Education at Oxford University. Studying at Oxford

Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Yale, MIT are universities that, in the mind of an ordinary student, are in a different reality: with green lawns, wise professors, ancient libraries and tidy campuses. T&P found out how much tuition costs, what the admission procedure looks like and what are the requirements for applicants from the top universities in the world. In the new issue - Oxford University.

Among Oxford graduates there are 26 Nobel Prize winners and 26 British Prime Ministers, this is the second oldest university in the world, so the competition for admission here is on average about five people per place. According to statistics, 91% of graduates are satisfied with the quality of their education. The application for admission will cost £60 if you are applying for one major and £22 for an unlimited number of attempts in the current year. It is interesting that an applicant cannot send his application to both Oxford and Cambridge, which is always competing with him.

Any person can be admitted to the university - regardless of his age. The main criteria are his school performance and the quality of knowledge. In addition, in the process of interviewing, additional qualities of candidates are revealed: general intellectual level, interest and motivation in getting an education. For all the years of the existence of the university, students from 140 countries managed to visit its walls. IN currently for every foreigner there are two students from the UK.

The peculiarity of Oxford is in its unique system, consisting of 44 colleges and 5 closed Christian communities, differing in the number of students and disciplines studied, charter and routine. Each college pays great attention to expanding its own library and improving equipment, improving the quality of living in hostels, developing infrastructure, sports and social functions.

The founding date of the university has not yet been established, the first mention of it dates back to 1096. In 1167, by decree of King Henry II, most English students were forced to leave French universities and return to Oxford. At first, the territory of the university was quite small, and mainly monks studied there. From the 13th century, various colleges began to form, a kind of community united on a geographical or religious basis. The first college for women appeared in 1878, but it was not until 1920 that the first degrees were awarded to women.

Deadline for submission of documents

The deadline for applications is October 15, the results of the exams are announced in the middle of next year.

Admission procedure

First you need to decide on the direction of the future specialty and clarify the entrance requirements, which may vary depending on your choice: you may have to pass special tests and / or write an essay on a given topic. The application is made through the UCAS portal, common to all universities in the UK, where you will be asked to indicate which college you want to study at, or leave the decision to the admissions committee.

Entry requirements

Excellent grades and knowledge of English. For foreign students, the requirements are different: in particular, Russian students need to pass A-Levels or International Baccalaureate (IB) qualifications, American SAT or ACT are also suitable. The first year of an undergraduate degree from another university may be enough to apply. Minimum Internet-TOEFL scores - 100 points, IELTS - 7.0, A-Levels - AAA or AAA *, IB - 38, SAT-Critical Reading - 1400, SAT-Math - 1400, SAT-Writing - 700, SAT-Subject Test - 700.

Entrance tests

In December, based on the results of tests and written works of applicants, a list of candidates is compiled, which are then sent for an interview. If applicants have any difficulties related to obtaining a visa or paying for an additional trip, they can be asked to conduct an interview by phone or via Skype.

Cost of education

Using a calculator on the official website, a future student can calculate the amount of payment, which depends on his specialization, citizenship and year of study. For example, for those receiving a doctoral degree in the department chemical biology in the 2016/17 academic year of foreigners, the amount will be £21,703.

Available grants

The Hill Charitable Foundation provides Russian students with a scholarship covering 100% of tuition fees. The candidate must have a degree from a Russian university.

There are a huge number of charitable foundations that provide small scholarships for students, but it is quite difficult to find them on your own. For its students, Oxford provides an alternative guide to more than 100 options for obtaining additional funding, published by two graduate students from the UK, which details the process for obtaining grants and the rules for filling out applications.

Campus

Throughout its centuries-old history, Oxford has seen many famous and greatest people, and an infinite number of mysterious and mysterious stories. It was here that the Harry Potter films were filmed, Lewis Carroll wrote Alice, and Tolkien, inspired by the old Gothic buildings of the campus, drew images of castles for The Lord of the Rings.

Oxford is one of the few universities where there is a system of attaching students to curators who develop an individual approach for students in accordance with their abilities.

Located in the county of Oxfordshire at a distance of 90 km from London, Oxford covers an area of ​​45.6 square kilometer. With a population of about 150,000, one quarter are university students and faculty. The interiors of the colleges are reminiscent of the decorations of ancient castles or palaces. In the main cathedral of the New College, for example, you can find the original painting by El Greco, stained glass windows created by the master Reynolds, as well as the work of the modern sculptor Jacob Epstein. On the walls of buildings you can often see the coat of arms of Oxford, depicting a bull fording a river. Subsequently, by order of Queen Elizabeth I, figures of an elephant, a beaver and a leopard, taken from the coats of arms of famous figures of the 16th century, were added to the classical image.

The interiors of the colleges are reminiscent of the decorations of ancient castles or palaces. In the main cathedral of the New College, for example, you can find the original painting by El Greco, stained glass windows created by the master Reynolds, as well as the work of the modern sculptor Jacob Epstein. On the walls of buildings you can often see the coat of arms of Oxford, depicting a bull fording a river. Subsequently, by order of Queen Elizabeth I, figures of an elephant, a beaver and a leopard, taken from the coats of arms of famous figures of the 16th century, were added to the classical image.

Taxi-minicoopers with the image of the periodic table ride around Oxford.

