Levels of personal maturity. Psychological maturity - myth or reality? So, the criteria for a person’s personal maturity

The concept of maturity in psychology involves the identification of two main aspects :maturity as a stage of life and maturity as a level of development. Hence one of important issues: determination of objective criteria of human maturity. Today, it is perhaps impossible to describe the model of social maturity of an individual with exhaustive completeness.

As criteria for psychological maturity in psychological literature are moving forward various characteristics And personality traits . It could be the individual's ability to reflect , and her willingness to carefully fulfill assigned social roles , And ability personalities achieve your goal at the appropriate age . In society, each age is assigned a certain level of achievement, and if an individual meets these social expectations, then he is considered mature. IN social psychology put forward as a criterion of psychological maturity concept of adaptation to the social environment . A person is considered psychologically mature if he is well adapted to the social environment, if he does not have conflicts, if he shares social norms of behavior and accepts social values. Psychosocial maturity of an individual can be defined as the ability to recognize the existing boundaries of social reality, predict the consequences of one’s own actions and take responsibility for one’s own life, as well as for the lives of loved ones around them.

Hall and Lindsay (1997), characterizing a mature person, highlight the following characteristics: wide boundaries of the Self, the ability for warm social relationships, the presence of self-acceptance, a realistic perception of experience, the ability to self-knowledge, a sense of humor, the presence of a certain life philosophy. B. Livehud (1994) considers three main properties of a mature person: wisdom; gentleness and condescension; self-awareness.

22. Personality socialization: characteristics and main types.

Personal socialization is the process of each individual entering into social structure, as a result of which changes occur in the very structure of society and in the structure of each individual. This is due to the social activity of each individual. As a result of this process, all the norms of each group are learned, the uniqueness of each group is revealed, and the individual learns patterns of behavior, values, and social norms. All this is essential for successful functioning in any society.

Socialization process personalities continues throughout the entire existence of human life , since the world around us is in constant motion, everything changes and a person simply needs to change for a more comfortable stay in new conditions. The human essence undergoes regular changes and changes over the years; it cannot be constant. Life is a process of constant adaptation, requiring continuous change and renewal. Man is a social being. The process of integration of each individual into social strata is considered quite complex and quite lengthy, since it includes the assimilation of values ​​and norms of social life and certain roles. The process of personal socialization takes place in mutually intertwined directions. The first one can be the object itself. As a second, a person begins to become more and more actively involved in the social structure and life of society as a whole.

Stages socialization of the individual.

The process of personal socialization goes through three main phases in its development.

The first phase consists of mastering social values ​​and norms, as a result of which the individual learns to conform to the whole society.

The second phase is the individual’s desire for personalization, self-actualization and a certain impact on other members of society.

The third phase consists of the integration of each person into a certain social group, where he reveals his own properties and capabilities.

Only a consistent flow of the entire process can lead to a successful completion of the entire process.

The process of socialization itself includes the main stages of personality socialization . Modern sociology is able to resolve these issues ambiguously. Among the main stages we can distinguish: pre-labor stage, labor stage, post-labor stage.

Main stages of personality socialization:

Primary socialization is a process that occurs from birth to the formation of the individual;

Secondary socialization - at this stage, a restructuring of the personality occurs during the period of maturity and stay in society.

When analyzing the level of human personality development, it is important to separate two concepts: adulthood and personal maturity. An adult is a person who has reached a certain age. Maturity - this is a level of personal development when a person is guided by his own values ​​and principles, which at the same time have universal breadth and universality.

The understanding of a mature personality is quite diverse. For some authors, a mature personality is a unique, isolated, rarely encountered phenomenon. Others believe that maturity is achieved by many people and is widely represented in society. Third, I perceive a mature personality as an ideal to which a person should strive and which is achieved only through long-term, purposeful work on oneself.

A socially mature person is able not only to successfully adapt to his environment, but also to actively influence it, rebuilding his environment in accordance with his beliefs, principles and value orientations.

Various authors have described the traits of a mature personality. I.P. Shkuratov identifies three main criteria for a mature personality:

· Acts not under the influence of momentary factors, but on the basis of its value system, which has been developing over the years.

· Able to perform actions even under the threat of punishment (for example, from the authorities) and loss of life benefits.

