What are historical sources: examples and types of sources. What do you know about the historical events depicted in the paintings of these artists? What do you know about the historical

What do you know about historical events depicted in the paintings of these artists?

Answer

The painting by V. Serov “The Entry of Alexander Nevsky into Pskov after the Battle of the Ice” depicts the scene of Prince Alexander’s victorious entry into the city after the victory over the German knights on Lake Peipsi, which occurred on April 5, 1242.

The painting by G. Semiradsky “Alexander Nevsky Receives the Papal Legates” depicts an episode of the arrival of two cardinals in Novgorod with a letter from Pope Innocent IV. In this letter, the pope stated that Alexander's father Yaroslav, before his death, made a promise to convert to the Catholic faith. The ambassadors tried to assure the prince that by accepting the letter, he would enlist the support of the Western sovereigns and save himself from the wrath of the Tatars. But Alexander Nevsky tore up the papal letter, sent the ambassadors back and ordered them to tell the Pope that he did not need anyone’s advice or help. And with Batu the prince found common language and even became friends with his son Sarthak. Moreover, there were several episodes when the presence of Horde troops near Novgorod forced the Livonian knights to refrain from another attack.

The painting by P. Korin “Alexander Nevsky” depicts Prince Alexander, apparently after one of the battles. His figure personifies the unbending power of the state. The banner raised behind him with the image of Jesus Christ reminds. that behind human power there is Divine power, which protects Russian soldiers in battle.

When studying history, you should know that between the events that actually happened in the past and the picture described in the monographs of historians, there is a huge intermediate link. This is a historical source. Simply put, any historical research begins solely with reading all available documents about that period. Only with the help of the testimony of contemporaries or people well aware of this time period can a high-quality retrospective reconstruction of events be carried out.

So what is it historical sources, on which so much depends? Let's discuss this important issue in more detail.

Basic definitions

So, what does the concept of “historical sources” include? In science, it is customary to call this all the surviving evidence of the past, which can give us an objective picture of what happened. Of course, there are many different classifications of this kind of data, proposed by both domestic and foreign historians and archaeologists. So what, according to prominent researchers, are historical sources? We will define some of them in the article.

For example, L.N. Pushkarev describes the following types:

Written evidence.
. Material historical sources.
. Information obtained from the results of ethnographic research.
. Oral traditions that are passed down from generation to generation.
. Linguistic evidence.
. Film and photo chronicles.
. Audio recordings. These historical sources (and their classification too) appeared relatively recently, but they give us a chance to hear the voices of those who decided the destinies of the world several years ago!

Schmidt classification

Not long before our time, in 1985, S. O. Schmidt proposed a somewhat more detailed classification, deciding to use types and subtypes in it. What kind of historical sources does he distinguish? We provide a definition of their varieties below.

1. As in the previous case, all material evidence in all its diversity: from sculptures to household waste found during excavations.
2. Sources related to fine arts:
a) artistic (film and photography);
b) graphic (canvases by artists, simple sketches);
c) fine-natural (photographs from ordinary home archives).
3. Verbal sources:
a) oral historical sources, including all dialects and varieties of linguistic forms;
b) folklore, including rare legends found only in a certain area;
c) all written monuments of the era, no matter who they belong to, no matter what purpose they were created; to put it simply, a bureaucratic list of materials can provide a much more truthful and detailed picture of the world than an officially approved chronicle or textbook; Shorthand also belongs to this type.
4. Conventional historical These are notes, designations of alchemists and chemists, astrologers and astronomers, economic abbreviations, etc.
5. Behavioral information. These include not only the rituals and customs of primitive tribes, but even corporate and other traditions modern society, which have their roots in the same primitive beliefs.
6. Sound. Everything is clear with this type of data: these are any recorded phonograms of a particular historical period.

This is what historical sources are, if we talk about the scientific definition of this term. But no amount of information, even the most reliable, can give the researcher an objective idea of ​​what happened if he does not know how to work with it correctly and interpret it.

It should be remembered that historical sources and their classification are also a rather vague concept. As new means of storing and transmitting information emerge, all these lists will expand and be rethought. Here are the historical sources.

What should you pay attention to when extracting information from a document?

When working with any evidence of the era, you must constantly remember two important points.

1. Important! You should not perceive the source as a storehouse of ready-made answers. You will receive only that information, questions regarding which you can ask and link with the information you have on hand. In this regard, the notes and reports of ordinary statisticians and archivists can become extremely important, which, despite their apparent “poverty,” sometimes contain a lot of useful information. These historical sources and their types seem to ordinary people to be “useless pieces of paper,” although sometimes they are truly priceless!

2. In no case should you perceive the source as an objective reflection of the world, since it was created by a person who has his own ideas. This is an extremely important circumstance that even prominent and experienced pundits sometimes overlook!

