Shtanko T.Yu. No. 221-987-502

Theme: Chemical composition cells. Carbohydrates, lipids, their role in the life of the cell .

Lesson Glossary: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, waxes, phospholipids.

Personal results: the formation of cognitive interests and motives for the study of wildlife. Development of intellectual skills, creativity.

Metasubject results: the formation of skills to compare, draw conclusions, reason, formulate definitions of concepts.

Subject results: characterize the structural features, functions of carbohydrates and lipids,their role in the life of the cell.

UUD: building a logical chain of reasoning, comparison, correlation of concepts.

The purpose of the lesson: to acquaint students with the structure, classification and functions of carbohydrates, with the variety and functions of lipids.

During the classes: knowledge check

Characterize the chemical composition of the cell.

Why can it be argued that the chemical composition of a cell is a confirmation of the unity of living nature and the community of living and inanimate nature?

Why is it believed that carbon is the chemical basis of life?

Choose the correct sequence of chemical elements in order to increase their concentration in the cell:

a) iodine-carbon-sulfur; b) iron-copper-potassium;

c) phosphorus-magnesium-zinc; d) fluorine-chlorine-oxygen.

Deficiency of which element can be due to changes in the shape of the limbs in children?

a) iron; b) potassium; c) magnesium; d) calcium.

Describe the structure of the water molecule and its functions in the cell.

Water is a solvent. Polar water molecules dissolve polar molecules other substances. Substances soluble in water are calledhydrophilic insoluble in water– hydrophobic .

High specific heat... To break hydrogen bonds holding water molecules, it is required to absorb a large number of energy. This property of water ensures the maintenance of heat balance in the body.

Thermal conductivity.

The water is practically not compressed, providing turgor pressure.

Grip and surface tension. Hydrogen bonds provide water viscosity and adhesion to molecules of other substances. Due to the adhesion forces, a film is formed on the surface of the water, which is characterized by surface tension.

It can be in three states.

Density. When cooled, the movement of water molecules slows down. The number of hydrogen bonds becomes maximum. Water has the highest density at 4 degrees. Freezing water expands (space is needed for the formation of hydrogen bonds), its density decreases, so ice floats on the surface of the water.

Select the functions of the water in the cage:

a) energy d) construction

b) enzymatic e) lubricating

c) transport e) thermoregulation

Select only physical properties water:

a) the ability to dissociate

b) hydrolysis of salts

c) density

d) thermal conductivity

e) electrical conductivity

f) electron donation

The amount of water in the cells of the embryo - 97.55%; eight months - 83%; newborn - 74%; adult - 66% (bones - 20%, liver - 70%, brain - 86%). The amount of water is directly proportional to the metabolic rate.

How is the acidity or basicity of solutions determined? (concentration of H ions)

How is this concentration expressed? (This concentration is expressed using the pH value)

Neutral reaction pH = 7

Acidic pH less than 7

Basic pH greater than 7

The length of the pH scale up to 14

PH value in cells 7 A change of 1-2 units is detrimental to the cell.

How the pH is maintained in cells (maintained due to the buffering properties of their contents).

Buffer is called a solution containing a mixture of a weak acid and its soluble salt... When the acidity (concentration of H ions) increases, the free anions, the source of which is the salt, easily combines with free H ions and removes them from the solution. When acidity decreases, additional H ions are released.

As components of the body's buffer systems, ions determine their properties - the ability to maintain pH at a certain level (close to neutral), despite the fact that as a result of metabolism, acidic and alkaline products are formed.

What is homeostasis?

Learning new material.

Divide the presented substances into groups. Explain what distribution principle did you use?

Ribose, hemoglobin, chitin, cellulose, albumin, cholesterol, murein, glucose, fibrin, testosterone, starch, glycogen, sucrose

Carbohydrates

Lipids (fats)

Protein

ribose

cholesterol

hemoglobin

chitin

testosterone

albumen

cellulose

fibrin

murein

glucose

starch

glycogen

sucrose

Today we will talk about carbohydrates and lipids.