· Can contribute to the growth and development of the personality of others.

A.V. Soloviev defines a mature personality with the following characteristics:

· Mental health is necessary condition personality development.

· Efficiency and optimality – that is, the predominance active forms adaptation to the surrounding world.

· Harmony – expressed in the internal tendency to resist destabilizing external influences.

· “Full functioning” (A. Maslow’s term) is activity, creative realization of oneself in the world.

· Differentiation - the desire to accumulate diverse internal experience, knowledge, skills and ideas, which it draws from its own activities and communication and introspection.

· Integration – a person’s determination of the meaning of life.

· Successful resolution of various types of internal conflicts that inevitably arise due to the excessive complexity of human social existence.

Various descriptions of a mature personality and its inherent traits are given in humanistic concepts. Within these concepts, a mature personality is understood as being in constant development.

In the 60s XX century A. Maslow formulated the following definition of a mature personality: “Self-actualized individuals (more mature, more humane) already, by definition, act as people who have satisfied their basic needs, people whose lives are governed by higher motives.

Most of A. Maslow’s work is devoted to the study of people who have achieved self-actualization in life, those who can be considered healthy psychologically. He discovered that such people have the following characteristics:

· Objective perception of reality.

· Full acceptance of one's own nature.

· Passion and dedication to any cause

· Simplicity and naturalness of behavior

· The need for autonomy and independence and the opportunity to retire somewhere, to be alone.

· Intense mystical and religious experience, the presence of higher experiences. Higher experiences are especially joyful and intense experiences in the life of every person. A. Maslow associates higher experiences with a strong feeling of love, with the pleasure of contact with a work of art or the exceptional beauty of nature.

· Friendly and sympathetic attitude towards people.

· Noconformism – resistance to external pressures.

· Democratic personality type

· Creative approach to life

· High level of social interest (this idea was borrowed from A. Maslow and A. Adler).

Usually these are people of middle age and older, they are not susceptible to neuroses. According to A. Maslow, such self-actualized individuals make up no more than one percent of the population.

K. Rogers' concept is largely similar to A. Maslow's concept of self-actualization. For K. Rogers, full disclosure of personality is characterized by the following features:

· Openness to experiences of all types.

· Intention to live life to the fullest at any moment of life.

· The ability to listen more to your own instincts and intuition than to reason and the opinions of others.

· A sense of freedom in thoughts and actions.

· High level of creativity.

K. Rogers describes a person who has reached the fullest disclosure more as being actualized than actualized, emphasizing the long-term, permanent nature of this phenomenon. He strongly emphasizes the constant growth of man.

To summarize, we can say that maturity is characterized by a tendency to achieve the highest development of spiritual, intellectual and physical powers. A personally mature person has the following characteristics:

· own developed system of values, reflected in activities and communication with other people;

· developed sense of responsibility;

· the need to care for other people;

· active participation in the life of society;

· ability for psychological intimacy with other people;

· high level of vital activity;

· awareness of the meaning of your life;

· ability to make personal choices in various life situations;

· ability to effectively use one’s potential and find resources to solve various life problems;

· desire for self-realization.

In psychological practice there is a problem that we have to constantly face. It becomes especially obvious when you happen to communicate with a group of people of different ages and different levels of maturity.

From the outside, it looks as if the psychologist, answering questions from different people, gets confused in his testimony and contradicts himself. The same questions are sometimes given completely mutually exclusive answers, and this greatly confuses listeners/readers. The same effect exists in individual work, but it is still easier to overcome apparent contradictions and show the interconnection of different levels of understanding.

If you have even vague memories of geometry lessons, the easiest way to illustrate this topic is to use the example of spaces with different numbers of dimensions.

Remember these little “paradoxes” when moving from two-dimensional to three-dimensional space? Parallel lines, which never intersect on a plane, in volumetric space may well turn out to be perpendicular to each other, and in a more multidimensional space they can even tie themselves into a knot, remaining the same straight and parallel in one of their projections onto the plane.

This is where the apparent contradiction arises: at a simple (flat) level of perception, the answer is always simple and obvious, but as soon as we begin to deepen our understanding of the nature of things, the answers become more and more paradoxical. But, as in geometry, there is actually no contradiction, the only question is whether the interlocutors understand how many dimensions there are in at the moment there is a speech.

