JSC System Operator of the Unified Energy System, PJSC Yakutskenergo and the Branch of PJSC FGC UES MES of the East successfully held full-scale experiment, which proved the possibility of restoring power supply to consumers of the Central Energy District (CER) of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from the United Energy System (IES) of the East by moving the dividing point between them.

The experiment was carried out on the initiative of PJSC Yakutskenergo in agreement with JSC SO UES and by decision of the Headquarters for Ensuring the Security of Electricity Supply of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The purpose of the experiment was to test the actions of dispatcher and operational personnel when restoring power supply to the uluses (districts) located on the right bank of the Lena River in the Central Energy District of the Yakut Energy System from the Unified Energy System of the East via the 220 kV cable-overhead line (OCL) Nizhny Kuranakh - Maya.

Specialists from the branches of SO UES JSC United Management of the Energy System of the East (ODU East), Regional Dispatch Management of the Energy System of the Amur Region (Amur RDU) with the participation of specialists from the branch of SO UES JSC Regional Dispatch Management of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Yakutsk RDU) and PJSC "SO UES" Yakutskenergo" developed the Program, determined the requirements for the parameters of the electrical power regime of the UES of the East and the Central Energy System of the Yakut Energy System, and created circuit-regime conditions for powering the load of the Central Energy System from the UES of the East. The switching was controlled by commands from the dispatch personnel of the Amur Regional Dispatch Office and the Technological Management Department of PJSC Yakutskenergo.

During the experiment, which lasted over 21 hours, the dividing point between the IPS of the East and the Central Energy System of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was successfully moved deep into the Central Energy District, as a result of which some of the consumers of Yakutia received electricity from the IPS of the East. The maximum instantaneous value of power flow reached 70 MW; in total, over a million kWh of electricity was transferred to consumers in the central part of Yakutia.

"The results obtained confirmed the possibility of restoring power supply to the uluses across the river in the Central Energy District of the Yakut Energy System from the IPS East in the event of accidents at the generating equipment of this energy region. Also, during the experiment, data was obtained, the analysis of which will allow us to develop measures to optimize the switching process and reduce the time of interruption in power supply to consumers when moving the dividing point between the Central Electric Power District and the UPS of the East,” noted Natalya Kuznetsova, director of regime management and chief dispatcher of the UPS of the East.

Currently, the Western and Central energy regions of the power system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with a total installed capacity of power plants of 1.5 GW operate in isolation from the Unified Energy System of Russia and operational dispatch control on their territory is carried out by PJSC Yakutskenergo. In 2016, in preparation for the implementation of operational dispatch control of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as part of the Western and Central energy districts and the organization of the connection of these energy districts to the 2nd synchronous zone of the UES of Russia - UES of the East - the Yakutskoye Branch of SO UES JSC was created RDU. It will assume the functions of operational dispatch control on the territory of the Western and Central energy districts of the Yakut energy system will be carried out after the Government of the Russian Federation introduces appropriate changes to the regulatory documents and excludes the Yakut energy system from the list of isolated ones.

Last summer, a striking event took place in the east of the country, which can rightfully be called significant for the entire industry. Without much fanfare, but for the first time in history, the United Energy System of the East was switched on for parallel synchronous operation with the United Energy System of Siberia, and therefore with the entire western part Unified Energy System of Russia.
It should be clarified that the UES of Russia includes two synchronous zones. The first includes six parallel operating integrated energy systems (IPS) - North-West, Center, South, Middle Volga, Urals and Siberia. In the second, there is only one single UPS of the East. It unites the energy systems of the Amur Region, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, as well as the South Yakutsk energy region. Electrical connections between the power systems of Siberia and Far East have existed since the mid-1980s - these are three 220 kV lines along the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines (the first, albeit with a very slight advance, appeared along the BAM). However, the very fact of the existence of lines is one thing, and long-term parallel work on them is quite another. The latter is simply impossible due to the insufficient capacity of the lines, which were not built as intersystem connections, but only for power supply railway and nearby settlements. Thus, the UES of the East operates in isolation from the first synchronous zone of the UES of Russia - the connecting lines are open at one of the substations on the territory Trans-Baikal Territory. To the east of this division point, consumers (primarily the Transbaikal Railway) receive power from the IPS of the East, and to the west - from the IPS of Siberia.