On the streets you can find one of the most authentic pubs in Oxford, where Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor and future US President Bill Clinton used to have fun. Or find an old infographic - a series of busts illustrating the classification of male beards and located around the Sheldonian Theater building.

Oxford is always associated with a certain university, but not many people know that the city has a second huge university - Oxford Brooks, founded in 1992. It teaches almost the same number of students as the first one (the difference is only in the ratio between the number of bachelors and masters). It turns out that Brooks students come from wealthier and more affluent families.

Museums and libraries

Oxford has a network of over 100 libraries, 30 of which belong to one of the oldest libraries in Europe and the second largest in England, the Bodleian. In its archive - more than 12 million copies. The University Museum Collection includes the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archeology, University Museum of Natural History, Pitt Rivers Museum, Museum of the History of Science, Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, University of Oxford Botanic Garden, Harcourt Arboretum and Christ Church Picture Gallery.

With Oxford online courses, you can learn how to write dramatic novels, learn the basics of nanotechnology, or learn about the history of the Vikings.

Icons: 1) iconoci, 2) Vignesh Nandha Kumar, 3) Catalina Cuevas, 4) James Kocsis, 5) Roy Milton, 6) NAMI A, 7), 10) parkjisun, 8) Kate Kobielsky, 9) Nick Novell, 11) Michael V. Suriano, 12) Alfredo Hernandez - from the Noun Project.

Name of this English city translated primitively and funny - "ox ford". It is said that the first travelers who gave the area such a toponym saw just such a picture - a herd of cows being driven. History has become a special page in the world book of memory for a completely different reason. This city hosts the most famous university on the planet, which has given the world not only thousands of specialists in various fields, but also more than 50 laureates of the most famous - Nobel Prize.

From origins

It is customary for scientists to keep the history of Oxford from 912, then this locality first appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It is clarified that there was a monastery in these places - this means that the countdown of the existence time must be started much earlier. By the way, it was the monastery complex that contributed to the fact that the now world-famous university appeared in these places. The initial plans of the church elite included the foundation of an educational institution where local clergymen could receive education.

This settlement became a real university city during the reign of Henry II. One legend is associated with this educational institution. When a large number of students died in a pogrom in 1355, a fine was imposed on the city. Residents paid a symbolic amount to the university for the next 470 years.

The history of Oxford, even in summary, cannot be described without the history of the university, just as the architecture of the city does not exist without university buildings, many of which are masterpieces.

Scientists have not yet come to a consensus on who founded this beautiful settlement on the banks of the Thames. Archaeologists echo historians, proving that people lived here in the Neolithic era. Mounds dating back to the Bronze Age prove that the territories were habitable.

Oxford in the Middle Ages

On the one hand, at that time the city was actively built and developed, on the other hand, troubles did not bypass it. The following sad events remained in the history of the city:

• the terrible fire of 1138, which destroyed almost all the buildings;
• the capture of Oxford by Empress Matilda in 1142;
• the plague of 1348-1350, which greatly reduced the number of city dwellers.

In addition, the political situation could not be called stable - kings, queens, their heirs succeeded each other, not forgetting to put to death their opponents and sympathizers with them.

More or less peaceful time in the life of the townspeople came only in the XVIII century. Then began new stage- it was at this time that the most famous architectural monuments of Oxford appeared, the buildings that became the educational buildings of the university colleges.

Oxford University ranks first in the world's top universities. Although this legendary university remains an object from a parallel reality for most students, for many it is quite accessible.

Oxford

The British university is considered one of the best for several reasons, among which are the following:

• The number of teachers exceeds four thousand people. This means that there is one professor for every 4–5 students. Of these, 70 people are members of the Royal Society of London, and more than a hundred people are members of the British Academy of Sciences.

• In addition, eachthe student comes under the care of a specific teacher, which leads him throughout the entire period of study.

• Oxford University preserves and multiplies its main wealth - knowledge. The Oxford Library has more than a hundred collections, it is considered the largest in Britain.

• The university has a richly equipped research center allowing for serious scientific work already during training.

• Oxford traditionally graduates future prominent specialists politicians, scientists and industrialists. Studying at this university will bring many useful connections in addition to knowledge.

• The most popular leisure activity, according to Oxford students and trustees, is sports, so it was elevated to the rank of priority occupations. Rowing is considered the favorite.

Deadline for submission of documents

For admission to Oxford, you must submit documents at least a year in advance. British and American schoolchildren and students who pass entrance tests according to a single centralized scheme, fall into the field of view admission committee according to the results of annual tests.

Students from Russia will have to apply in advance in order to have time to pass the certification according to the British system of education and obtain the appropriate qualifications. The application is submitted online through the official website of the university.

Admission procedure

After passing the initial selection, the selection committee compiles a list of the most likely candidates and conducts interviews with them.

Interviews may take different forms:

• Oral conversation, during which questions are asked on general intellectual readiness, erudition and motivation. The purpose of such an interview is to identify the most interested and capable candidates.

• Video interview conducted with applicants who cannot come to England for the most extreme reasons - physical condition or the inability to obtain a visa.

After the December interviews, some applicants are eliminated, and the final lists will be compiled no earlier than at the beginning of next summer.

Entry requirements

Requirements for applicants in various colleges (an analogue of the faculty in Russian university) are not the same. Differences arise due to the specifics and specialization of each of them, because the input parameters for a future medical student and a nuclear physicist cannot be the same.