In order not to be unfounded on the last point, let us explain. Take the famous battle between Alexander Nevsky and the Swedes. To begin with, even domestic historians doubt the reality of what happened, if only because there is no written evidence of that battle in the Swedish archives at all.

Perhaps they simply chose to remain silent about what happened. It is possible that domestic chroniclers (by “order from above,” as they like to say now) simply presented an ordinary border skirmish as a heroic battle. Be that as it may, it is always worth examining the sources provided by both sides.

In addition, in domestic chronicles (and often in European ones) the word “darkness” is often found. Darkness of warriors, darkness of servants, darkness of fighting rooks... How to understand all this? If we start from the Mongolian tumen, then “darkness” was called the number of warriors equal to 10,000. And what, during that very battle with the Swedes, when there was “darkness” of their ships on the river, did all the ships of that period come there? Not likely. Here we come to another feature - interpretation.

About interpretation

Remember that historical sources, examples of which we have given and will give, which were created by man, always pursued some goals, often selfish. Knowing about the motives that motivated the author, you can learn a lot about his historical era. Simply put, all sources must be interpreted correctly.

This word means an attempt to find out what exactly the author intended in the meaning of each word and expression that appears in his work. There are three important aspects to the interpretation itself.

1. Firstly, the native content of the source itself. You should always approach historical documents critically, never taking my word for the information given there.

2. If an intermediary (scribe, translator) participated in the preparation of the document, it is useful to pay attention to his comments and interpretations (if any). Of course, in this case it is extremely important to take into account the quality of this kind of addition, which depends on the qualifications of the editor.

3. Finally, your own understanding and interpretation of the source.

In the latter case, the researcher proceeds directly to the analysis of the data available to him. It is extremely important to be able to look at the events that took place through the eyes of a contemporary, for whom that era was completely native. The researcher must independently give his own definition of the reliability of the source, relying on his own information and being able to use it to defend his position in front of other scientists.

Remember that any historical sources, examples of which you cite, must have not only oral, but also documentary evidence!

It is especially important to reveal the background of the document, to find out what the author directly or indirectly reports “between the lines.” All points and possible interpretations of terms that appear in the source should be taken into account. To make it easier to understand, remember about “opium of the people.”

What associations can such an expression evoke in modern man? Only the most negative ones. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the last century, heroin was sold in pharmacies as a “cough remedy,” and opium has since ancient times been considered perhaps the main painkiller that can relieve any suffering. Do you feel the difference? The original source put into these words the exact opposite meaning to the current one.

Synthesis

Only after collecting all the information can you begin to summarize your work and draw conclusions. All this is called synthesis. This is a very important stage, since even from the most truthful, accurate and reliable information it is possible to draw conclusions that are completely different from what would be needed.

Variability of sources depending on historical period

We should not forget that sources processed in different periods of history bear the imprint of each era. And this is far from a metaphorical expression, since different periods of history adopted different approaches to both the study and interpretation of documents.

For example, documents from the 17th and 18th centuries can be distinguished by any educated person, since in their style there are observed dramatic changes.

Thus, at this time the number of documentary evidence sharply increases, but the content of each of them is greatly simplified. But much more important is the fact that at that time, truly mass sources appeared for the first time, information from which could already have a significant impact on those segments of the population that took an active part in the development of the entire country. In addition, in those years it came almost to modern look statistics and fiscal reporting documents.

All of these historical sources, the groups of which we described above, are not only quite reliable, but also extremely objective, which in the historical aspect is an offensively rare exception.

Periodicals and journalism had perhaps a greater influence on that era than all the institutions involved in the propaganda of certain ideas. Personal sources, memoirs and biographies also began to be widely disseminated. This is extremely important simply because we can see the process of formation of specific personalities of those historical periods, observe the change in their ideological views.

Russian paradox

This is how some historians call the situation when the most ancient historical sources of the 13-14th centuries in our country have been studied much better than the sources of the early and mid-20th century. However, there is absolutely nothing paradoxical about this.

In just a hundred years, our long-suffering state has experienced three revolutions and four major wars (not counting an unreal number of local incidents). All this happened during the reign of five state entities, which replaced each other. Do not forget about the colossal economic transformations that marked this period: neither nor the construction of the same Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station in those years simply had no analogues abroad.

Of course, during the years of the USSR, various decrees and reports became the main ones. These historical sources (written and many film and photo chronicles) are presented in all their diversity. This is where the difficulty lies: in order to get an “outside view,” many historians have to gain access to American and similar institutions, since they collect a huge number of documents that were compiled by members of both the former tsarist government and ordinary emigrants. It is important to note that it is necessary to distinguish between the memories of the “first wave” and those people who had to leave the country during and after Civil War and the Western intervention that accompanied it.

The fact is that in 1905, the most far-sighted people left the country, in whose memoirs one can find fairly detailed and accurate predictions of the collapse of the Empire. In 1918-1924 in Old and New World not only the members who managed to escape emigrated royal family and the intelligentsia, but also former supporters Bolsheviks, whose views on the world are radically different from each other.