Control center of ODU Vostok. Latest preparations for the first experience of parallel operation of both synchronous zones of the UES of Russia

The dividing point between synchronous zones is not static. Dozens of times a year it is transferred from one traction substation to another - from Holbon to Skovorodino. This is done mainly to ensure repairs - both planned and emergency - of lines, substations, etc. In practice, moving the separation point involves the need to briefly disconnect consumers powered from intersystem lines and, of course, causes inconvenience. The most unpleasant effect is a forced break in train traffic on the Trans-Baikal section Trans-Siberian Railway on hauls between several traction substations. Its duration usually ranges from 30 minutes to two hours. And if during planned transfers of the dividing point only freight traffic usually suffers, then during emergency transfers, it happens that passenger trains also stop.
At the end of July and in August, the System Operator (JSC SO UES), whose main function is to implement centralized operational dispatch control in the UES of Russia, together with the Federal Grid Company (PJSC FGC UES) conducted tests on transferring the cutoff point without repayment loads. To do this, a parallel synchronous (that is, with a single frequency) was organized for a short time electric current) work of the UES of the East and the UES of Siberia.

Dispatcher's workplace

First of all, the tests were supposed to confirm the very possibility of short-term parallel operation of power systems along long - more than 1,300 kilometers - 220 kV lines, which were never intended for such purposes and therefore are not equipped with the appropriate equipment: operational and emergency automatic systems. The complexity of the task was determined by the fact that such tests were carried out in Russia for the first time; to put it in pompous language, it was a step into the unknown.
The point of synchronization of both IPS during the testing was the 220 kV Mogocha substation, the sectional switches of which, during the recent reconstruction, were equipped with devices for catching and monitoring synchronism (more specifically, automatic reclosure US (KS). To set their settings, the specialists of the System Operator determined the permissible angle of synchronous switching and the permissible difference in frequencies in the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia. The limits for static and dynamic stability were also calculated. In addition, since the lines are not equipped with automatic elimination of asynchronous mode (ALAR), a temporary current cut-off was organized at the Mogocha substation. Transient monitoring system recorders were used. modes (SMPR) at the Kharanorskaya State District Power Plant in the Trans-Baikal Territory, additionally such devices were installed at the Mogocha and Skovorodino substations. Let me explain a little: SMPR recorders are designed to collect real-time information about the parameters of the electric power regime of the power system.
The fact is that the parallel connection itself was more simple task than ensuring subsequent parallel operation. The said sectional switch was turned on automatically upon a command from the synchronization device, when the difference in frequencies and the angle between the voltage vectors of the UPS of the East and the UPS of Siberia were within the permissible range. But to support new mode collaboration two huge energy pools, so that they would not split apart in an emergency, was more difficult. During a series of experiments, the regime was controlled by regulating the flow of active power between the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia by a value of 20 to 120 MW. Regulation of the flow and frequency in connected power systems was carried out using centralized system automatic control of frequency and power flows (CS ARFM) of the UES of the East, to which the Zeyskaya and Bureyskaya HPPs are connected, as well as dispatch personnel of the ODU of the East (branch of the System Operator) from the dispatch center in Khabarovsk. The most valuable information necessary to determine the characteristics and operating conditions of the parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia was recorded in real time by the SMPR recorders and the means of the operational information complex of SO UES OJSC.
The total duration of time for joint operation of power pools in nine experiments exceeded three hours. Successfully conducted tests not only proved the possibility of short-term parallel operation of the United Energy Systems of the East and Siberia, but also made it possible to experimentally determine the optimal parameters for setting up the CS AFCM of the UES of the East, and also provided data for the development of measures to improve the reliability of the operation of energy systems.