General formula of carbohydrates C (HO) Glucose C HO

Take a look at the carbs you have highlighted and try to divide them into 3 groups. Explain what distribution principle did you use?

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

ribose

sucrose

chitin

glucose

cellulose

murein

starch

glycogen

What is the difference? Writing polymer concept.

Working with pictures:

(Pages 3-9) Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

Functions of carbohydrates

The values ​​of carbohydrates in the cell

Functions

Enzymatic breakdown of the carbohydrate molecule releases 17.5 kJ

energetic

In excess, carbohydrates are found in the cell in the form of starch, glycogen. Enhanced breakdown of carbohydrates occurs during seed germination, prolonged fasting, intense muscle work

storing

Carbohydrates are part of the cell walls, form the chitinous cover of arthropods, prevent the penetration of bacteria, being released when plants are damaged.

protective

Cellulose, chitin, murein are part of the cell walls. Chitin forms the carapace of arthropods

construction, plastic

Participates in the processes of cellular recognition, perceives signals from the environment, being a part of glycoproteins

receptor, signal

Lipids are fat-like substances.

Their molecules are non-polar, hydrophobic, and dissolve in organic solvents.

By structure, they are divided into simple and complex.

Simple: neutral lipids (fats), waxes, sterols, steroids.

neutral lipids (fats) consist of: see fig. 11

Complex lipids contain a non-lipid component. Most important: phospholipids, glycolipids (in cell membranes)

Lipid functions

Correlate:

Function description Name

1) are part of cell membranes A) energy

2) upon oxidation of 1g. fat is released 38.9 kJ B) water source

3) deposited in plant and animal cells B) regulatory

4) subcutaneous fatty tissue protects organs from hypothermia, shock. D) storage

5) some of the lipids are hormones D) construction

6) when oxidizing 1 g of fat, more than 1 g of water is released E) protective

Anchoring:

questions p. 37 No. 1 - 3; p. 39 No. 1 - 4.

D / Z: §nine; §ten

Features of the chemical composition of the cell

1. What is chemical element?
2. How many chemical elements are currently known?
3. What substances are called inorganic?
4. What compounds are called organic?
5. What chemical bonds called covalent?

The following eight elements account for about 2% of the cell mass: potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, phosphorus and sulfur. The rest of the chemical elements are contained in the cell in extremely small quantities.

Lesson content lesson outline and support frame lesson presentation accelerated methods and interactive technologies closed exercises (for teacher use only) grading Practice tasks and exercises, self-test workshops, laboratory, cases level of difficulty of tasks: normal, high, olympiad homework Illustrations illustrations: video clips, audio, photographs, charts, tables, comics, multimedia abstracts chips for the curious cheat sheets humor, parables, jokes, sayings, crosswords, quotes Add-ons external independent testing (VNT) textbooks basic and additional thematic holidays, slogans articles national peculiarities vocabulary of terms others For teachers only

Cell chemical elements

In living organisms there is not a single chemical element that would not be found in the bodies of inanimate nature (which indicates the commonality of animate and inanimate nature).
Different cells include practically the same chemical elements (which proves the unity of living nature); and at the same time, even the cells of one multicellular organism that perform various functions can differ significantly from each other in chemical composition.
Of the currently known more than 115 elements, about 80 are found in the composition of the cell.

All elements, according to their content in living organisms, are divided into three groups:

1. macronutrients- the content of which exceeds 0.001% of the body weight.
   98% of the mass of any cell accounts for four elements (they are sometimes called organogens): - oxygen (O) - 75%, carbon (C) - 15%, hydrogen (H) - 8%, nitrogen (N) - 3%. These elements form the basis organic compounds(and oxygen and hydrogen, in addition, are part of the water, which is also contained in the cell). About 2% of the cell mass accounts for eight more macronutrients: magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), sulfur (S);
2. The rest of the chemical elements are contained in the cell in very small amounts: trace elements- those that account for from 0.000001% to 0.001% - boron (B), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mb), zinc (Zn), etc.;
3. ultramicroelements- the content of which does not exceed 0.000001% - uranium (U), radium (Ra), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cesium (Cs), selenium (Se), etc.