Which documents are most valuable to study?

It’s unpleasant to admit, but to this day many scientists treat legislative acts, office materials, and periodicals with a certain distrust and skepticism. However, no less strange is the fact that many researchers perceive the memoirs almost as a revelation from above, the ultimate truth. This attitude is a gross mistake, due to which there are many historical mistakes and inaccuracies.

All such historical sources and their types must be analyzed in detail and in each case!

Despite the fact that memoirs should be considered a purely documentary, albeit a very specific genre, their objectivity sometimes remains in question. The same Skorzeny in his memoirs swears about the “good intentions” of Nazi Germany, but it is at least difficult to believe.

Memoir genre

Memories are a slightly different case. These documents can often be decisive in the reconstruction of a particular historical event, since they reflect the views of sometimes completely random people. However, all this is not always so clear, because in memoirs people often express their worldview from the point of view of the justifying side, or even completely suppress many points.

Simply put, both memoirs and memoirs are purely subjective documents that should be approached with the utmost caution and a critical eye. This cannot be considered a disadvantage; on the contrary, by studying these sources, one can get an absolutely correct idea of ​​the morals of the historical period. Of course, you are unlikely to be able to conduct such an analysis by studying bureaucratic materials.

So what are historical sources when it comes to memoirs? How valuable and reliable are they?

On the correct analysis of memoirs

Be that as it may, memoirs are often a valuable source of information, and it is downright stupid to neglect it. Often, the sincerity of the person who wrote them can be easily verified by comparing the morals of those years and what was written.

The object of the description is also very important: a person or an event that happened before the eyes (or in those years) of an eyewitness. The description of personalities should be approached with particular caution, since such information will inevitably be extremely subjective, but events (especially those to which the person had no direct connection) are often described quite reliably. So what should be the approach to studying memoirs?

First of all, it is important for you to find out about the person who wrote them. Of course, for this it is better to use several sources, and, if possible, the “living” memories of his living contemporaries. The latter is especially important, since it will almost certainly make it possible to reliably establish the author’s role in the events described: whether he was in fact an indifferent extra or whether he took a very direct part in them.

In addition, it is necessary to establish all possible sources of knowledge of the author. Very often, it was through this method that outright liars were identified who tried to appropriate the laurels of less famous and well-known contemporaries.

An extremely valuable circumstance is the fact that official documents are attached to the memoirs. For example, this approach to business is very typical of the legendary Wrangel. Many facts from that period have been irretrievably lost or distorted, so these materials simply acquire incredible value.

Almost everything is the same if we talk about the memoirs of the daughter of the legendary P. A. Stolypin, who encloses in the appendices all the documents on land use that were drawn up by her father. However, if Wrangel included these papers in his memoirs on his own, then we owe the appendices in the memoirs of Stolypin’s daughter to the Sovremennik publishing house, which considered that these papers would certainly be of interest to a biased reader. As you can see, the publishing staff were absolutely right.

It should be taken into account that censorship in one form or another has always taken place: if in our time there are entire apparatuses of national importance, then in troubled times, the Middle Ages, etc. the best censor was fear for one’s life. Therefore, be sure to take into account the period to which a particular document refers - very often the author mentions some points in passing, but constantly (in context) returns to them again and again, making certain hints about his point of view.

Finally, who wrote the memoirs and when? If a person took his memories from a diary that he kept constantly, or simply compiled memories from such documents, then the information contained in them can be trusted. If the memoirs were written by the author in old age, then they can often be treated as a type of fiction. Practice shows that people forget more than 90% of information, every grain of which is priceless, after just a couple of years.

That's what historical sources are. We hope that reading this article was useful to you.

Quiz “What do you know about the history of the book?”

(open event scenario for grades 5-7)

Responsible: Fedoseeva I.N., Skvortsova L.M., Rodionova E.N.

Date : October 29, 2014

Venue : interactive class.

Target: organization of educational and leisure activities for students in the GPD.

Form: quiz.

Tasks:

-educational: enriching students’ knowledge about the history of the book’s creation;

-developing:development of curiosity, cognitive interest, initiative and intellectual abilities of students; developing interest in history; improving speech skills; development of thinking, memory, imagination.

-educational: fostering a respectful and caring attitude towards books.

Equipment:

interactive whiteboard, projector;

demonstration material: books from school library; audiobooks; e-book;

chips for the quiz; prizes.

Progress of the event

Slide 1. Hello guys, colleagues and guests of our event.Today we will have a fascinating journey through the history of the creation of the book, after whichWe will conduct an interesting quiz with you.

Slide 2.

Books are your best friends.

You can contact them at any time difficult moments life.

They will never change.