• General requirement– which must comply with universal standards.

• Excellent grades- one of essential conditions, Oxford does not consider applications from students with at least one "good" grade.

• International Baccalaureate Qualification or the results of successful completion of exams on the American SAT system.

There are no age restrictions for the admissions committee, anyone can enter, whose resume meets the above requirements.

Entrance tests

Entrance examinations are held in several stages.

• Submitting an application with attached documents. It is assumed that all the certificates and degrees necessary for the start have already been received, as there are relevant certificates.

• If you pass the selection, you will receive an invitation for testing. As a test, it is proposed to write an article on the topic of the chosen specialty with a volume of about five A4 pages. The article is written, of course, in English, and the time of work is strictly limited.

• The next stage is a three-stage interview. The first conversation is conducted by the director or authorized person. The second stage is a private conversation with two professors who demand to criticize their own scientific works.

This technique identifies among the candidates those who are able to formulate an idea and defend their point of view in any circumstances. The third conversation with a profile teacher reveals knowledge in the chosen specialization.

Cost of education

The cost of education differs depending on the faculty: from six and a half to sixteen thousand pounds per year. The payment for accommodation and maintenance is about eight thousand, material support - 5-6 thousand.

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Available grants

There are foundations that are ready to provide additional scholarships to future Oxford students. The list of these funds is annually compiled and published by the university itself. The grant can range from a few hundred pounds up to 100% of the tuition fee.

For Russian students, it is possible to receive a grant from both non-state foundations and the state. To do this, you need to apply with a letter to the embassy. On the official website of the university there is a list of foreign funds that are ready to provide funding if the applicant meets their requirements.

Oxford University Scholarship is given after a year of study. Only really gifted people who carry out scientific work and have achieved noticeable results can apply for it.

Oxford - faculties

Oxford University consists of colleges - analogues of faculties in Russian universities.

Colleges have names that are difficult to relate to curriculum. For a thousand years, 39 colleges have been created within the university, each of which has its own libraries, scientific and technical bases.

Students live on 6 campuses.

Specialties that can be obtained at Oxford:

• Archeology and anthropology.
• Biological sciences: biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, biomedicine.
• Chemistry.
• Ancient history.
• Classic literature.
• English, modern languages.
• European and Middle Eastern languages.
• Computer science.
• Computer Science and Philosophy.
• Earth Sciences.
• Economics and Management.
• Engineering Sciences.
• Art.
• Geography.
• History and politics.
• History of art.
• Humanitarian sciences.
• Law and right.
• Materials Science.
• Mathematics and statistics.
• Pharmacology.
• Modern languages ​​and linguistics.
• Music.
• Oriental studies.
• Philosophy, politics and economics.
• Philosophy and Theology.
• Physics.
• Psychology (experimental).
• Psychology, philosophy and linguistics.
• Theology and religion.

Oxford online

Oxford online- this is a unique opportunity for students to join the knowledge and study some of the most popular educational programs.

The Faculty of Continuous (Distance) Education has been operating for a long time. With it, you can master the undergraduate program or. The selection of students is only slightly less rigid than at full-time education but the price is much lower.

Upon completion, a certificate of successful completion of the course is issued. All information is available on the official website of the University of Oxford.

: 51°45′40″ s. sh. 1°15′12″ W d. /  51.7611° N sh. 1.2534° W d. / 51.7611; -1.2534 (G) (I) K: Educational institutions founded in 1096

Oxford University(English) University of Oxford listen)) is a British university in Oxford, England. One of the oldest universities in the world, the first English speaking university in the British Isles. Although the exact date of the founding of the university is unknown, there is evidence that education took place there as early as 1096. It is included in the group of "old universities" in Great Britain and Ireland, as well as in the elite "Russell" group of the best 24 universities in the UK. Training is paid.

Story

The exact date of the founding of the University of Oxford is unknown, but education at Oxford was conducted as early as 1096. The expulsion of foreigners from the University of Paris in 1167 (as a result of the reform of Henry II Plantagenet, he forbade English students to study at the Sorbonne) caused many English students to leave France and settle in Oxford. The historian Gerard of Wales lectured to students as early as 1188, and the first mention of foreign students was in 1190, the first foreign student according to the documents was "Emo of Friesland". The head of the university was (and is to this day) the chancellor. Non-English British students were divided into northern (Scots) and southern (Irish and Welsh). In later centuries, geographic affiliation continued to influence many students as friendships between colleges or dormitories became the custom. Members of many monastic orders - Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustines - settled in Oxford in the middle of the 13th century; they influenced and supported the student houses. Around the same time, colleges were established by private benefactors to live as independent student communities. Among the first were William Durham, who founded University College (Oxford) in 1249. university college), and John I de Balliol, father of the future King of Scotland, after whom Balliol College is named (Eng. Balliol College). English Lord Chancellor and founder of Merton College Merton College), Walter de Merton developed the rules for the colleges. Merton College became a model for other colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. After that, many students left the life in hostels and religious houses and moved to colleges.

In 1333-34 some disgruntled Oxford scholars attempted to establish a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire. Protests began to come from Oxford and Cambridge against King Edward III and he forbade its creation - until the 20s of the XIX century in England it was not allowed to create new universities, even in London - and Oxford and Cambridge retained a monopoly.