Historical moment - the control panel displays for the first time the flow of power between the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia through the switched on switch at the 220 kV Mogocha substation

The results obtained and positive experience make it possible in the future to significantly increase the reliability of power supply to consumers by briefly switching on parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia each time the separation points are moved. In this case, the power supply to all consumers connected to intersystem power lines along the Trans-Siberian Railway in the eastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory will not be interrupted - consumers will not even notice the moment of switching.
However, the success of the tests does not mean instantaneous, as if by magic magic wand, changes in the situation with short-term repayments of consumers. To achieve this, it is still necessary to equip sectional switches with synchronization devices at twenty-two substations of the 220 kV traction transit Erofey Pavlovich - Mogocha - Kholbon owned by Russian Railways. The question of the need to carry out such work was raised at a meeting of the government commission on ensuring the safety of electricity supply in the Far Eastern Federal District, held on September 5 in Vladivostok. As a result, Russian Railways received an order to develop and approve an action plan, including the installation of synchronization devices on sectional switches to transfer the separation point between the UES of the East and the UES of Russia without load shedding.

Technologists are monitoring the progress of the tests. On the left is Natalya Kuznetsova, head of testing, director of mode control - chief dispatcher of the ODU of the East. At the dispatchers' workplaces - senior dispatcher Sergei Solomenny and dispatcher Oleg Stetsenko

One way or another, last summer the System Operator and FSK not only conducted a unique experiment on the parallel operation of both synchronous zones of the UES of Russia, but also created practical prerequisites for radically increasing the reliability of power supply to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other consumers in the eastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory.

Creating a controlled connection of power systems to increase the reliability and efficiency of their operation is advisable, first of all, in those places where there are difficulties in ensuring reliable parallel operation. These are interstate power transmission lines, where, as a rule, there is a need to separate power systems by frequency, as well as “weak” intersystem power transmissions, which significantly limit the possibilities of power exchanges between parallel operating power systems, for example, 220 kV power transmission lines for connecting the power systems of Siberia and the Far East, passing along the Baikal-Amur (northern transit) and Trans-Siberian (southern transit) railways with a length of up to 2000 km each. However, without special measures, parallel operation of energy systems along the northern and southern transits is impossible. Therefore, interconnection is being considered, which is a variant of parallel non-synchronous operation of power systems along the southern double-circuit transit (at subsequent stages of interconnection, non-synchronous closure of the northern transit is also possible). The urgency of the problem is that it is necessary to find technical solutions to ensure the operation of the 220 kV Chita-Skovorodino power transmission, which supplies the traction substations of the Trans-Baikal Railway and at the same time is the only electrical connection between the IPS of Siberia and the East. To date, this long-distance connection does not have the required throughput, and also does not meet the requirements for maintaining within acceptable ranges. It operates in open-loop mode and has a division point on the section VL-220 Holbon-Erofei Pavlovich. All this leads to insufficient reliability of the 220 kV network, which is the reason for repeated disruptions in the power supply to traction substations and failures in the operation of signaling devices, interlocks and train schedules. One of the possible options for non-synchronous combination is the use of the so-called asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC), which is an assembly of two machines AC of the same power with rigidly connected shafts, one of which is designed as an asynchronized synchronous machine (ASM), and the other as an ASM (AS EMFC type ASM+ASM) or as a synchronous machine (AS EMFC type ASM+SM). The latter option is structurally simpler, but the synchronous machine is connected to a power system with more stringent requirements for. The first machine in the direction of power transmission through the AS EMFC operates in engine mode, the second - in generator mode. The excitation system of each AFM contains a direct-coupled frequency converter that powers a three-phase excitation winding on a laminated rotor.
Previously, at VNIIElektromash and Elektrotyazhmash (Kharkov), preliminary and technical designs for vertical (hydrogen generator) and horizontal (turbine generator) ACMs with a capacity of 100 to 500 MW were completed for EMFC AS. In addition, the Research Institute and the Elektrotyazhmash plant developed and created a series of three pilot industrial samples of AS EMPCH-1 from two ASMs with a power of 1 MW (that is, for a throughput power of 1 MW), comprehensively tested at the LVVISU test site (St. Petersburg). The converter of two AFMs has four degrees of freedom, that is, four parameters of the unit mode can be simultaneously and independently adjusted. However, as theoretical and experimental studies have shown, all modes possible on the ASM+SM EMFC AS have been implemented, including modes of reactive power consumption on the part of both machines. The permissible frequency difference of the combined power systems, as well as the controllability of the EMFC AS, are determined by the “ceiling” value of the machines’ excitation. The choice of location for installing the EMFC AS on the route under consideration is determined by the following factors. 1. According to OJSC Energosetproekt Institute, in the winter maximum of 2005, the power flow through Mogocha will be approximately 200 MW in the direction from the Kholbon substation to east side to the Skovorodino substation. It is the magnitude of this flow that determines the installed capacity of the AS EMPCH-200 unit (or units).
2. The complex with AS EMPCH-200 is designed for turnkey delivery with fully automatic control. But from the control center of the Mogocha substation and from the Amurenergo control center, the settings for the magnitude and direction of active power flows can be changed.
3. The installation site (Mogocha substation) is located approximately in the middle between the Kholbon substation and the powerful Skovorodino substation, especially since Kharanorskaya GRES can provide the required voltage levels at the Kholbon substation by the specified time (that is, by 2005). At the same time, the inclusion of AS EMFC-200 in the cutting of the power line at the Mogocha substation will practically divide the connection into two independent sections with resistances reduced by approximately half and independent EMF of the machines of the unit on each side, which will allow approximately one and a half to two times to increase the throughput of the entire double-circuit Power lines - 220 kV. In the future, if there is a need to increase the exchange power, it is possible to consider installing a second AS EMPCH-200 unit in parallel with the first.