A. Daudet

The book not only teaches, but also heals. A.S. Pushkin urged his readers to pick up a book if they were gripped by illness, and he was right. At all times people have noticed positive influence books on human health and mood. In the 17th century in England, doctors recommended that their patients read two or three pages along with medications. good text. Now this method is called “bibliotherapy”. Where did such an amazing medicine for the soul come to us from?

At our meeting today you will find out, when and where the first books appeared, what they were, about the history of the first printed bookand what she looks like now.

Slide 3. Zand knowledge about the history of the bookWe guys will go with you on a virtual journey on a ship, which we will call “Book”. We will visit different places globe. Many interesting and unexpected things await us. Be on your wayattentive, collected andfriendly.

Slide 4. How did the book begin? What was she like? You could say that she was two-legged and two-armed, never wanting to lie on a shelf. She could speak, even sing, because this living book was... a person. After all, in those days when there were no letters, no paper, no pen, there were already brilliant writers, poets, and storytellers. However, their works were not stored in bookcases, but in human memory.

A person capable of firmly remembering and telling a story with inspiration became a book. In Rus', for example, such a person was called a storyteller.

Incredibly, there was such a fact: one man started himself a library of human books. This happened in Rome. The wealthy merchant Itzel ordered the collection of the most capable and intelligent slaves. Each of them was supposed to become some kind of book. Soon all that was talked about in Rome was a living library. One day, after a sumptuous dinner, the merchant Itzel ordered the manager: “Bring me the Iliad!” The manager, falling to his knees, reported in a trembling voice: “Sorry, sir! The Iliad has a stomach ache and he can’t get up!”

Slide 5. In the pre-literate period, there was a way to transmit information.knot letter , in which certain types of nodules were designated various information(a specific object or concept). How was the knot letter created? Multi-colored thin laces of different lengths were tied to a thick rope, and knots were tied on these laces: the closer the knot is to the rope, the more important the information.

Slide 6. The ancient Chinese, Persians, and Mexicans used knotted writing. Residents of Peru were especially successful in this matter. South America- ancient Incas. Their knotted writing was called kipu.

Slide 7. From time immemorial, from an ancient countryAssyria (Northern Mesopotamia) books have come down to us, written with reed sticks on clay stoves, like pots.The first clay books .

Slide 8. 3000 years BC in ancient country Sumer (South Mesopotamia) cuneiform arose- recording wedge-shaped dashes,which were squeezed out on clay.

Slide 9. Later, around 700 BC,in Assyria began to produce wholeclay books . Residents of the country formed rectangular tiles from soft clay. The peoples of Ancient Mesopotamia used clay as a writing material because there was a lot of it in the Tigris and Euphrates valley. The clay was literally lying under our feet, and it didn’t cost anything to get it.

To write a book, a lot of such tiles were needed - several hundred. Clay books were very inconvenient and bulky. You can’t take them home to read, because there are so many tiles. Each book weighed several tens of kilograms. Therefore, they only read in the library.

King Ashurbanipal created Nineveh in his capital large library clay books. This is a wonderful library with doublet copies, ciphers and catalogues. At one time, a fire destroyed the palace of Ashurbanipal. But books from his library have survived to this day. Their pages were not afraid of fire. The flame made them more durable.

Slide 10. Let's continue our journey.In the neighboringEgyptian kingdom books were made frompapyrus.

Slide 11 . In the valley of the great Nile River, river reed with a tall and thick trunk grows in abundance. The ancient Romans called it papyrus.

Papyrus trunks are cleared of leaves and thin bark and the loose, porous core is exposed. It is cut into long thin plates, which are then laid in rows perpendicular to each other - and glued together. The wet sheets are pressed and then polished with pumice. Papyrus is fragile and breaks quickly when bent. Therefore, sheets of papyrus are glued together at the ends and rolled into lengths.this scroll.Scroll lengthcould reach several tens of meters. Papyrus scrolls are stored in cylindrical boxes and stand on the shelves of one of the largest libraries - the Alexandria Library.Slide 12 .

Slide 13. INAncient Greece They used wooden planks covered with wax. Such a book consisted of a series of tablets fastened to each other with a depression in the middle filled with wax.They wrote on wax with a steel stick "style". This name has still been preserved - they say about a writer that he has a good style (that is, he writes well).

But the clay tiles, papyrus scrolls, and wax-filled tablets bore little resemblance to the books we are used to holding in our hands.

Slide 14. The way we know itthe book became afterAncient Greece city ​​of Pergamon(modern territory of Turkey)learned to make a special material from animal skin -parchment Slide 15 . It was made from the skins of calves and sheep.It took a whole flock of sheep to produce one book. They wrote it by hand for several years. Books made of parchment were very expensive.

A sheet of parchment was folded in half to make four pages. Each quarter was called “tetrados” in Greek, and together they made up a notebook. Several of these notebooks were sewn together to create a book on the sheets of which one could write and draw.Slide 16 .