If over time, members of high society almost without fail passed through Oxford, then in the Middle Ages this was still far away. Only clergymen studied there, they rented rooms from local residents and were often poor.

University admission

In October-November, before the planned start of the year of study, applicants apply to colleges. A special commission considers grades (only excellent, A-level), letters of recommendation, and conducts interviews. In some cases, a prospective student may be asked to show their written work, to conduct their own written tests. (School exams in the UK are standardized and are not conducted by schools, but by central examination boards - accredited by the state.) Since places at the university are offered before most applicants finish school exams, students are usually accepted on the condition that their marks by the beginning of the academic year will be at least a specified score ( conditional offer). You also need to know English language no worse than an Englishman (according to IELTS certificates - 7.0, TOEFL-Internet - 110). Tuition is paid: living expenses per year - about 8 thousand pounds; tuition fee depends on the chosen specialty - humanities - 6300 pounds; exact sciences - 8400 pounds, medicine - 15400 pounds. For admission to the magistracy and postgraduate studies, candidates apply to the relevant faculty.

It is not allowed to apply in the same year to Oxford and Cambridge Universities at the same time.

University structure

The university consists of 38 colleges, as well as 6 dormitories - closed educational institutions owned by religious orders without college status. Exams, most lectures, and labs are organized centrally, and colleges conduct individual sessions with students and seminars.

Now more than 20 thousand students study at Oxford, about a quarter of them are foreign. Their number increases sharply in the summer, when summer language schools open. The Chancellor of Oxford is Sir Chris Patten. Women began to be admitted to Oxford only in the 1920s, but already in the 70s separate education was abolished.

The staff of Oxford teachers is huge - almost 4 thousand people, of which 70 are members of the Royal Society, more than 100 are members of the British Academy. Oxford uses a unique tutoring system in teaching - each student is given personal care by a specialist in the chosen specialty.

The main areas of student training are humanitarian, mathematical, physical, social sciences, medicine, life sciences and the environment.
Branches:

classical languages ​​and literature; ancient history; philology, linguistics and phonetics; painting and fine arts; English language and literature; medieval and modern languages; modern history; music; East; philosophy; theology; China; art history; history of medicine; anthropology; archeology (since 1961); biochemistry; geography; plant sciences; zoology; mathematics; statistics; chemistry; earth sciences; engineering sciences; materials science; physics; anesthesia; cardiovascular medicine; clinical laboratory sciences; clinical medicine;

clinical neurology; clinical pharmacology; genetics; molecular medicine; obstetrics and gynecology; ophthalmology; pediatrics; psychiatry; public health and first aid; surgery; experimental psychology; human anatomy and genetics; pathology; pharmacology; physiology; Africa; Brazil; modern China; Japan; Latin America; Russia and Eastern Europe; South Asia; economy; education; Internet Institute; rights; management; politics and international relations; public policy and social work; sociology; additional education.

Oxford is not only a university, but also the largest research center, Oxford has more than a hundred libraries (the largest university library in England) and museums, its own publishing house.

Students have the opportunity to devote a large amount of their time to leisure - more than 300 hobby groups are at their service. Traditionally, close attention in Oxford is paid to sports as a useful and prestigious form of recreation.

A whole galaxy of brilliant figures of science, literature, and art came out of the walls of Oxford - Christopher Wren, John Tolkien, Lewis Carroll taught here, Roger Bacon and Margaret Thatcher studied. 25 British prime ministers have graduated from Oxford.

Famous graduates

• Thomas Hobbes - philosopher
• Jonathan Swift - writer
• John Locke - philosopher
• Lewis Carroll - English writer
• Oscar Wilde - poet, writer, playwright, essayist, aesthete

Oxford colleges

The very first college at Oxford University - University College - was founded in 1249. Two other colleges in Oxford, claiming the historical championship - "Ballyol" (English Balliol, 1260) and "Merton" (English Merton, 1264) - are named after their founders. John Balliol was the father of John I - the future king of Scotland, and the founder of the second was Lord Chancellor Walter de Merton.

(next to the name of the college in brackets is the year of foundation)

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• Christ Church
• Trinity College (Trinity College,)
• College of St. John (St John's College,)
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see also

• Oxford - Cambridge (traditional boat regatta)

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Notes

Links

Oxford University Colleges Museum Research activity Publishing and library activities Recreation and sports Architecture

An excerpt characterizing the University of Oxford

The movement of peoples from west to east was to be followed by the movement of peoples from east to west, and for this new war a new figure was needed, having other properties and views than Kutuzov, driven by other motives.
Alexander the First was as necessary for the movement of peoples from east to west and for the restoration of the borders of peoples as Kutuzov was necessary for the salvation and glory of Russia.
Kutuzov did not understand what Europe, equilibrium, Napoleon meant. He couldn't understand it. The representative of the Russian people, after the enemy was destroyed, Russia was liberated and placed on the highest level of its glory, the Russian person, as a Russian, had nothing more to do. The representative of the people's war had no choice but death. And he died.