This will make it possible to significantly delay the construction of -500 kV and the timing of the possible expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES. According to preliminary estimates, with parallel operation of the power systems of Siberia and the Far East only along the southern transit, the maximum static stability exchange power flows in the Mogocha-Ayachi section are without EMFC AS: in the eastern direction - up to 160 MW, in the western direction - up to 230 MW.

After installing the AS EMFC, the problem of static stability is automatically removed and the flows, respectively, can be 200-250 MW and 300-400 MW when controlling the maximum flows according to the thermal limitation of individual, for example, head sections of power lines. The issue of increasing exchange flows becomes especially relevant with the commissioning of Bureyskaya.

It is planned, as indicated, to install the EMPCH-200 AS in the cutting of a 220 kV overhead line at the Mogocha substation of the main two-circuit intersystem connection with numerous intermediate power take-offs.

In such an intersystem connection, accidents are possible with the loss of electrical connection with a powerful power system and the formation of an energy district with power supply through the EMPCH-200 AS, that is, with the operation of the EMPCH-200 AS on a console load. In such modes, the AS EMFC-200 cannot and generally should not maintain the pre-emergency value of transmitted power specified by the controller.

At the same time, it must maintain the ability to regulate on its own tires and the rotational speed of the unit shaft. The adaptive regulation system developed for AS EMFC requires teleinformation about turning off and turning on switches of adjacent sections of power lines. Based on this teleinformation, it transfers the ASM of the unit from the side of the non-emergency section of the route to control by shaft rotation frequency and, from the console side, the ASM takes over the load of the energy district.

If this load is greater than the installed power of the ASM, then the AS EMFC is shunted and the machines are switched to compensatory mode. It is also important that the transmission of teleinformation about the vector behind the open switch allows, without catching synchronism, to immediately turn on the EMPCH-200 AS into normal operation without impact after turning on the switch that was turned off.

Many years of theoretical and experimental studies, made for a complex of controlled connection of power systems North Caucasus and Transcaucasia on the 220 kV power transmission line Sochi-Bzybi Krasnodarenergo based on the project of the AS EMCh-200, the expected and known capabilities of the AS EMCh for regulating the active and voltage of machines and the rotor speed of the unit were confirmed.

In fact, within the limits of the design capabilities of the AS EMFC, it is an absolutely controllable element for combining power systems, which also has damping capabilities due to the kinetic energy of the flywheel masses of the rotors of the unit’s machines, which static converters lack. The control system, together with the automatic control system of machines with self-excitation and start-up systems, after issuing the “Start” command, provides automatic testing of the state of the elements of the entire complex, followed by automatic connection to the network in the required sequence without the participation of personnel or stopping the unit after issuing the “Stop” command. Manual connection to the network and manual adjustment of settings, emergency shutdown and automatic reclosure are also provided. When putting the EMPCH-200 AS into operation, it is enough to ensure smooth switching on the sliding in the prescribed range and settings that ensure operation along the power lines before opening the shunt switches. In general, the control of AS EMFC-200 on intersystem communication must be approached from the position that the regulatory structure must implement the required control of the operation of the unit in steady-state and unsteady modes and ensure the implementation of the following basic functions in electrical systems.