Slide 17. Our ancestorsVeliky Novgorod, Vitebsk and other citiesKievskaya Rus' , wrote onbirch bark - outer layer of birch barkSlide 18 . Through the work of Russian archaeologists, a rich collection of birch bark documents has been created.

Slide 19. And now we are greeted by an amazing country -Ancient China . First, in China, the first books were written on thin bamboo plates, which were strung on strong twine.

Slide 20. Later, the Chinese wrote their books with a brush and ink on silk.

Slide 21. But in China they came up with a recipe for making paper. It is believed that this was done by a Chinese scientist named Cai Lun. He made a sticky mixture from bamboo and water, rolled it into a flat sheet and left the sheet to dry in the sun. The secret of making paper was kept for almost five centuries. Only in the 6th century did the Japanese learn about it. In 751, near Samarkand, the Arabs managed to capture several Chinese craftsmen, who were forced to reveal the secret of making paper. This is how paper penetrated into Persia, then into Arabia, from where the Arabs brought it to Europe in the 11th century.

Many years later, parchment was replaced by a cheaper material - paper, but the book was still sewn together from individual notebooks and put in a hardcover or paperback. In addition, some of them dressed in expensive leather, brocade, and sometimes silver. Often, the owners of such books chained them to shelves to prevent them from being stolen. It was, however, a very long time ago, more than 500 years ago.

Slide 22. It took months, or even years, to write or rewrite some thick book, and even decorate it with drawings.It is not surprising that handwritten books were very expensiveSlide 23 .

Slide 24 . Now guys, let's fast forward.to Germany . The inventor of the printing press was one of the residents of the German city of Mainz - Johann GuttenbergSlide 25 .

He also came up withletters - metal bars with a convex image of a letter or number at the end, as well asmatrices - special molds for casting these same letters.The letters were placed in a typesetting box - each letter in its own box. To type a word, they took letters from different boxes and placed them on a special board with sides -typesetting .

I typed one line, followed by another, a third... So it’s readyprinted form . All that remains is to cover it with paint, put a sheet of paper on top and press it firmly on the machine. Sheet printed. Using a printing press, it was possible to quickly reproduce a book in hundreds and even thousands of copies.

Slide 26. People immediately appreciated the new invention. IN different cities one after another, workshops began to open, and then entire factories for the production of books -printing houses .

Slide 27. A printing house opened inRussia , in Moscow. Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered “to build a house from his royal treasury, where the printing business will be built”Slide 28 .

This house has been gone for a long time. But there is a bronze figure of Ivan Fedorov standing at the ancient gate on a high pedestal.Slide 29 , creator of the first printed book in Rus'. And nearby, in the Historical Museum, this book itself is kept (the first Russian printed book- “Apostle” – was released on March 1, 1564)Slide 30 along with the machine modelSlide 31 , on which it was printed, and an ancient printing board.

A student reads a poem.

Well, listen, here's my story:

I've been reading books since childhood,

In them I saw the source of wisdom.

And with early years already dreamed

But here was the problem:

Not everyone has seen the book,

And take it in your hands -

This is a rare piece of luck.

It takes a long time to write them by hand.

That's why we decided

Book printing begins in Moscow.

I'm lucky, our Tsar Ivan,

That among the people he was called Terrible,

Gave permission for the printing press -

And with God's help our work began.

We cast letters and fonts -

It was not easy to do a new thing,

We didn't sleep during the dark nights.

And a new book came out - “The Apostle”.

Slide 32. Typography XX century. Boxes with letters - typesetting cash register. A workbench is a special board with sides. And in the printing shop, huge machines with metal drums and ink machines filled with ink stand ready. There is also paper rolled up in thick, heavy rolls. Printing plates are placed on the drums.Printer worker turns on the engine - and off we go!

The machine rumbled, dozens of shafts, large and small, spun. Some roll ink onto the printing plate, others unwind paper rolls, others pull the paper, and others press it against the printing drums.

The paper tape moves quickly, and yellow, blue, red, and black paint are placed on it one after another. Here is a printed sheet with text and drawings assembled from multi-colored pieces.

Slide 33. In the 21st century Book publishing and the production of page layouts for newspapers and magazines are increasingly taking place using a computer and special programs.

Slide 34. Along with familiar books, people are increasingly usinge-books and audiobooks .

Slide 35. QUIZ among students.

Now we will check whether you were attentive during the trip.

Slide 36. Solve the CROSSWORD and find out the “key” word.

Questions for the crossword:

How were papyrus books stored in ancient times? (Scroll)

What was the name of the writing material made from animal skins? (Parchment)

What material was used for cuneiform writing? ? (Clay)

The invention of what material for creating books belongs to the Chinese? (Paper)

On what books did the ancient Egyptians write? ? (Papyrus)

The “key” word is book.

Slide 37. COLLECT PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Books don't tell, but they tell the truth.

A book is not beautiful in its writing, but rather in its mind.

The book decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune.

