Presentation for the lesson: "Political fragmentation of Rus'. Reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state. Largest lands and principalities. Monarchies and republics. Rus' and the Steppe." The beginning of the fragmentation of the ancient Russian state. Remember what feudal fragmentation is

Lesson objectives along the lines of personality development:
1-2 lines. Picture of the world in facts and concepts. Using
facts to trace the process of collapse of Old Russian
states into independent principalities. Continue
consolidate skills in using when solving
historical definitions:
state, dynasty, grand duke, squad,
fragmentation.
3 line. Historical thinking.
Working with a historical map, identify consequences
fragmentation of the state. Explain the benefits and
disadvantages of state fragmentation.
4-5 lines. Moral and civil-patriotic
self-determination.
Give and explain your own assessment.

Remember what feudal fragmentation is?

Lyubech Congress (1097)

Secured the state
fragmentation in Rus': from now on
each branch of the princely family owned
their ancestral lands.
The Rurikovich dynasty
grew, and this predetermined
further collapse of the state.

Collapse of a single state

By the middle of the 12th century, Rus' split into 15
principalities that were only in
formal dependence on Kyiv.
At the beginning of the 13th century there were already about 50 of them.
Rus' became politically similar to
patchwork quilt.

What are the reasons
fragmentation?
What are the consequences
did she have?
Who ruled Russia in
is this time?

From “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land” O
the earth is bright and beautifully decorated
Russian! And surprised by many beauties
You are: there are many lakes, You are surprised by the rivers
and local treasures, mountains
steep, high hills, oak trees
frequent, half wondrous, beasts
diverse, birds without numbers,
great cities, wonderful villages,
habitable grapes, houses
church, and formidable princes, boyars
honest, many nobles - in total
thou art the land of Russia, oh
true Christian faith!
...God has subdued everything to the Christian people
filthy countries: to the Grand Duke
Vsevolod, his father Yuri, prince
Kievsky, and his grandfather Vladimir
Monomakh, to whom the Polovtsy children
They scared their own in the cradle. And Lithuania is from
the swamp did not show itself. A
Hungarians fortified stone cities
iron gates so that
the great Vladimir did not go to war. A
the Germans were glad that they were far behind
blue sea.
Background Information
Historians, based on
chronicle mentions
and archaeological data
excavations, counted the number
ancient Russian cities.
At the end of the 11th century - before the collapse
states - in Rus' there were about
90 cities.
After the collapse of the state - to
end of the 12th century - the number increased
up to 224.
In another 50 years - by the 30s
XIII century - in Rus' there were already 300
cities.

Political
fragmentation
–
This
natural process of economic strengthening and
political isolation of feudal estates (in Rus'
30 years XII - XV centuries)

PROBLEM:
Is it possible to disintegrate a state?
name
“the destruction of the Russian land”?

1st row 2nd row 3rd row
Get acquainted
with text
textbook,
choose
economically
e reasons
fragmentation
you of Rus'. Page
101-102
Get acquainted
with text
textbook,
choose
political
reasons
fragmentation
you of Rus'. Page
101-102
Get acquainted
with text
textbook, p.
102-103
answer
question. What
obstructed
about complete
the collapse of Rus'?

Reasons for fragmentation.

Main centers of feudal fragmentation

There are many large and famous cities:
Novgorod-Seversky,
Putivl,
Lyubech,
Rylsk,
Kursk,
Starodub,
Tmutarakan.
Later the cities became known
Bryansk,
Kozelsk,
Mosalsk,
Vorotynsk,
Mtsensk.

Fragmentation
Economic
(economic) reasons
Political
reasons

No order
inheritance
desire to have
his prince
Economic
(economic) reasons
Own
squad
Elevation
new cities
Subsistence farming
Decline of trade
ways
Income from estates
Fragmentation
Political
reasons

1. Prince-deputies
had their own squads
and felt
full-fledged
rulers in their
principalities.

2. Permanent
raids
nomads.

3. Boyars and princes-deputies
received income
from their fiefdoms
and didn't need
Kiev prince.

4.Population
major cities
wanted to have
own
prince,
who protected them
interests ("
Kyiv prince
far away, but your own -
close").

5. Orthodox
faith.

6. There was no
clear order
inheritance
Kyiv
throne that
led to
frequent
civil strife.

7. Decline
trading
the route from the Varangians to
Greeks", due to
movements
the most important
trade routes on
West and decline
cities on this
ways, including
Kyiv.

8. United
for everyone
Russian
language.

9. Rise
new cities,
centers
individual
principalities

10. United
law
"Russian
Truth".

Gain
economic
power
individual
Russian lands.
Permanent
sections between
princes, their
internecine
wars
Huge size
Old Russian
states,
natural differences
and economic
conditions of individual
lands
Decay
Old Russian state
in the 30s of the 12th century
Maintaining Unity
LANGUAGE
CUSTOMS AND
TRADITIONS
INFLUENCE OF THE ORTHODOX
CHURCHES
CONSTANT
LAWS
EXTERNAL DANGER
"RUSSIAN
FROM THE SIDE
TRUTH"
NOMADS
SAVE
SIGNIFICANT
AUTHORITY FOR
KIEVSKY
PRINCE

The fragmentation of Rus' is
random
process or natural?
Prove it.

Assume fragmentation
Rus' had
positive or
negative
consequences?

What are the reasons
fragmentation?
What are the consequences?
had?
Who ruled Russia during this time?
time?

today I found out...
what was interesting...
that was difficult...
I realized that...
I wanted extra
to know …

Homework

Paragraph 12.
Independent study of points:
5. Relations of Rus' with nomads,
6.Public administration during the period
fragmentation (p. 104)
Answer the questions at the end of paragraph No.
5,6,7 (written).