1. Maintaining voltage values ​​(reactive powers) in accordance with the settings in normal modes. For example, each of the EMFC AS machines is capable, within limits limited by rated currents, of generating the required value of reactive power or ensuring its consumption without loss of stability. 2. Control in normal and emergency modes the magnitude and direction of active power flow in accordance with the set point during synchronous and non-synchronous operation of parts of power systems, which, in turn, helps to increase the capacity of intersystem connections. 2.1. Regulation of flow using AS EMPCH-200 according to a schedule previously agreed upon between the interconnected power systems, taking into account daily and seasonal load changes. 2.2. Operational regulation of intersystem flow up to reverse with simultaneous damping of irregular oscillations. If you need to quickly change the direction of active power transmission through the unit, then by consistently changing the active power settings on the first and second machines, you can change the flow of active power at almost constant rotation speed, overcoming only the electromagnetic inertia of the machine winding circuits. With appropriate excitation “ceilings,” power reversal will occur quite quickly. Thus, for an EMFC AS, consisting of two ASM-200, the time for complete reversal, from +200 MW to -200 MW, as calculations show, is 0.24 s (in principle, it is limited only by the value of T"(f). 2.3 Use of AS EMFC-200 as an operational source to maintain frequency, as well as to suppress electromechanical oscillations after large disturbances in one of the power systems or in a cantilever power district 3. Work for a dedicated (cantilever) power district of consumers, ensuring the required level of frequency and voltage 4. Damping of oscillations in emergency operating modes of electrical systems, a significant reduction in disturbances transmitted from one part of the electrical systems to another. In transient modes, due to the ability of the EMFC AS to change the rotation speed, that is, the kinetic energy of the unit, within specified limits, intensive damping is possible.
fluctuations and for a certain time, a disturbance that occurs in one part of the power system will not be transmitted to another. So, with short circuit or automatic reclosure in one of the power systems, the unit will accelerate or decelerate, but the value of the active power of the ASM connected to another power system will remain unchanged with appropriate control. 5. If necessary, transfer both machines of the unit to the synchronous compensator operating mode. The cost of constructing a converter substation with AS EMPCH-200 is determined by the composition of the equipment and, in fact, is no different from usually constructed substations with synchronous compensators. The site for the construction of the device should provide easy transportation of equipment, compact installation and connection with existing power equipment at the Mogocha substation. To simplify the entire substation system, an option is needed without separating the EMPCH-200 AS into a separate substation. To connect to the power systems of a unit whose machines are designed for full power = 200/0.95 = 210.5 MVA (according to JSC Elektrosila, St. Petersburg and), two transformers of 220/15.75 kV are required. A technical and economic comparison of AS EMFC with static converters was carried out for a transmitted power of 200 MW. The compared parameters are shown in the table. Direct current insert (DCI) is a classic option. The table indicates the power transmitted through the VAC is 355 MW, which corresponds to one block of the Vyborg substation. The specific cost of VAC (including substation equipment) is indicated, which is shown in the table. The efficiency of the VPT substation (taking into account synchronous compensators, power transformers and filters) is 0.96.
VAC on lockable (dual-operation) switches with PWM and parallel-connected reverse diodes. It is known that the internal losses of lockable keys are 1.5-2 times greater than those of conventional thyristors, therefore the efficiency of such a VAC with special power transformers, taking into account high-frequency switching filters, is 0.95. The issue of cost is not clearly defined. However, the specific cost of VAC based on STATCOM is 165 dollars/kW and higher.
For VAC of the Directlink type with two-level formation of the output curve, the specific cost is higher and amounts to $190/kW. The table shows data for both the STATCOM and Directlink-based options.

According to JSC Elektrosila, the EMCh-200 AS of two ASMs = 98.3% (98.42% each) has a specific installed capacity cost of $40/kW. Then the cost of the converter unit itself will be $16 million. In accordance with the base cost of a 220 kV AC substation with two transformers is $4 million, and the specific cost of the converter with the substation will be =(16+4) 10 6 /400 10 3 = 50 dollars/kW Taking into account transformers, the overall efficiency will be = 0.983 2 0.997 2 = 0.96.
Along with the above options, it is necessary to consider the converter option using synchronous compensators of the KSVBM type with hydrogen cooling of an outdoor installation operated in power systems. It should be noted that in AS EMFC type ASM+SM, the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 can be used as a synchronous machine without any modifications in all modes, subject to the conditions for the stator current. For example, at = 1 power P = ±160 MW; at = 0.95 (as in the project of JSC "Electrosila") P = 152 MW, Q = ±50 MV A, and EMF E = 2.5<Еном =3 отн.ед.