Those who know the basics and basics will find books in their hands.

A book teaches you how to live, a book should be treasured.

Read, bookworm, don’t spare your eyes.

Bread nourishes the body, and a book nourishes the mind.

Slide 38. QUESTIONS - ANSWERS.

What was it called in Ancient Rus' those who told something, passing on knowledge and experience. (Narrator).

Who invented the first printing press?(Johann Guttenberg).

Which king gave permission for printing? (Ivan the Terrible).

A book written by hand? (Manuscript).

In which country were tile books invented? (Assyria).

Factory for making books? (Printing).

Which ancient city served as the basis for the name of the writing material? (Pergamon).

Who was the first printer in Rus'? (Ivan Fedorov).

Summing up the quiz and awarding.

Slide 39. In conclusion I would like to say

A book is the greatest treasure of humanity, a storehouse of wisdom, a source of knowledge.

Guys, read books.

Slide 40. Thanks everyone. We will be glad if you learned something new and interesting.

FABLE.

Leading. One day two books met

We talked among ourselves.

Student 1. Listen, how are you doing?

Leading. One asked the other.

Student 2. Oh, honey, I’m embarrassed in front of the class.

My owner tore out the covers with meat,

Yes, the covers... tore off the pages

From them he makes boats, rafts and pigeons

I'm afraid the leaves will go to snakes,

Then I'll fly into the clouds

Are your sides intact?

Student 1. Your torment is unfamiliar to me

I don't remember such a day

So that without washing your hands clean,

And look at the leaves:

You can't see the ink dots on them

I’m silent about the blots -

It’s indecent to even talk about them

But I teach him too

Not just any way, but “excellent”.

Leading. There is no riddle in this fable

They'll tell you straight

And books and notebooks

What a student you are!

A fascinating journey through the history of the book's creation. You will learn when and where the first books appeared, what they were like, the history of the first printed book and what it looks like now. Solve the crossword puzzle, collect proverbs and answer questions.

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Quiz “What do you know about the history of the book?”

(open event scenario for grades 5-7)

Responsible: Fedoseeva I.N., Skvortsova L.M., Rodionova E.N.

Date: October 29, 2014

Venue: interactive class.

Target: organization of educational and leisure activities for students in the GPD.

Form: quiz.

Tasks:

Educational:enriching students’ knowledge about the history of the book’s creation;

Educational: development of curiosity, cognitive interest, initiative and intellectual abilities of students; developing interest in history; improving speech skills; development of thinking, memory, imagination.

Educational:fostering a respectful and caring attitude towards books.

Equipment:

• interactive whiteboard, projector;
• demonstration material: books from the school library; audiobooks; e-book;
• chips for the quiz; prizes.

Progress of the event

Slide 1. Hello guys, colleagues and guests of our event. Today we will have a fascinating journey through the history of the creation of the book, after which we will conduct an interesting quiz.

Slide 2.

Books are your best friends.

You can turn to them in all difficult moments of life.

They will never change.

A. Daudet

The book not only teaches, but also heals. A.S. Pushkin urged his readers to pick up a book if they were gripped by illness, and he was right. At all times, people have noticed the positive impact of books on a person’s health and mood. In the 17th century in England, doctors recommended that their patients read two or three pages of good text along with medications. Now this method is called “bibliotherapy”. Where did such an amazing medicine for the soul come to us from?

At our meeting today you will learn when and where the first books appeared, what they were like, the history of the first printed book and what it looks like now.

Slide 3. For knowledge about the history of the book, we guys will go with you on a virtual journey on a ship, which we will call “The Book”. We will visit different parts of the world. Many interesting and unexpected things await us. Be attentive, collected and friendly on your journey.

Slide 4. How did the book begin? What was she like? You could say that she was two-legged and two-armed, never wanting to lie on a shelf. She could speak, even sing, because this living book was... a person. After all, in those days when there were no letters, no paper, no pen, there were already brilliant writers, poets, and storytellers. However, their works were not stored in bookcases, but in human memory.

A person capable of firmly remembering and telling a story with inspiration became a book.In Rus', for example, such a person was called a storyteller.

Incredibly, there was such a fact: one man started himself a library of human books. This happened in Rome. The wealthy merchant Itzel ordered the collection of the most capable and intelligent slaves. Each of them was supposed to become some kind of book. Soon all that was talked about in Rome was a living library. One day, after a sumptuous dinner, the merchant Itzel ordered the manager: “Bring me the Iliad!” The manager, falling to his knees, reported in a trembling voice: “Sorry, sir! The Iliad has a stomach ache and he can’t get up!”

Slide 5. In the pre-literate period, there was a way to transmit information.knot letter, in which certain types of nodules denoted different information (a certain object or concept). How was the knot letter created? Multi-colored thin laces of different lengths were tied to a thick rope, and knots were tied on these laces: the closer the knot is to the rope, the more important the information.