Pierre, as is most often the case, felt the brunt of the physical hardships and stresses experienced in captivity only when these stresses and hardships were over. After his release from captivity, he arrived in Orel, and on the third day of his arrival, while he was going to Kyiv, he fell ill and lay ill in Orel for three months; he became, as the doctors said, bilious fever. Despite the fact that the doctors treated him, bled him and gave him medicines to drink, he still recovered.
Everything that happened to Pierre from the time of his release to his illness left almost no impression on him. He remembered only gray, gloomy, sometimes rainy, sometimes snowy weather, inner physical anguish, pain in his legs, in his side; remembered the general impression of the misfortunes and sufferings of people; he remembered the curiosity of the officers and generals who questioned him, which disturbed him, his efforts to find a carriage and horses, and, most importantly, he remembered his inability to think and feel at that time. On the day of his release, he saw the corpse of Petya Rostov. On the same day, he learned that Prince Andrei had been alive for more than a month after the Battle of Borodino and had only recently died in Yaroslavl, in the Rostovs' house. And on the same day, Denisov, who reported this news to Pierre, mentioned the death of Helen between conversations, suggesting that Pierre had known this for a long time. All this only seemed strange to Pierre at the time. He felt that he could not understand the meaning of all this news. He was then in a hurry only to leave these places where people were killing each other as soon as possible, to some quiet refuge and there to come to his senses, rest and think over all the strange and new that he had learned during this time. But as soon as he arrived in Orel, he fell ill. Waking up from his illness, Pierre saw around him his two people who had come from Moscow - Terenty and Vaska, and the elder princess, who, living in Yelets, on Pierre's estate, and learning about his release and illness, came to him to follow him.
During his recovery, Pierre only gradually weaned from the impressions that had become habitual to him of the last months and got used to the fact that no one would drive him anywhere tomorrow, that no one would take away his warm bed, and that he would probably have lunch, and tea, and supper. But in a dream he saw himself for a long time in the same conditions of captivity. Just as little by little, Pierre understood the news that he learned after his release from captivity: the death of Prince Andrei, the death of his wife, the destruction of the French.
A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, human freedom, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt, when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery. He was surprised that this inner freedom, independent of external circumstances, was now, as it were, surrounded with excess, with luxury, by external freedom. He was alone in a strange city, without acquaintances. Nobody demanded anything from him; they didn't send him anywhere. Everything he wanted he had; The thought of his wife, which had always tormented him before, was no more, since she was no more.
- Oh, how good! How nice! he said to himself when a cleanly laid table with fragrant broth was moved to him, or when he lay down at night on a soft, clean bed, or when he remembered that his wife and the French were no more. - Oh, how good, how nice! - And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And at once he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Ah, how nice!
The very thing that he had tormented before, what he was constantly looking for, the purpose of life, now did not exist for him. It was no coincidence that this desired goal of life now did not exist for him only at the present moment, but he felt that it did not exist and could not exist. And this lack of purpose gave him that full, joyful consciousness of freedom, which at that time constituted his happiness.
He could not have a goal, because he now had faith - not faith in any rules, or words, or thoughts, but faith in a living, always felt god. Previously, he had sought it for the purposes he had set for himself. This search for a goal was only a search for God; and suddenly, in his captivity, he recognized, not by words, not by reasoning, but by direct feeling, what his nanny had told him for a long time: that God is here, here, everywhere. In captivity, he learned that God in Karataev is greater, infinite and incomprehensible than in the Architecton of the universe recognized by the Masons. He experienced the feeling of a man who found what he was looking for under his feet, while he strained his eyes, looking far away from him. All his life he looked somewhere, over the heads of the people around him, but he had not to strain his eyes, but only look in front of him.
He was not able to see before the great, incomprehensible and infinite in anything. He only felt that it must be somewhere and looked for it. In everything close, understandable, he saw one thing limited, petty, worldly, meaningless. He armed himself with a mental telescope and looked into the distance, to where this shallow, worldly distance, hiding in the fog, seemed to him great and infinite only because it was not clearly visible. This is how he imagined European life, politics, freemasonry, philosophy, philanthropy. But even then, in those moments that he considered his weakness, his mind penetrated into this distance, and there he saw the same petty, worldly, meaningless. Now, however, he had learned to see the great, the eternal, and the infinite in everything, and therefore, naturally, in order to see it, to enjoy its contemplation, he threw down the trumpet into which he had until now looked over the heads of people, and joyfully contemplated around him the ever-changing, eternally great, incomprehensible and infinite life. And the closer he looked, the more he was calm and happy. The terrible question that previously destroyed all his mental structures was: why? no longer existed for him. Now to this question - why? a simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Pierre hardly changed in his outward manners. He looked exactly the same as he had before. Just as before, he was absent-minded and seemed preoccupied not with what was before his eyes, but with something of his own, special. The difference between his former and present state was that before, when he forgot what was in front of him, what was said to him, he wrinkled his forehead in pain, as if trying and could not see something far away from him. Now he also forgot what was said to him, and what was before him; but now, with a barely perceptible, as if mocking, smile, he peered at the very thing that was in front of him, listened to what was being said to him, although he obviously saw and heard something completely different. Formerly he seemed, though a kind man, but unhappy; and therefore involuntarily people moved away from him. Now a smile of the joy of life constantly played around his mouth, and in his eyes there shone concern for people - the question is: are they happy just like he is? And people enjoyed being in his presence.