According to the developer OJSC Uralelectrotyazhmash, the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 costs $3.64 10 6. If the rotor of the same dimensions is made with non-salient pole cladding (the design of the SC allows this), then the cost will increase 1.5 times and amount to 5 .46 10 6 dollars and then the total cost of a converter of the ASM + SM type (that is, from serial and converted synchronous compensators) will be 9 10 6 dollars (see table). It should be noted here that
GOST 13109-97 for the quality of electrical energy (Resolution of the State Committee for Standardization and Certification of the Russian Federation, 1998) allows the following frequency deviations: normal ±0.2 Hz for 95% of the time, maximum ±0.4 Hz for 5% of the time of day . Taking into account that the AFC will continue to operate, it can be argued that the ceiling value of the excitation voltage for slip with a frequency of ±2 Hz incorporated in the AFM will ensure reliable operation of the AS EMFC under other large system disturbances. At the rated stator current, the losses in the SC are 1800 kW and then the efficiency is equal to = 0.988. Taking the efficiency of the ASM converted from SK to be the same as in the project of JSC Elektrosila, taking into account transformers we obtain: = 0.988 0.983 0.997 2 = 0.966.
The table shows data for two units of the ASM+SM type in parallel, which makes it possible to cover the expected increase in transit capacity when installing a converter at the Mogocha substation. At the same time, the specific cost is lower and the efficiency is higher than all other options. It should also be emphasized that the obvious advantage is that KSVBM compensators are designed for outdoor installation at ambient temperatures from -45 to +45 o C (that is, the whole technology has already been proven), so there is no need to build a machine room for AS EMFC units, but only a housing is needed for auxiliary devices with an area, as required by building codes, two six-meter spans in width by six six-meter spans in length, that is, 432 m 2. Thermal calculations of compensators
are performed for both hydrogen cooling and air cooling. Therefore, the mentioned two-unit AS EMFC can operate for a long time on air cooling at a load of 70% of the nominal load, providing the required flow of 200 MW.
In addition, the Energosetproekt Institute has developed an original standard design for the installation of a 160 MVA SC with reversible brushless excitation, which can significantly reduce the volume of construction work, speed up the installation and commissioning of the SC and significantly reduce the cost of their installation.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Non-synchronous parallel connection of the UES of Siberia and the Far East via the southern double-circuit transit of 220 kV using an asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC) is preferable in terms of technical and economic indicators compared to the well-known VAC based on STATKOM and DIRECTLINK.
2. Many years of theoretical and experimental research and completed projects have shown the capabilities of EMFC AS to regulate active and reactive powers, machine voltages and unit rotor speed. By installing a converter at the Mogocha substation, the Holbon - Skovorodino transit is practically divided in half, so the throughput of this transit will increase by 1.5-2 times, which will make it possible to postpone the construction of a 500 kV power line and the expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES.
3. A preliminary technical and economic comparison of converters showed that the construction of a substation with VAC on lockable switches with PWM for a transmitted power of 200 MW based on the Directlink project costs $76 million, and based on the STATKOM project - $66 million. At the same time, AC EMPCH-200 type ASM + ASM, according to JSC Elektrosila and Research Institute Elektrotyazhmash (Kharkov), costs $20 million.
4. For AS EMFC type ASM+SM based on serially produced synchronous compensators with hydrogen and air cooling by OJSC "Uralelectrotyazhmash" and operated in power systems for outdoor installation of KSVBM 160 MV A, the specific cost of the installed capacity of AS EMPC with complete substation equipment is $40/ kW and at the same time the efficiency is not lower than other types of converters. Taking into account the small volume of construction and installation work, low unit cost and high efficiency, just such a substation with AS EMFC entirely on domestic equipment can be recommended for the non-synchronous integration of the IPS of Siberia and the Far East.