Now about the same thing in more detail in a psychological context.

There is an opinion, which is in good agreement with practice, that different people are born with different initial levels of maturity. In Indian tradition, this is reflected in the caste system, which assumes that each person belongs to the social class into which he was born. In the West and in many other cultures, there is a similar division between the aristocracy and mere mortals.

Obviously, this is not a matter of genetics or even upbringing. In a family of uneducated poor people, a king in spirit may well be born, and there is no need to remind how many degenerates of royal blood there have been in human history. Perhaps there is some correlation between origin and entry level maturity of consciousness, but the dependence is definitely not direct. That is, all we can talk about is the very fact of some innate difference.

It can also be assumed that during life there is some progression along the maturity scale. But the pace of this development is quite low, since the main driving force here are sharp collisions with life, forcing a person to rethink his deepest attitudes and views. But no one strives for such clashes of their own free will. Moreover, it is completely natural for us to avoid such clashes, and the way of our modern life with its comfort and safety, allows you to solve this problem without much difficulty. As a result, there is not much opportunity for development, and in many cases - if not most - people remain at their initial stage of maturity.

Personal maturity

One-dimensional (rudimentary) consciousness. The simplest and most infantile form of consciousness. A person of this type is characterized by unambiguous and therefore extremely primitive judgments about life. The perception is rough, emotional reactions are polar (black and white), there is no aesthetic feeling.

In a certain sense, these people are happy because they do not have many reasons and opportunities to create any internal conflict. In their life, everything is simple and clear - you have to work, you have to have fun, you have to give birth to children, you have to die. There is nothing to doubt, nothing to argue about - they are completely convinced of their own position in life and are not going to change it.

Being at this level of maturity, a person is content with the simplest joys of life and does not expect any great achievements. This is a classic type of simple and down-to-earth wise villager, who has a lot of worries around the house and no personal ambitions. He simply lives day by day, just like his parents and grandfathers lived. He doesn't need anything else. But this is not the simplicity and naturalness to which a Zen adept comes at the very peak of insight. The simplicity of single-cell consciousness is still closer to primitiveness, to the inability to accommodate anything more, the embodiment of ignorance.

These people never have questions about the nature of existence. They generally have very few questions, because the answers are always obvious to them. For the same reason, they do not have a single reason to turn to psychologists or even confessors for help - life itself puts everything in its place. And where there are no questions, no answers are needed, so the problem of explanation and understanding at this level is completely absent.

In a geometric metaphor, one-dimensional space implies that there can be no talk of any parallel lines. There is only one straight line here, so there are no questions, doubts or problems. Most likely, this is the most protracted stage, since without conflict there is no development.

Two-dimensional (neurotic) consciousness. The level of consciousness of an ordinary average citizen. These people live entirely in a world of dogma and stereotypes. Conformists - the opinion of the majority is law for them. Tastes and aesthetic preferences are on average ordinary, corresponding to the situation.

The parallel lines of good and evil at this level never intersect. Hence the huge number of internal contradictions and conflicts - spiritual chaos does not fit into the Procrustean bed of primitive and one-sided views.

Relatively speaking, this is the mental state of a person in the pre-Freudian era, when the average layman did not have the slightest idea that he had unconscious mental processes. And their main suffering is caused by the discrepancy between “flat” conscious ideas and “volumetric” processes and motives inherent in the unconscious.

A classic example from the psychoanalytic tradition is the case of a young woman who developed psychosis due to a conflict between her conscious position and feelings arising at a deeper level. The demand to love and care for her father collided with the sense of relief that arose at the moment of his death after a long and exhausting illness for everyone. The contradiction between what she should have to feel, and what she actually felt led her to a mental hospital.

Accordingly, work on the development of consciousness at this level occurs in the direction of opening a new dimension for a person - the sphere of his unconscious feelings and motives. This is a gradual transition from a flat perception of life and internal space to a volumetric one.

Can you imagine that quantum leap in consciousness, when the usual cozy two-dimensional world turns out to be just a dotted projection of the dark and frightening three-dimensional space. The whole world is turning upside down at this moment. What was simple, understandable and unambiguous just yesterday is no longer so. Behind every superficial motive, there is always something deeper and often very unsightly. Familiar landmarks are lost, and new ones have not yet been formed. Chaos, shock and awe.