Before, he talked a lot, got excited when he spoke, and listened little; now he was rarely carried away by conversation and knew how to listen in such a way that people willingly told him their most intimate secrets.
The princess, who never loved Pierre and had a particularly hostile feeling towards him since, after the death of the old count, she felt indebted to Pierre, to her annoyance and surprise, after a short stay in Orel, where she came with the intention of proving to Pierre that, despite his ingratitude, she considers it her duty to follow him, the princess soon felt that she loved him. Pierre did nothing to curry favor with the princess. He just looked at her curiously. Before, the princess felt that in his glance at her there was indifference and mockery, and she, as before other people, shrank before him and showed only her fighting side of life; now, on the contrary, she felt that he seemed to be digging into the most intimate aspects of her life; and she, at first with distrust, and then with gratitude, showed him the hidden good sides of her character.
The most cunning person could not have more skillfully sneaked into the confidence of the princess, evoking her memories of the best time of her youth and showing sympathy for them. Meanwhile, Pierre's whole cunning consisted only in the fact that he was looking for his own pleasure, evoking human feelings in an embittered, cyhoy and proud princess.
Yes, he is very, very a kind person when he is under the influence not of bad people, but of people like me, the princess said to herself.
The change that took place in Pierre was noticed in his own way and by his servants - Terenty and Vaska. They found that he was a lot simpler. Terenty often, having undressed the master, with boots and a dress in his hand, having wished good night, hesitated to leave, waiting for the master to join in the conversation. And for the most part Pierre stopped Terenty, noticing that he wanted to talk.
- Well, tell me ... but how did you get your food? he asked. And Terenty began a story about the ruin of Moscow, about the late count, and stood for a long time with his dress, telling, and sometimes listening to Pierre's stories, and, with a pleasant consciousness of the master's closeness to himself and friendliness to him, went into the hall.
The doctor who treated Pierre and visited him every day, despite the fact that, according to the duties of doctors, considered it his duty to look like a person, every minute of which is precious for suffering humanity, spent hours with Pierre, telling his favorite stories and observations on the morals of patients in general and especially ladies.
“Yes, it’s nice to talk with such a person, not like we have in the provinces,” he said.
Several captured French officers lived in Orel, and the doctor brought one of them, a young Italian officer.
This officer began to go to Pierre, and the princess laughed at those tender feelings that the Italian expressed to Pierre.
The Italian, apparently, was happy only when he could come to Pierre and talk and tell him about his past, about his home life, about his love and pour out his indignation at the French, and especially at Napoleon.
“If all Russians are at least a little like you,” he told Pierre, “c "est un sacrilege que de faire la guerre a un peuple comme le votre. [It is blasphemy to fight with a people like you.] You, who suffered so much from the French, you don’t even have malice against them.
And Pierre now deserved the passionate love of the Italian only by the fact that he evoked in him the best sides of his soul and admired them.
During the last time Pierre was in Orel, his old acquaintance, the Mason, Count of Villarsky, came to him, the same one who introduced him to the lodge in 1807. Villarsky was married to a wealthy Russian who had large estates in the Oryol province, and occupied a temporary position in the city in the food department.
Learning that Bezukhov was in Orel, Villarsky, although he never knew him briefly, came to him with those declarations of friendship and intimacy that people usually express to each other when they meet in the desert. Villarsky was bored in Orel and was happy to meet a man of the same circle with himself and with the same, as he believed, interests.
But, to his surprise, Villarsky soon noticed that Pierre was very behind the real life and fell, as he himself defined Pierre, into apathy and egoism.
- Vous vous encroutez, mon cher, [You start, my dear.] - he told him. Despite the fact that Villarsky was now more pleasant with Pierre than before, and he visited him every day. Pierre, looking at Villarsky and listening to him now, it was strange and incredible to think that he himself had very recently been the same.
Villarsky was married, a family man, busy with the affairs of his wife's estate, and service, and family. He believed that all these activities are a hindrance in life and that they are all contemptible, because they are aimed at the personal benefit of him and his family. Military, administrative, political, Masonic considerations constantly absorbed his attention. And Pierre, without trying to change his look, without condemning him, with his now constantly quiet, joyful mockery, admired this strange phenomenon, so familiar to him.
In his relations with Villarsky, with the princess, with the doctor, with all the people with whom he now met, in Pierre there was new trait, which deserved him the favor of all people: this is the recognition of the possibility of each person to think, feel and look at things in his own way; recognition of the impossibility of words to dissuade a person. This legitimate feature of every person, which previously excited and irritated Pierre, now formed the basis of the participation and interest that he took in people. The difference, sometimes a complete contradiction in the views of people with their lives and among themselves, pleased Pierre and evoked in him a mocking and meek smile.