UES East – 50

United East

The decision to create the Unified Energy System of the East on the basis of the energy systems of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories and the Jewish Autonomous Region (over time, the energy system of the southern part of Yakutia joined the Unified Energy System of the East) was made by the USSR Ministry of Energy. The same order, number 55A, created the Operations Dispatch Department (ODD) of the East, now a branch of JSC System Operator UES. The path from the decision to the creation of the IPS took two years - on May 15, 1970, the Amur and Khabarovsk energy systems were united. And although isolated energy systems have been preserved in the Far Eastern Federal District to this day (in the north of Yakutia, in the Magadan and Sakhalin regions, in Kamchatka and Chukotka, as well as the Nikolaev energy district of the Khabarovsk Territory), since then the IPS of the East has become the most important part of the region’s energy sector. It includes power plants with a total installed capacity of 9.5 GW (as of January 1, 2018). The IPS of the East was connected to the IPS of Siberia by three 220 kV transmission lines, and in 2015 they were switched on for parallel synchronous operation for the first time.

Rise above parochial interests

According to one of the former leaders of the UES of the East, Sergei Drugov, the development of the UES of the East did not always go smoothly - in particular, local interests got in the way. “For example, the leadership of the Amur region at one time was not interested in the construction of power lines in the Khabarovsk Territory, since a powerful source appeared on its territory - the Zeya hydroelectric station. The leadership of the Khabarovsk Territory had a negative attitude towards the construction of the Bureyskaya HPP, considering it necessary to build energy facilities only on the territory of the region and only those that are connected to their own consumers,” recalls Sergei Drugov.

However, energy supply crises (Amur Region - 1971-1973; Khabarovsk Territory - 1981-1986; Primorsky Territory - 1998-2001) pushed the regions and their leaders to join forces. Powerful power lines were needed between generating facilities and main consumption centers. The former are concentrated in the west of the region (Zeyskaya and Bureyskaya hydroelectric power stations, Neryungrinskaya state district power station), the latter - in the southeast (in Primorye and Khabarovsk).

Further - more

In recent years, electricity consumption by the Unified Energy System of the East and the power systems of the constituent entities of the federation has been growing noticeably, from time to time updating historical maximums. The UES of the East has a capacity reserve that allows, for example, the export of electricity to neighboring China, but in order to avoid problems in the very near future, new generating facilities and further development of networks are needed.

A lot is being done in this direction. The second stage of the Blagoveshchenskaya CHPP is already operating (additional installed electrical capacity is 120 MW, thermal capacity is 188 Gcal/h). The launch of the Vostochnaya CHPP in Vladivostok is scheduled for the third quarter of 2018 (the installed electrical capacity will be 139.5 MW, the thermal capacity will be 421 Gcal/h; the station will provide heat and hot water to more than 300 thousand consumers in the city). Next year, a new thermal power plant in the city of Sovetskaya Gavan should produce electricity (installed electrical capacity will be 120 MW, thermal capacity - 200 Gcal/h).

By 2022, the volume of demand for electrical energy in the IPS of the East is projected at 42.504 billion kWh (average annual growth rate for the period 2016 - 2022 - 4.0%) (Figure 2.9).

The forecast of demand for electrical energy for the period 2016 - 2022 takes into account changes in the territorial structure of the energy zone of the East - the accession to the IPS of the East of isolated energy regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - Western and Central, the consumption of electrical energy of which is more than 70% of the total consumption in the centralized energy supply zone Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The connection of isolated energy districts determines the high dynamics of demand for electrical energy in the period 2016 - 2017.

The demand for electrical energy in the IPS East, excluding the connection of the Central and Western energy regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the 2022 level in the considered option, is estimated at 36.5 billion kWh with an average annual increase for the period 2016 - 2022 of 1.8% , with the corresponding figure for the UES of Russia being 0.6%. The accelerated growth rates of demand for electrical energy in the UES of the East in the considered future are determined by the economic development of the region. The growth in demand for electrical energy is associated, first of all, with the upcoming development of industrial production, taking into account the implementation of new large-scale projects - potential residents of industrial production zones, including:

metallurgical production, represented by large investment projects - the formation of a mining and metallurgical cluster in the Amur region on the basis of ore deposits, including the Kimkano-Sutarsky GOK (commissioned in 2016), the development of gold deposits in the Amur region - Malomyrsky, Pokrovsky and Albynsky mines;

coal mining in the South Yakutsk energy region - Elginskoye deposit and Chulmakanskaya mine, and Khabarovsk Territory - Urgalugol OJSC;

production of oil and gas processing and the creation of new production facilities of the petrochemical complex related to the development of main oil and gas pipeline systems, the largest of the projects is the construction of the petrochemical complex of OJSC NK Rosneft in Nakhodka of CJSC VNHK (a joint project with the Chinese corporation ChemChina) , a plant for the production of liquefied natural gas of Gazprom LNG Vladivostok LLC with the commissioning of the first stage in 2020, the Amur Oil Refinery in the village of Berezovka, Ivanovo district - a complex for oil refining and transportation of petroleum products (refining capacity up to 6 million tons of raw materials per year, taking into account the supply of petroleum products to the domestic market and exports to China);

development of shipbuilding enterprises on the basis of the Far Eastern Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair, the main directions of which are the modernization of ship repair facilities and the creation of new capacities for the implementation of projects for the production of modern marine equipment - Primorsky Territory;

implementation of the Vostochny Cosmodrome project in the Amur region;

implementation of projects in priority development territories (ASEZ), including the Nadezhdinskaya ASEZ (creation of a logistics center, technology park and related industries) and the Mikhailovskaya ASEZ (agro-industrial specialization) in the Primorsky Territory.

In terms of transport infrastructure, the following seaports (transport and logistics sites) will be developed:

in the Khabarovsk Territory - the port of Vanino, where a specialized coal transshipment complex of Mechel OJSC will be created, a coal transshipment terminal in Muchka Bay of Sakhatrans LLC, a coal transshipment terminal in the area of ​​Cape Bury of Far Eastern Vanino Port LLC, including for maintenance transshipment of coal from the Elegest deposit (Republic of Tyva);

in the Primorsky Territory - LLC "Sea Port "Sukhodol" - a specialized cargo port in the area of ​​Sukhodol Bay (Shkotovsky district), LLC "Port Vera" in the area of ​​​​Bezaschitnaya Bay in the territory of the closed administrative city of Fokino - a marine terminal with accompanying infrastructure, OJSC "Posiet Trade Port" "in the Khasansky district - modernization and construction of a specialized coal terminal with an increase in capacity to 12 million tons per year.

AK Transneft JSC is working to expand the first and second stages of the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean pipeline system: ESPO-1 to 80 million tons per year and ESPO-2 to 50 million tons by 2020. This determines the construction three oil pumping stations in the Amur region and an oil pumping station in the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as an increase in capacity at existing oil pumping stations in the Amur region and the South Yakut energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

In connection with the annexation of isolated energy districts, the territorial structure of electrical energy consumption of the UES of the East is changing - the share of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is significantly increasing - up to 19% in 2022 (5.3% is the share of the South Yakut energy district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the UES of the East currently).

The Western energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) includes the Aikhal-Udachninsky, Mirny, Lensky industrial hubs and a group of Vilyui agricultural districts. The main core industries are diamond mining and processing, which is the traditional specialization of the region, and oil production. These energy-intensive industries determine the specifics of the structure of electrical energy consumption of both the Western energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (the share of extractive industries is at least 57% in the structure of industrial consumption of electrical energy), and the entire energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), namely: a high share of industrial production in the total structure of electrical energy consumption (43% overall for the Yakut energy system, including 37% attributable to mining) against the background of the relatively low share characteristic of the UES of the East at present (24% and 6%, respectively). The growth in demand for electrical energy in the Western energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the future will be determined by the development of core industries - oil production (development of the central block of the Srednebotuobinskoye oil and gas condensate field) and transportation of oil through the pipeline system "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean", mining and processing of diamonds ( improvement of mining technology, development of underground diamond-bearing pipes “Aikhal”, “Internationalnaya”, “Botuobinskaya”, “Nyurbinskaya”, development of the Udachninsky mining and processing enterprise associated with the transition from quarry to mine mining with the involvement of deep horizons of the deposit in the exploitation), as well as the creation production and social infrastructure.