Three-dimensional (recovering) consciousness. Parallel lines of habitual values ​​at this level often turn out to be perpendicular to each other. This state of affairs requires much greater flexibility of the mind and working memory, capable of accommodating a three-dimensional perception of internal reality.

At this stage of development, a person, although reluctantly, still admits that the center of gravity of the mental apparatus is not where it was always expected. Previously unconscious feelings and reactions now become more and more obvious, but reconciliation with them does not occur. The selfish consciousness is still struggling to pull the blanket over itself and trying to stay in power.

On the one hand, a person now admits that his motives are far from being as pure as is declared at the level of personal consciousness, on the other hand, the old tendency to fight against oneself still persists. The main internal conflict remains unaffected, and for a long time on the part of the Ego attempts to subjugate the unconscious with its bestial instincts do not stop.

However, already at this stage the process of individuation slowly begins - liberation and separation from the crowd. A person understands his nature more and more deeply, and this finally gives him the opportunity and reason to listen to his own opinion and begin to form his own taste in life.

His views for a long time still remain within the framework of generally accepted standards, but more and more often he has the feeling that these standards are too narrow for him. And the sharpened mind and more subtle perception now constantly come across a vague guess that, in addition to the three already known dimensions, there is probably also a fourth - God, Self, Fate, Nature... something that until now remained behind the scenes, but in fact he directed everything that happened around him.

Multidimensional (healthy) consciousness. The stage of reconciliation with oneself and subsequent self-denial. The personal self at this level continues its normal functioning, with the only difference that it is no longer preoccupied with its own drama. Some internal conflicts still remain, but they no longer have the same bitterness. Reaching the boundaries of knowledge, the mind burns out and hangs out a white flag - now it no longer matters whether the lines are parallel or not.

Outlooks on life are becoming more and more uncertain, faith in the infallibility of universal mechanics is gradually turning into deep conviction, which means there is less and less reason for concern and mental confusion. Everything goes on as usual and exactly as it should go, even if the stereotypes preserved in memory scream that this is the road to hell.

A person comes to a frightening, but at the same time liberating conclusion that, by and large, there is no way to accurately understand one’s own motives - they simply exist. And in the same way it is impossible to understand how life works - it also simply is. The only unshakable fact is the fact of existence itself. Everything else is just speculation and concepts.

The world is still perceived as dualistic, but the boundaries of right and wrong, good and evil are increasingly blurred. It becomes obvious that the only objective guideline in assessing the surrounding reality is one’s own subjective feeling. Objective and subjective change places - now there is nothing more objective than subjective.

The result of a series of these transformations is loneliness without a drop of regret and freedom without a drop of fear. The process of individuation can be considered complete - a person is finally affirmed in being himself, with all his oddities, and getting maximum pleasure from it.

There remains, however, the last fly in the ointment: a vague feeling that being yourself on a personal level does not mean being yourself in the absolute sense. Reconciliation with one's demons and awareness of one's complete subordination to the divine will raises the final question - who am I, who is God, where is the border between the first and the second, and will it not turn out in the end that there is no border, and the first is identical to the second?

Immeasurable (awakened) consciousness. We won’t sing this song, because we don’t know its words... but we’ll still say a few words.

If a fish asked how to be a fish, we would understand without a shadow of a doubt how ridiculous this question is. But when a person asks how to be human, we become philosophic and feel intellectually inferior in our inability to give a comprehensive academic answer.

Following our spatial metaphor, we can try to imagine the perception of the world from infinite number measurements. The task seems insurmountably difficult, but this is the same intellectual trap with the question of how to be human. Is there even the slightest possibility for a person not to be one? What can a person do to stop being human?

It’s the same with our consciousness: can it be something other than itself? And if in its final or original form it is immeasurable and limitless, then could it even for a moment cease to be so? Obviously, it couldn’t, which means that our usual everyday consciousness is It.

The only trick is that for many years our attention was stuck to the screen with pictures, and sincere empathy for the main character overshadowed the perception of a broader reality. We see the film, but we no longer see the screen on which it is shown. How good book makes us forget about business, sleep and hunger, so the story about ourselves, which we have been observing for decades, makes us forget about our real nature. But no one ever stopped being themselves. A God who plays chess is still a God... even if he miserably loses the game.