Living organisms are capable of accumulating certain chemical elements. So, for example, some algae accumulate iodine, buttercups - lithium, duckweed - radium, etc.

Cell chemicals

Elements in the form of atoms are included in the composition of molecules inorganic and organic cell connections.

TO inorganic compounds include water and mineral salts.

Organic compounds characteristic only for living organisms, while inorganic exist in inanimate nature.

TO organic compounds include carbon compounds with molecular weights from 100 to several hundred thousand.
Carbon - chemical base life. It can bond with many atoms and their groups, forming chains, rings that make up the skeleton of different chemical composition, structure, length and shape organic molecules... They form complex chemical compounds that differ in structure and function. These organic compounds that make up the cells of living organisms are called biological polymers, or biopolymers... They make up more than 97% of the dry matter of the cell.

Question 1. What is the similarity of biological systems and objects of inanimate nature?
The main similarity is the chemical composition. The overwhelming majority of the currently known chemical elements have been found both in living organisms and in inanimate nature. Atoms that are characteristic only of living systems do not exist. However, the content of specific elements in living and inanimate nature is sharply different. Organisms (from bacteria to vertebrates) are able to selectively accumulate elements that are necessary for life.
However, it is possible to single out a set of properties that are inherent in all living things and distinguish them from the bodies of inanimate nature. Living objects are characterized by a special form of interaction with the environment - metabolism. It is based on interconnected and balanced processes of assimilation (anabolism) and dissimilation (catabolism). These processes are aimed at renewing the structures of the body, as well as providing various aspects of its life with the necessary nutrients and energy. A prerequisite for metabolism is the receipt of certain chemical compounds, that is, the existence of an organism as an open system.
It is interesting that inanimate objects can exhibit certain properties that are more characteristic of living things. So, crystals of minerals are capable of growth and exchange of substances with the environment, and phosphorus can "store" light energy. But not a single inorganic system possesses the totality of features inherent in a living organism.

Question 2. List the bioelements and explain what their significance is in the formation of living matter.
Bioelements (organogens) include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. They form the basis of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other organic matter... For all organic molecules, the carbon atoms that form the framework are of particular importance. This framework is joined by various chemical groups formed by other bioelements. Depending on the composition and arrangement of such groups, organic molecules acquire individual properties and functions. For example, amino acids contain a large amount of nitrogen, and nucleic acids- phosphorus.
In the cells of some organisms, an increased content of certain chemical elements is found. For example, bacteria can accumulate manganese, algae - iodine, duckweed - radium, molluscs and crustaceans - copper, vertebrates - iron.
Chemical elements are part of organic compounds. Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are involved in the construction of carbohydrate and fat molecules. In addition to these elements, protein molecules include nitrogen and sulfur, and nucleic acid molecules include phosphorus and nitrogen. Iron and copper ions are included in the molecules of oxidative enzymes, magnesium - in the chlorophyll molecule, iron - in the composition of hemoglobin, iodine - in the composition of the thyroid hormone - thyroxine, zinc - in the composition of insulin - the hormone of the pancreas, cobalt - in the composition of vitamin B 12.
Chemical elements that take part in metabolic processes and have a pronounced biological activity are called biogenic.

Question 3. What are micronutrients? Give examples and describe biological significance these elements.
Many chemical elements are found in living systems in very small quantities (fractions of a percent of the total mass). Such substances are called trace elements.
Trace elements: Cu, B, Co, Mo, Mn, Ni, Br, etc. I and others. Their share in the cell in total accounts for more than 0.1%; the concentration of each does not exceed 0.001%. These are metal ions that are part of biologically active substances(hormones, enzymes, etc.). Plants, fungi, bacteria get trace elements from soil and water; animals - mainly with food. For the most part, trace elements are part of proteins and biologically active substances (hormones, vitamins). For example, zinc is found in the pancreatic hormone insulin, and iodine is found in thyroxine (thyroid hormone). Cobalt is essential part of vitamin B 12. Iron is part of about seventy proteins in the body, copper is part of twenty proteins, and so on.
In the cells of some organisms, an increased content of certain chemical elements is found. For example, bacteria can accumulate manganese, algae - iodine, duckweed - radium, molluscs and crustaceans - copper, vertebrates - iron. Ultramicroelements: uranium, gold, beryllium, mercury, cesium, selenium and others. Their concentration does not exceed 0.000001%. The physiological role of many of them has not been established.