Slide 6. The ancient Chinese, Persians, and Mexicans used knotted writing. The inhabitants of Peru in South America, the ancient Incas, were especially successful in this matter. Their knotted writing was called kipu.

Slide 7. From time immemorial, from an ancient country Assyria (Northern Dvuchye) books have come down to us, written with reed sticks on clay stoves, like pots.The first clay books.

Slide 8. 3000 BC in the ancient country of Sumer (South Mesopotamia) cuneiform writing arose- recording wedge-shaped dashes,which were squeezed out on clay.

Slide 9. Later, around 700 BC, in Assyria began to produce whole clay books . Residents of the country formed rectangular tiles from soft clay. The peoples of Ancient Mesopotamia used clay as a writing material because there was a lot of it in the Tigris and Euphrates valley. The clay was literally lying under our feet, and it didn’t cost anything to get it.

To write a book, a lot of such tiles were needed - several hundred. Clay books were very inconvenient and bulky. You can’t take them home to read, because there are so many tiles. Each book weighed several tens of kilograms. Therefore, they only read in the library.

King Ashurbanipal created a large library of clay books in his capital Nineveh. This is a wonderful library with doublet copies, ciphers and catalogues. At one time, a fire destroyed the palace of Ashurbanipal. But books from his library have survived to this day. Their pages were not afraid of fire. The flame made them more durable.

Slide 10. Let's continue our journey. In the neighboringEgyptian kingdom books were made from papyrus.

Slide 11. In the valley of the great Nile River, river reed with a tall and thick trunk grows in abundance. The ancient Romans called it papyrus.

Papyrus trunks are cleared of leaves and thin bark and the loose, porous core is exposed. It is cut into long thin plates, which are then laid in rows perpendicular to each other - and glued together. The wet sheets are pressed and then polished with pumice. Papyrus is fragile and breaks quickly when bent. Therefore, sheets of papyrus are glued together at the ends and rolled into a long scroll.The length of the scroll could reach several tens of meters. Papyrus scrolls are stored in cylindrical boxes and stand on the shelves of one of the largest libraries - the Alexandria Library. Slide 12.

Slide 13. In Ancient Greece They used wooden planks covered with wax. Such a book consisted of a series of tablets fastened to each other with a depression in the middle filled with wax. They wrote on wax with a steel stick "style". This name has still been preserved - they say about a writer that he has a good style (that is, he writes well).

But the clay tiles, papyrus scrolls, and wax-filled tablets bore little resemblance to the books we are used to holding in our hands.

Slide 14. The book became as we know it after Ancient Greece in the city of Pergamon (modern territory of Turkey) they learned to make a special material from animal skin - parchment Slide 15. It was made from the skins of calves and sheep.It took a whole flock of sheep to produce one book. They wrote it by hand for several years. Books made of parchment were very expensive.

A sheet of parchment was folded in half to make four pages. Each quarter was called “tetrados” in Greek, and together they made up a notebook. Several of these notebooks were sewn together to create a book on the sheets of which one could write and draw. Slide 16.

Slide 17. Our ancestors of Veliky Novgorod, Vitebsk and other cities Kievan Rus, written on birch bark - outer layer of birch bark Slide 18. Through the work of Russian archaeologists, a rich collection of birch bark documents has been created.

Slide 19. And now we are greeted by an amazing country - Ancient China . First, in China, the first books were written on thin bamboo plates, which were strung on strong twine.

Slide 20. Later, the Chinese wrote their books with a brush and ink on silk.

Slide 21. But in China they came up with a recipe for making paper. It is believed that this was done by a Chinese scientist named Cai Lun. He made a sticky mixture from bamboo and water, rolled it into a flat sheet and left the sheet to dry in the sun. The secret of making paper was kept for almost five centuries. Only in the 6th century did the Japanese learn about it. In 751, near Samarkand, the Arabs managed to capture several Chinese craftsmen, who were forced to reveal the secret of making paper. This is how paper penetrated into Persia, then into Arabia, from where the Arabs brought it to Europe in the 11th century.

Many years later, parchment was replaced by a cheaper material - paper, but the book was still sewn together from individual notebooks and put in a hardcover or paperback. In addition, some of them dressed in expensive leather, brocade, and sometimes silver. Often, the owners of such books chained them to shelves to prevent them from being stolen. It was, however, a very long time ago, more than 500 years ago.

Slide 22. It took months, or even years, to write or rewrite some thick book, and even decorate it with drawings.It is not surprising that handwritten books were very expensive Slide 23.

Slide 24. Now guys, let's fast forward. to Germany. The inventor of the printing press was one of the residents of the German city of Mainz - Johann Guttenberg Slide 25.