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University of Oxford University motto: Dominus Illuminatio Mea (lat.) / The Lord is my light! Location: Oxford, Oxfordshire

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History of Oxford According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, in 912 King Edward I came into possession of the city, which at the same time received its name: Ford for Oxen ("ox ford" across the Thames). In 1133, when it was decided in England to create a university for the clergy, the choice fell on Oxford, one of largest cities countries. And to maintain strict church discipline, later smaller structures with limited self-government, colleges, were created at the university. The two oldest colleges in Oxford, Balliol (founded in 1260) and Merton (in 1264), are named after their founders John Balliol and Walter de Merton. Naming colleges by the name or rank of the founder has become one of the Oxford traditions. So, Cardinal College, in the courtyard of which, since the day it was founded in 1525, the bell ringing is heard every evening " Big Tom founded by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. The cathedral of this college has been a cathedral since 1545, and its rich collection of stained glass windows is one of the attractions of Oxford University.

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As often happened in those years, the appearance of learned men in the city did not please local artisans and merchants. The clashes between the "town and gown" - the city and the mantle - continue to this day, because in Oxford, where about 250,000 inhabitants live, in addition to the university center, there are also working outskirts. Here, in particular, the famous Rover cars are produced. In the 13th century, the university became a center for mathematics and astronomy. It was here that John Hollywood first replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals, and soon mathematics began to be studied from Oxford textbooks throughout Europe. In the 19th century, the university, which had existed for several hundred years as a “state within a state,” was reformed: the appointment of teachers was based solely on scientific reputation, the faculties of history and law were first established, and later faculties in other specialties were added. But the main thing: the university gradually began to lose autonomy, becoming more and more dependent on national laws and civil officials, until in 1950 it was deprived of the right to send its own representative to Parliament, which lasted for almost 350 years.

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Statuses: Oxford University - - formed from a school established by Alfred the Great and already in the 12th century. achieved fame. The organization of the University of Oxford is broadly similar to that of the University of Cambridge. The statutes of the university were revised in 1882. The university is composed of members of colleges (21) and hostels (Halls, number 5) that do not enjoy the rights of corporations. Since 1868, students are admitted who are not assigned (non adscripti) to any of the colleges - or hostels. University members (Fellows) consist of persons who have completed a course in it (Graduates) and students (Undergraduates). In 1893, O. University had 12,165 members, including 3,197 students. higher institutions Oxford University are House of convocation and Congregation. The first assembly includes all the magistri artium; it elects the chancellor of the university, two members of parliament from the university; the same assembly has the highest right to dispose of university estates and capitals (the right of patronage); any change in the statutes of the university must be approved by the House of convocation.

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The second assembly, the Congregation, is formed by all the magistri artium living in Oxford itself; it is the second instance for considering proposals from the university's executive body, the Hebdomadal council (weekly council). This Council is composed of the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and 18 proctors (6 representatives of colleges, 6 professors and 6 members of the House of convocation), chosen by the congregation. O. University has about 60 professors. Students are admitted after an entrance exam. Academic year is divided into 4 terms (term - about 2 months). To get a bachelor's degree, you need to stay at the university for 3 years and undergo exams three times (Responsions, Moderations, Pass Examination). At the last examination, only three subjects are chosen.

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Bachelors who stay at the university for another three years receive a master's degree without additional examination or dissertation. There are special exams for higher degrees. The income of the university and all colleges is about 325 thousand pounds sterling, including 187,660 pounds sterling from real estate and capital. With excellently furnished educational and auxiliary institutions, the University of Oxford is richer than the University of Cambridge. In addition to the famous Bodleian Library, O. University has a library of the Tylor Institute and the Radcliffe Library. The university art galleries contain a valuable collection of paintings and statues (works by Raphael and Michelangelo); with them, founded in 1872 by Ruskin, an art school. The museum (University museum, built in 1855-59) contains rich natural science collections; it has several laboratories; two observatories, a botanical garden, a famous printing house. The oldest college, University college, was founded in 1249, the youngest, Hertford college, in 1874. The richest college, Christ Church, was founded in 1532; a magnificent gothic building, with a large bell tom gate on the tower. Magdalen college (1456), with a beautiful Gothic tower and a beautiful garden; other colleges arose in the 15th-19th centuries. For women, 3 dormitories have recently been founded (Lady Margaret Hall, Somerville Hall and St. Hugh's Hall). There are several colleges outside Oxford (for example, in Nottingham, Sheffield, etc.) assigned to Oxford University. Colonial universities in Kapstadt, Sydney, Adelaide, Calcutta, Bombay, Lagore are considered branches of O. University.

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Nevertheless, the University of Oxford has not lost its elitism even today, still remaining the most prestigious educational institution in the UK, which has a significant impact not only on scientific life country, but also on its external and internal politics. Here they are very careful about their history and traditions. Oxford, like centuries ago, is very religious and is an active member of the intercollegiate Christian Union. The main university ceremony - "Matriculation" (formal dedication to students) is held in Latin. This ancient ritual requires a tassel hat and gown to be worn over a dark suit with a white shirt, for ladies over a dark skirt with a white blouse. The same clothes are supposed to be worn for exams. Oxford University owns 47 Nobel Prizes and three Fields Medals (analogous to the Nobel Prize for mathematicians). 22 British Prime Ministers (among them Margaret Thatcher and Anthony Blair) are its alumni. The university has issued diplomas to three saints and one to the Pope. In addition, eight foreign kings and twenty-eight presidents have studied there, including Bill Clinton. Stars Hugh Grant and Kate Beckinsale are also Oxford graduates. The names of Roger Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Jonathan Swift, Lewis Carroll, Oscar Wilde, John R. R. Tolkien, Indira Gandhi and other prominent political and cultural figures are forever associated with the university.