Question 4. How will the lack of any trace element affect the vital activity of the cell and the body? Give examples of such phenomena.
The lack of any trace element leads to a decrease in the synthesis of that organic matter, which contains this trace element. As a result, the processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, etc. are disrupted. For example, iodine deficiency in food leads to a general drop in the activity of the body and the proliferation of the thyroid gland - endemic goiter. Boron deficiency causes the death of apical buds in plants. The main function of iron in the body is to carry oxygen and participate in oxidative processes (through dozens of oxidative enzymes). Iron is part of hemoglibin, myoglobin, cytochromes. Iron plays an important role in the processes of energy release, in ensuring the immune responses of the body, in the metabolism of cholesterol. With a lack of zinc, cell differentiation, insulin production, absorption of vitamin E are impaired, and the regeneration of skin cells is impaired. Zinc plays an important role in the processing of alcohol, therefore, its lack in the body causes a predisposition to alcoholism (especially in children and adolescents). Zinc is part of insulin. a number of enzymes involved in hematopoiesis.
Lack of selenium can lead to cancer in humans and animals. By analogy with vitamin deficiency, such diseases are called microelementosis.

Question 5. Tell us about ultramicroelements. What is their content in the body? What is known about their role in living organisms?
Ultramicroelements- these are elements that are contained in the cell in negligible quantities (the concentration of each does not exceed one millionth of a percent). These include uranium, radium, gold, silver, mercury, beryllium, arsenic, etc.
Arsenic is classified as conditionally essential, immunotoxic elements. It is known that arsenic is with proteins (cysteine, glutamine), lipoic acid. Arsenic affects the oxidative processes in mitochondria and takes part in many other important biological processes; it is part of the enzymes that protect the membranes of our cells from oxidation, and is necessary for their normal functioning.
In the body, lithium promotes the release of magnesium from cellular "depots" and inhibits the transfer nerve impulse, thereby reducing. excitability of the nervous system. lithium also affects neuroendocrine processes, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
Vanadium is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the cardiovascular system, and is also involved in the metabolism of bones and teeth. The physiological role of most of the ultraelements has not been established. It is possible that it is absent altogether, and then some of the ultramicroelements are simply impurities of living organisms. Many ultramicroelements are toxic to humans and animals in certain concentrations, for example, silver, titanium, arsenic, etc.

Question 6. Give examples of biochemical endemias known to you. Explain the reasons for their origin.
Biochemical endemics- these are diseases of plants, animals and humans associated with a clear deficiency or excess of any chemical element in environment... As a result, microelementosis or some other disorders develop. So, in many regions of our country, the amount of iodine in water and soil has been significantly reduced. Lack of iodine leads to a decrease in the synthesis of the hormone thyroxine, the thyroid gland, trying to compensate for its lack, grows (endemic goiter develops). Other examples are the lack of selenium in the soil of several regions of Mongolia, as well as the excess of mercury in the water of some mountain rivers in Chile and Ceylon. There is an excess of fluoride in the water of many areas, which leads to dental disease - fluorosis.
One of the forms of biochemical endemia can be considered an excess of radioactive elements in the area Chernobyl nuclear power plant and places exposed to intense radio exposure, for example,

Biology. General biology. Grade 10. A basic level of Sivoglazov Vladislav Ivanovich

5. The chemical composition of the cell

5. The chemical composition of the cell

Remember!

What is a chemical element?

What chemical elements prevail in the earth's crust?

What do you know about the role of such chemical elements as iodine, calcium, iron, in the life of organisms?