Levels of misunderstanding

Now let's take some simple, pressing question and see how it can be answered at different levels of understanding. Let's say there is some kind of controversial situation where you need to make some choice, and this choice does not seem easy. The content of the situation itself does not concern us. It could be a problem at work, a conflict in a relationship, choosing your path in life, or anything else - the answer will be the same in any case.

At the very first level, the answer to the question “What to do and how to live next?” will be something like this: “Do what is easiest and most convenient, avoid responsibility - stay closer to the kitchen, away from your bosses”. This is a completely sound and wise position, and, most likely, there are enough people around you who adhere to it and are not going to change it.

At the second level, some self-awareness is already required, and the answer to the same question is: “Live according to your conscience, be a reasonable person, make decisions and take responsibility - your life is in your hands and only you can decide how you will live it!” And again, a completely sound and reasonable position. There are even more such “conscious” neurotic people in our environment, because they form the backbone of our society. It is at this level that the main social stereotypes are formed and strengthened, which we have to face and fight at the next stage.

At the third level the answer looks like this: “There is only one life, so being happy is more important than being good - stop looking at others, be honest with yourself, do as you see fit, and take full responsibility for your choices.”. Deep awareness of such a view of life is less common, since it requires a certain courage and inner resilience. But if a person takes root in this position, many doors open for him that were previously closed. Social success, healthy relationships, inner balance and all other earthly joys become accessible only from this level of maturity.

At the fourth level, the answer is transformed again: “In fact, there is no question of what to do - there is only a pause between the emergence of a situation of choice and the moment when the choice is made outside of consciousness. There is no point in filling this pause with anxiety, doubts and reflections - at the right moment the decision will come on its own in a ready-made form, and we can only bear responsibility for the choice made.”. Such an answer is much more difficult to digest, since the price that will have to be paid here is one’s own personality - the very main character whose empathy made us leave paradise and descend to the sinful earth. At this stage, familiar landmarks are lost, and life turns into the same river along which friends and enemies, pleasant events and unpleasant ones float. The price is high, but the state of happy well-being is worth it.

At the last level the answer is as simple as at the first: "Watch a movie, eat popcorn". At this stage there is no longer a question or an answer, neither a questioner nor an answerer, there is only the total functioning of the universe, in which we are simultaneously the director behind the scenes, the actor on stage, and the spectator in the hall. An endless dream in which we dream about ourselves with great pleasure.

So it turns out: one question - different answers. Even worse, the answers contradict each other and seem to create even more confusion. But in reality there is no contradiction between them, and the answer is the same every time - only the interpretation or level of simplification is different.

Every time, at any level of understanding, we talk about the same thing - about trusting ourselves and our judgments, without any regard to how deep our delusions may be at the moment. But even this recommendation is essentially absurd, since it is yet another piece of advice for a fish to remain a fish. We cannot be anything or anyone else but ourselves. Freedom and courage to be yourself is not a heroic achievement, but the most banal thing in the world. The false drama of the struggle for oneself is just an attempt to escape from the unflattering truth about oneself and one’s real priorities.

We can fool ourselves as much as we want that we don’t have the courage to live in our own way, but the truth is that we cannot live in any other way than “our own way” - we simply don’t have the courage to admit that our whole life is momentary In a moment we lived exactly the way we wanted.

p. s.

An obvious manifestation of this problem with different levels of explanation is the articles on this site and the confusion that arises when the text addresses the problem from one level of understanding, and the reader tries to comprehend it from some other.

A person who comfortably lives at the level of “flat” neurotic consciousness will have absolutely no idea what the article is talking about if the problem is discussed there “in volume.” For him, the text will seem like complete nonsense. In the same way, and vice versa - to a mature person, some other articles will seem too gross simplification, because they were originally aimed at a different reader.

Therefore, while reading articles and listening to seminars, keep this general scheme in mind and try to track at what level and for whom the story is being told.