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Oxford University is named after the city where it has the honor of being located. The county of Oxfordshire, with a population of a little over one hundred thousand, is located close to London. Administrative center county stretched on the picturesque banks of the legendary Thames. A transport hub and several shopping centers are concentrated here, but the whole world knows this place thanks to one attraction - Oxford University. This is an old university, the pride of the United Kingdom. It can rightly be called the oldest English-speaking university in the world. Scholars are still arguing about the exact date of its revival, but the university is so old that it is difficult to pinpoint the exact date. Oxford University was first mentioned in the 12th century. Then, on the basis of the university, theological, medical, humanitarian and law faculties were opened. However, records have been found that schools already existed here in the 9th century.

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Oxford began to develop rapidly as an educational and scientific center at the end of the 12th century, in connection with the decision of the king to abolish education in France. Until now, scientists are trying to establish the exact date of the creation of the university. The university has not undergone any special changes. In the Middle Ages, Oxford consisted of 4 faculties, now five faculties are open: physical and mathematical and life sciences have been added, and theological has been moved to closed colleges. There are a great many departments: you can give preference to any specialty, from classical music to management. Every year Oxford welcomes 19 thousand students, half of the students are foreigners. Oxford University boasts rich history. He remembers the times when students and townspeople were at enmity with each other, it came to serious skirmishes, developing into real fights. In 1355 there were arsons in the building, destruction. It was not until the 19th century that the city stopped paying fines for damages to the university. The modern, beautiful, green town of Oxford owes everything to the old university. An atmosphere of refined intelligence reigns here, and every corner of the town has its own ancient towers. Thousands of tourists come to these places to touch the historical university and for a moment find themselves in the Middle Ages, the world of royal decrees and a completely different education.

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Oxford University is the oldest English-speaking university in the world. It has a long and glorious history. It is located in Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. This is the first university in England. The history of Oxford University began in the 11th century, although it is difficult to name the exact date of foundation. It consists of 38 colleges and faculties, as well as 7 private educational institutions belonging mainly to religious orders. The motto of the university is Dominus Illuminatio Mea, which translates to "The Lord is my illumination". It is known that already in 1096 they taught at Oxford. In 1167, when foreigners were expelled from the University of Paris (Sorbonne), many students went to Oxford. In 1190, foreign students first appeared here. Oxford owns the world-famous Bodleian Library. It has existed since the 14th century. Includes several old buildings. The university provides training in both mathematics and humanities, as well as sociological, physical and even medical. The staff of teachers is more than 4 thousand people, of which 70 are members of the Royal Society, and about 100 are members of the Royal Academy. Oxford graduates were kings, prime ministers, politicians and writers, famous philosophers and scientists. Tim Bernes-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, also graduated from Oxford. In the Middle Ages, Oxford was mostly graduated by the clergy, and only later did it become a place of education for the privileged. Members of many well-known monastic orders studied here.

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Oxford today Teaching students at the oldest university in Great Britain began in the 11th century. The teaching staff at Oxford is huge by university standards - almost 4,000 people (more than a hundred of them are members of the prestigious British Academy), and the management system is intricate and complex. The campus is like a mini-state with four dozen colleges and seven "halls" ( educational institutions without college status), each of which has its own rector. All Oxford students are assigned professor-mentors (“tutors”). It is strictly forbidden to enter Oxford and rival Cambridge at the same time.

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Oxford University takes its name from the city in which it is located. The administrative center of the county of Oxfordshire, with a little over 100 thousand inhabitants, Oxford is located near London, on the banks of the Thames. It is an important transport hub and shopping mall, but he is known all over the world thanks to his university. One of the so-called "old universities" of the United Kingdom, the oldest English-speaking university in the world, it is so old that even the date of its foundation is a matter of controversy. And although the first mention of the University of Oxford with theological, medical, humanities and law faculties dates back to the 12th century, it is known that several schools already existed here in the 9th century. The rapid development of Oxford as an educational and scientific center began precisely in the second half of the 12th century, it was caused by a royal ban on getting an education in France. As controversial as the founding of the university was, it happened a very long time ago. However, conservative Englishmen are not in favor of unjustified changes. If in the Middle Ages there were 4 faculties at Oxford University, today there are 5 of them: the faculties of life sciences and physics and mathematics were added, but the study of theology was moved to separate closed colleges. True, a huge variety of departments allows you to choose almost any specialty: from music and classical literature to management and computer science. Approximately 18-19 thousand students study here annually, a quarter of this number are foreigners. The history of Oxford University knows periods when relations between citizens and students were hostile, there were real skirmishes between them that developed into hostilities. In February 1355, driven to despair, respectable townsfolk broke into the colleges, smashed and set fire to them. It wasn't until the 19th century that the city stopped paying fines for damage done to the university. And today, a small, cozy, very green Oxford owes everything to the university: both the ancient towers and the general atmosphere of refined intelligence. 39 colleges of Oxford University employ almost a tenth of the locals, and medieval buildings and the same ancient order attract many tourists here.

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Oxford University is the oldest in Great Britain and the English-speaking world. Its history goes back to the monastic schools that appeared in Oxford at the beginning of the 11th century. But they taught in these schools mainly theology, and for a broader education, students had to leave for France, where universities already existed at that time. This is how English subjects would have studied in the "French side", if in 1167 King Henry II, after a quarrel with the Archbishop of Paris, in anger did not forbid them to leave the kingdom. This ban was the main impetus for the development of its own university structure, and by the beginning of the 13th century there were already several colleges in Oxford, where, in addition to theology, they began to teach law, medicine and the liberal arts, which included grammar with rhetoric, geometry, astronomy and music.