One of the main common features living organisms is the unity of their elemental chemical composition. Regardless of which kingdom, type or class this or that living creature belongs to, its body includes the same so-called universal chemical elements. The similarity in the chemical composition of different cells indicates the unity of their origin.

Rice. 8. The shells of unicellular diatoms contain a large amount of silicon

About 90 chemical elements have been found in living nature, that is, most of all known to date. There are no special elements characteristic only for living organisms, and this is one of the proofs of the commonality of living and inanimate nature. But the quantitative content of certain elements in living organisms and in the inanimate environment surrounding them differs significantly. For example, silicon in soil is about 33%, and in terrestrial plants only 0.15%. Such differences indicate the ability of living organisms to accumulate only those elements that they need for life (Fig. 8).

Depending on the content, all chemical elements that make up living nature are divided into several groups.

Macronutrients. Group I. The main components of all organic compounds that perform biological functions are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. All carbohydrates and lipids contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, and the composition of proteins and nucleic acids, in addition to these components, includes nitrogen... These four elements account for 98% of the mass of living cells.

Group II. The group of macroelements also includes phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, iron, chlorine. These chemical elements are essential components of all living organisms. The content of each of them in the cell ranges from tenths to hundredths of a percent of the total mass.

Sodium, potassium and chlorine provide the emergence and conduction of electrical impulses in the nervous tissue. Maintaining a normal heart rate depends on concentration in the body sodium, potassium and calcium. Iron participates in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, is part of hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen in the blood) and myoglobin (a protein that contains oxygen in the muscles). Magnesium in plant cells it is a part of chlorophyll, and in the animal body it participates in the formation of enzymes necessary for the normal functioning of muscle, nervous and bone tissues. Proteins often include sulfur, and all nucleic acids contain phosphorus... Phosphorus is also a component of all membrane structures.

Among both groups of macronutrients, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are combined into a group bioelements , or organogens , on the basis that they form the basis of most organic molecules (Table 1).

Trace elements. There is a large group of chemical elements that are found in organisms in very low concentrations. These are aluminum, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, iodine, selenium, bromine, fluorine, boron and many others. Each of them accounts for no more than thousandths of a percent, and the total contribution of these elements to the cell mass is about 0.02%. Microelements enter plants and microorganisms from soil and water, and into the body of animals - with food, water and air. The role and functions of the elements of this group in various organisms are very diverse. As a rule, trace elements are part of biologically active compounds (enzymes, vitamins and hormones), and their effect is manifested mainly in how they affect metabolism.

Table 1. Content of bioelements in the cell

Cobalt is a part of vitamin B 12 and takes part in the synthesis of hemoglobin, its lack leads to anemia. Molybdenum as part of enzymes, it participates in nitrogen fixation in bacteria and ensures the operation of the stomatal apparatus in plants. Copper is a component of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of melanin (skin pigment), affects the growth and reproduction of plants, on the processes of hematopoiesis in animal organisms. Iodine in all vertebrates, it is part of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Boron affects the growth processes in plants, its lack leads to the death of apical buds, flowers and ovaries. Zinc acts on the growth of animals and plants, and is also part of the pancreatic hormone - insulin. a lack of Selena leads to the occurrence of cancer in humans and animals. Each element plays its own specific, very important role in ensuring the vital activity of the organism.

As a rule, the biological effect of a particular microelement depends on the presence of other elements in the body, that is, each living organism is a unique balanced system, the normal operation of which depends, among other things, on the correct ratio of its components at any level of organization. For example, manganese improves absorption by the body copper, a fluorine affects metabolism strontium.

It has been found that some organisms intensively accumulate certain elements. For example, many seaweeds accumulate iodine, horsetails - silicon, buttercups - lithium, and molluscs are characterized by a high content copper.

Trace elements are widely used in modern agriculture in the form of micronutrient fertilizers to increase crop yields and as additives to feed to increase the productivity of animals. Microelements are also used in medicine.

Ultramicroelements. There is a group of chemical elements that are contained in organisms in trace, i.e. negligible, concentrations. These include gold, beryllium, silver and other elements. The physiological role of these components in living organisms has not yet been finally established.