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2.2. Search for criteria for the maturity of a person as an individual

The concept of maturity in psychology involves the identification of two main aspects: maturity as life stage and maturity as state of the art. Hence one of the important problems: determining objective criteria of human maturity. However, this is hampered by the attribution of the concept of “maturity” to different aspects of a person. Within the framework of one paradigm, the problem of maturity can be considered at the levels of the individual, personality, subject of activity and individuality. In relation to another system of concepts, we can mean intellectual maturity, emotional maturity and personal maturity. In both systems, as, in fact, in any other paradigm, there is an objective reality, outlined by the concept of “personal maturity.” The most complex and unexplored of all aspects of maturity is precisely personal maturity. Today, it is perhaps impossible to describe the model of social maturity of an individual with exhaustive completeness.

Various characteristics and personality traits are put forward as criteria for psychological maturity in the psychological literature. This may be the individual’s ability to reflect, and his willingness to accurately fulfill the social roles prescribed to him, and the individual’s ability to achieve his goal at the appropriate age. In society, each age is assigned a certain level of achievement, and if an individual meets these social expectations, then he is considered mature. In social psychology, the concept of adaptation to the social environment is put forward as a criterion of psychological maturity. A person is considered psychologically mature if he is well adapted to the social environment, if he does not have conflicts, if he shares social norms of behavior and accepts social values. Psychosocial maturity of an individual can be defined as the ability to recognize the existing boundaries of social reality, predict the consequences of one’s own actions and take responsibility for one’s own life, as well as for the lives of loved ones around them.

Hall and Lindsay (1997), characterizing a mature person, highlight the following characteristics: wide boundaries of the Self, ability to warm social relations, the presence of self-acceptance, a realistic perception of experience, the ability for self-knowledge, a sense of humor, the presence of a certain philosophy of life. B. Livehud (1994) considers three main properties of a mature person: wisdom; gentleness and condescension; self-awareness.

Most of the listed criteria reflect some individual aspects of this concept, therefore each of them, while being essentially correct, is at the same time one-sided.

Maturity and its criteria were studied by B. G. Ananyev; he considered maturity at the levels of the individual, subject of activity, personality and individuality. A. A. Rean (2000) suggests considering intellectual, emotional and personal maturity. He identifies four components, or criteria, of personal maturity, which are basic and around which many others are formed. Such components are responsibility, tolerance, self-development and the fourth integrative component, which covers all the previous ones and is present in each of them, is positive thinking, positive attitude to the world, defining a positive outlook on the world. Thus, we can say that the criterion of social maturity is prosocial behavior.

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From the author's book

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Hierarchy of criteria Shifting the focus of attention to another criterion related to a given belief and surpassing it in importance. Questions: What is more important? Statement: The main thing is... More important

The level of personality development is often correlated with the degree of its socialization. The criteria of maturity, accordingly, appear as the criteria of socialization. At the same time, the question of the criteria for personality maturity has not been resolved once and for all in Russian psychology. Among maturity indicators:

• the breadth of social connections, presented at the subjective level: I-other, I-others, I-society as a whole, I-humanity;
• a measure of the development of the individual as a subject;
• the nature of the activity - from appropriation to implementation and conscious reproduction;
• social competence.

C. G. Jung linked the achievement of maturity with the individual's acceptance of responsibility, first of all, for his projections, their awareness and subsequent assimilation. K. Rogers considered responsibility in close connection with awareness, freedom to be oneself, management own life and choice.

1. Expanding the sense of self, which gradually arises in infancy, is not fully formed in the first 3-4 years or even in the first 10 years of life, but continues to expand with experience as the range of what a person participates in increases. What is important here is the activity of the Self, which must be purposeful.
2. Warmth in relationships with others. A person must be capable of significant intimacy in love (in a strong friendship). And at the same time, avoid idle, obsessive involvement in relationships with other people, even with your own family.
3. Emotional security (self-acceptance). A mature person expresses his beliefs and feelings while taking into account the beliefs and feelings of others and without feeling threatened by the expression of emotions - by himself or others.
4. Realistic perception, skills and tasks. A mature personality must be focused on the problem, on something objective that is worth doing. The task makes you forget about satisfying drives, pleasures, pride, and protection. This criterion is obviously related to responsibility, which is the existentialist ideal of maturity. At the same time, a mature personality is in close contact with the real world.
5. Self-objectification- understanding, humor. A person acting for show does not realize that his deception is transparent and his posture is inadequate. A mature person knows that it is impossible to “fake” a personality; one can only deliberately play a role for the sake of entertainment. The higher the self-understanding, the more clearly a person’s sense of humor is expressed. It is worth remembering that real humor sees behind some serious object or subject (for example, oneself) the contrast between appearance and essence.
6. Unified philosophy of life. A mature person necessarily has a clear idea of ​​his purpose in life. A mature person has a relatively clear self-image. This criterion is associated with the “maturity” of conscience. A mature conscience is a feeling of duty to maintain one’s self-image in an acceptable form, to continue one’s chosen line of proprietary aspirations, and to create one’s own style of being. Conscience is a type of self-government.

