conditions, such as depression or a tendency to uncontrollable eating.
The level of mutations in men is 2 times higher than that in women. Thus, it turns out that humanity owes its progress to men.
All representatives of the human race are 99.9% identical in DNA, which completely rejects any basis for racism.
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