The role of external factors in the formation of the chemical composition of living nature. The content of certain elements in an organism is determined not only by the characteristics of a given organism, but also by the composition of the environment in which it lives, and the food that it uses. The geological history of our planet, the peculiarities of soil-forming processes have led to the formation of areas on the Earth's surface that differ from each other in the content of chemical elements. A sharp deficiency or, conversely, an excess of any chemical element causes within such zones the emergence of biogeochemical endemias - diseases of plants, animals and humans.

In many regions of our country - in the Urals and Altai, in Primorye and in Rostov region the amount of iodine in soil and water is significantly reduced.

If a person does not receive the required amount of iodine with food, his thyroxine synthesis decreases. The thyroid gland, trying to compensate for the lack of the hormone, grows, which leads to the formation of the so-called endemic goiter. The consequences of iodine deficiency are especially severe in children. A reduced amount of thyroxine leads to a sharp retardation in mental and physical development.

To prevent diseases of the thyroid gland, doctors recommend adding salt to food with a special salt fortified with potassium iodide, eating fish dishes and seaweed.

Almost 2 thousand years ago, the ruler of one of the northeastern provinces of China issued a decree in which he ordered all his subjects to eat 2 kg of seaweed per year. Since then, residents have obediently abided by the ancient decree, and, despite the fact that there is a clear lack of iodine in the area, the population does not suffer from thyroid diseases.

Review questions and assignments

1. What are the similarities between biological systems and objects of inanimate nature?

2. List bioelements and explain what their significance is in the formation of living matter.

3. What are micronutrients? Give examples and describe the biological significance of these elements.

4. How will the lack of any trace element affect the vital activity of the cell and the body? Give examples of such phenomena.

5. Tell us about ultramicroelements. What is their content in the body? What is known about their role in living organisms?

6. Give examples of biochemical endemias known to you. Explain the reasons for their origin.

7. Make a diagram illustrating the elemental chemistry of living organisms.

Think! Execute!

1. By what principle are all chemical elements that make up living nature divided into macroelements, trace elements and ultramicroelements? Suggest your own, alternative, classification of chemical elements, based on a different principle.

2. Sometimes in textbooks and manuals instead of the phrase "elemental chemical composition" you can find the expression "elemental chemical composition". Explain why this wording is incorrect.

3. Find out if there are any peculiarities of the chemical composition of the water in the area where you live (for example, an excess of iron or a lack of fluoride, etc.). Using additional literature and Internet resources, determine what impact this may have on the human body.

Work with computer

Please refer to the electronic attachment. Study the material and complete the assignments.

Repeat and remember!

Plants

Fertilizers. Nitrogen necessary for plants for the normal formation of vegetative organs. With additional application of nitrogen and nitrogenous fertilizers to the soil, the growth of ground shoots is enhanced. Phosphorus affects the development and ripening of fruits. Potassium promotes the outflow of organic matter from the leaves to the roots, affects the preparation of the plant for winter.

All elements in the composition of mineral salts of plants are obtained from the soil. In order to have high yields, it is necessary to maintain soil fertility and apply fertilizers. In modern agriculture, organic and mineral fertilizers are used, thanks to which cultivated plants receive the necessary nutrients.

Organic fertilizers(manure, peat, humus, bird droppings, etc.) contain all the plants need nutrients... When organic fertilizers are applied, microorganisms enter the soil, which mineralize organic residues and thereby increase soil fertility. Manure must be applied long before sowing seeds, during autumn tillage.

Mineral fertilizers usually contain those elements that are lacking in the soil: nitrogen (sodium and potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, etc.), potassium (potassium chloride, potassium sulfate), phosphorus (superphosphates, phosphorite flour, etc.). Fertilizers containing nitrogen are usually applied in the spring or early summer, as they are quickly washed out of the soil. Potash and phosphorus fertilizers last longer, so they are applied in the fall. An excess of fertilizer is just as harmful to plants as a lack of it.

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