It is important to note that the process of socialization does not stop in adulthood. Moreover, it never ends, but always has a conscious or unconscious goal. Thus, the concepts of “maturity” and “adulthood” are not synonymous. In fact, even at the individual level, the concepts of “maturity” and “adulthood” do not completely coincide. Within the framework of one paradigm, the problem of maturity can be considered at the level of the relationship between different levels of human organization: individual, personality, subject of activity. According to A. A. Bodalev, in the process of human development there is a certain relationship between the manifestations of the individual, personality and subject of activity. The nature of this relationship can be represented in four main ways.

1. Individual human development is significantly ahead of his personal and subjective-activity development. A person is physically already an adult, but his assimilation of the basic values ​​of life, attitude to work, and sense of responsibility are insufficient. More often this occurs in those families where parents “extend childhood” for their children.
2. Personal human development is more intensive than his individual and subject-activity development. All qualities (values, relationships) outstrip the pace of physical maturation, and a person as a subject of labor cannot develop habits for everyday work effort or determine his calling.
3. Subjective-activity development is in the lead compared to the other two. A person can almost fanatically love to work at the level of his still small physical capabilities and poorly formed positive personal qualities.
4. There is a relative correspondence of the pace of individual, personal and subject-activity development. The ratio that is most optimal for human development throughout his life. Normal physical development, good physical well-being is one of the factors not only for more successful assimilation, but also for the manifestation of the basic values ​​of life and culture, which are expressed in the motives of human behavior. And positive motivation, behind which stands the emotional-need core of the personality, is one of the indispensable components of the structure of a person as an active subject of activity.

A. A. Rean, trying to summarize the known approaches to the psychological understanding of the level of maturity of an individual, identifies four, in his opinion, basic or fundamental components that are not “ordinary”:

• responsibility;
• tolerance;
• self-development;
• positive thinking or a positive attitude towards the world, which determines a positive outlook on the world.

The last component is integrative, since it covers all the others, being simultaneously present in them.

Personal development does not end with the acquisition of autonomy and independence. We can say that personality development is a process that never ends, which indicates the infinity and unlimited self-disclosure of personality. He goes a long way, one of the stages of which is the achievement of self-determination, self-government, independence from external motivations, the other is the realization by the individual of the forces and abilities inherent in him, the third is overcoming his limited self and the active development of more general global values.

Self-development is influenced by a large group of factors: individual characteristics, age, relationships with others, professional activity, family relationships etc. The process of self-development of an adult is uneven, changes in personality relationships at certain periods of life are progressive, raising it to the level of “acme”, then evolutionary processes begin, leading to “stagnation” or regression of the personality.

The stage of maturity and at the same time a certain peak of this maturity - acme (translated from Greek means “top”, “edge”) - is a multidimensional state of a person, which, although it covers a significant stage of his life in terms of time, is never a static formation and is distinguished by a greater or less variability and changeability. Acme shows how successful a person is as a citizen, as a specialist in a certain type of activity, as a spouse, as a parent, etc.

Acmeology- is a science that arose at the intersection of natural, social, humanitarian, and technical disciplines, studying the phenomenology, patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of his maturity and especially when he reaches his peak. high level in this development.

The concept of “acmeology” was proposed in 1928 by N. A. Rybnikov, and the new field scientific research in human science began to be created in 1968 by B. G. Ananyev. One of most important tasks acmeology is to clarify the characteristics that should be formed in a person in preschool childhood, younger school age, during the years of adolescence and youth, so that he can successfully prove himself in all respects at the stage of maturity.