He also came up with letters - metal bars with a convex image of a letter or number at the end, as well as matrices - special molds for casting these same letters.The letters were placed in a typesetting box - each letter in its own box. To type a word, they took letters from different boxes and placed them on a special board with sides - typesetting table

I typed one line, followed by another, a third... So it’s ready printed form . All that remains is to cover it with paint, put a sheet of paper on top and press it firmly on the machine. Sheet printed. Using a printing press, it was possible to quickly reproduce a book in hundreds and even thousands of copies.

Slide 26. People immediately appreciated the new invention. In different cities, one after another, workshops began to open, and then entire factories for the production of books - printing houses.

Slide 27. A printing house opened in Russia , in Moscow. Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered “to build a house from his royal treasury, where the printing business will be built” Slide 28.

This house has been gone for a long time. But there is a bronze figure of Ivan Fedorov standing at the ancient gate on a high pedestal. Slide 29 , creator of the first printed book in Rus'. And nearby, in the Historical Museum, this book itself is kept (the first Russian printed book - “Apostle” - was published on March 1, 1564) Slide 30 along with the machine model Slide 31 , on which it was printed, and an ancient printing board.

A student reads a poem.

Well, listen, here's my story:

I've been reading books since childhood,

In them I saw the source of wisdom.

And from an early age I already dreamed,

But here was the problem:

Not everyone has seen the book,

And take it in your hands -

This is a rare piece of luck.

It takes a long time to write them by hand.

That's why we decided

Book printing begins in Moscow.

I was lucky, our Tsar Ivan,

That among the people he was called Terrible,

Gave permission for the printing press -

And with God's help our work began.

We cast letters and fonts -

It was not easy to do a new thing,

We didn't sleep during the dark nights.

And a new book came out - “The Apostle”.

Slide 32. Typography of the 20th century.Boxes with letters - typesetting cash register. A workbench is a special board with sides. And in the printing shop, huge machines with metal drums and ink machines filled with ink stand ready. There is also paper rolled up in thick, heavy rolls. Printing plates are placed on the drums.Printer workerturns on the engine - and off we go!

The machine rumbled, dozens of shafts, large and small, spun. Some roll ink onto the printing plate, others unwind paper rolls, others pull the paper, and others press it against the printing drums.

The paper tape moves quickly, and yellow, blue, red, and black paint are placed on it one after another. Here is a printed sheet with text and drawings assembled from multi-colored pieces.

Slide 33. In the 21st centuryBook publishing and the production of page layouts for newspapers and magazines are increasingly taking place using a computer and special programs.

Slide 34. Along with familiar books, people are increasingly usinge-books and audiobooks.

Slide 35. QUIZ among students.

Now we will check whether you were attentive during the trip.

Slide 36. Solve the CROSSWORD and find out the “key” word.

Questions for the crossword:

1. How were papyrus books stored in ancient times? (Scroll)
2. What was the name of the writing material made from animal skins? (Parchment)
3. What material was used for cuneiform writing? (Clay)
4. The invention of what material for creating books belongs to the Chinese? (Paper)
5. What did the ancient Egyptians use to write books? (Papyrus)

The “key” word is book.

Slide 37. COLLECT PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Books don't tell, but they tell the truth.

A book is not beautiful in its writing, but rather in its mind.

The book decorates in happiness, and consoles in misfortune.

Those who know the basics and basics will find books in their hands.

A book teaches you how to live, a book should be treasured.

Read, bookworm, don’t spare your eyes.

Bread nourishes the body, and a book nourishes the mind.

Slide 38. QUESTIONS - ANSWERS.

1. What was the name in Ancient Rus' for those who told something, passing on knowledge and experience. (Narrator).
2. Who invented the first printing press?(Johann Guttenberg).
3. Which king gave permission for printing? (Ivan the Terrible).
4. A book written by hand? (Manuscript).
5. In which country were tile books invented? (Assyria).
6. Factory for making books? (Printing).
7. What ancient city served as the basis for the name of the writing material? (Pergamon).
8. Who was the first printer in Rus'? (Ivan Fedorov).

Summing up the quiz and awarding.

Slide 39. In conclusion I would like to say

A book is the greatest treasure of humanity, a storehouse of wisdom, a source of knowledge.

Guys, read books.

Slide 40. Thanks everyone. We will be glad if you learned something new and interesting.

FABLE.

Leading. One day two books met

We talked among ourselves.

Student 1. Listen, how are you doing?

Leading. One asked the other.

Student 2. Oh, honey, I’m embarrassed in front of the class.

My owner tore out the covers with meat,

Yes, the covers... tore off the pages

From them he makes boats, rafts and pigeons

I'm afraid the leaves will go to snakes,

Then I'll fly into the clouds

Are your sides intact?

Student 1. Your torment is unfamiliar to me

I don't remember such a day

So that without washing your hands clean,

And look at the leaves:

You can't see the ink dots on them

I’m silent about the blots -

It’s indecent to even talk about them

But I teach him too

Not just any way, but “excellent”.

Leading. There is no riddle in this fable

They'll tell you straight

And books and notebooks

What a student you are!