Run tests

1. The possessions of the younger members of the princely family are:
1) Estate 2) inheritance
3) lesson
2. The form of government in which
supreme power belongs to the chosen ones
representatives of the population are:
1) monarchy 2) reign 3) republic
3. The Battle of the Kalka River took place in:
1). 1223 2) 1237. 3) 1242.
4. What event happened on April 5, 1242?
1) Battle of the Neva 2) Battle of the Ice 3) Battle of the River
Kalka
5. Regular tribute that was collected in Rus' for the khan
The Golden Horde is:
1) polyudye 2) exit 3) shortcut

6. Khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes
to rule in your principalities is:
1) chronicle 2) shortcut 3) exit
7. The Battle of the Neva took place in:
1) 1242 2) 1240 3) 1380
8. Where the Russian princes swore that they would not give the Polovtsians
ruin Rus' and will fight the enemy together?
1) At the congress in Lyubech 2) in Russkaya Pravda 3) on the Kalka river
9. Which prince received the nickname Nevsky?
1) Vsevolod Yuryevich 2) Yuri Vladimirovich
3) Alexander Yaroslavovich
10. The Lyubech Congress took place during the reign of:
1) Andrey Bogolyubsky 2) Vladimir Monomakh
3) Yaroslav the Wise

- the period of peaceful co-ownership of the Yaroslavichs (sons of Yaroslav the Wise): - the situation was complicated by a new serious foreign policy danger: the place of the Pechenegs was taken by the Polovtsians; – adoption of a new set of laws (Pravda Yaroslavichey). Since 1073, a new stage of strife begins - the period of peaceful co-ownership of the Yaroslavichs (sons of Yaroslav the Wise): - the situation was complicated by a new serious foreign policy danger: the place of the Pechenegs was taken by the Polovtsians; – adoption of a new set of laws (Pravda Yaroslavichey). In 1073, a new stage of strife began.

Reasons for strife: unsuccessful order of succession to the throne established by Yaroslav; among the successors of Yaroslav the Wise there was no such purposeful and strong-willed personality as Vladimir I and Yaroslav himself were; in the last decades of the 11th century, large Russian cities and lands began to gain even greater strength; constant interference of the Polovtsians in the internal affairs of Rus'. the unsuccessful order of succession to the throne established by Yaroslav; among the successors of Yaroslav the Wise there was no such purposeful and strong-willed personality as Vladimir I and Yaroslav himself were; in the last decades of the 11th century, large Russian cities and lands began to gain even greater strength; constant interference of the Polovtsians in the internal affairs of Rus'.

Lyubech Congress of 1097 1) the princes, who were governors on Russian lands, turned into hereditary rulers (“let each one hold his fatherland”); 2) foreign policy was in charge of the Grand Duke of Kiev, who was the main prince in Rus'; 3) the princes took an oath not to call on nomads as allies in an internecine war. 1) the princes who were governors on Russian lands turn into hereditary rulers (“let each one maintain his fatherland”); 2) foreign policy was in charge of the Grand Duke of Kiev, who was the main prince in Rus'; 3) the princes took an oath not to call on nomads as allies in an internecine war.

Vladimir Monomakh and his time. Vladimir Monomakh and his time.

The activities of Vladimir Monomakh at the 1st stage of state activity: 1111 - the Russian crusade against the Polovtsians. “The angel put into Monomakh the idea of ​​raising his brethren, the Russian princes, against the foreigners. And there was a great victory. The Polovtsians fled beyond the Volga and to the Caucasus. The glory of the victory over the enemy spread not only across Russian soil. They learned about it in Greece and Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic, and the glorious news reached Rome itself" 1111 - Russian crusade against the Polovtsians. “The angel put into Monomakh the idea of ​​raising his brethren, the Russian princes, against the foreigners. And there was a great victory. The Polovtsians fled beyond the Volga and to the Caucasus. The glory of the victory over the enemy spread not only across Russian soil. They learned about it in Greece and Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic, and the glorious news reached Rome itself"

The tasks facing Vladimir Monomakh were the preservation and strengthening of unified power in the state, the fight against divisive tendencies and the actions of other princes, the protection of Russian lands from the Polovtsians, and the reform of the internal life of the state. maintaining and strengthening unified power in the state, combating divisive tendencies and the actions of other princes, protecting Russian lands from the Polovtsians, reforming the internal life of the state.

Domestic and foreign policy 1. “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh” (1113): the period for charging interest was set at no more than three years, after which payment of the debt ceased; the maximum usurious interest rate was reduced for long-term loans from 33 to 20%. 1. “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh” (1113): the period for charging interest was set at no more than three years, after which payment of the debt ceased; the maximum usurious interest rate was reduced for long-term loans from 33 to 20%.

Domestic and foreign policy 2. Managed to temporarily stop the process of disintegration of Rus' into separate lands. 3. He forced Oleg and Davyd Svyatoslavich to obey him, who fulfilled his requests for help in the fight against the Polovtsians. 4. He placed his sons in large cities. 5. Made 83 hikes. 2. Managed to temporarily stop the process of disintegration of Rus' into separate lands. 3. He forced Oleg and Davyd Svyatoslavich to obey him, who fulfilled his requests for help in the fight against the Polovtsians. 4. He placed his sons in large cities. 5. Made 83 hikes.

Domestic and foreign policy 6. “Vladimir Monomakh’s teaching to his children” He was called “a brotherly lover, a beggar-lover, a kind sufferer for the Russian land.” 6. “Vladimir Monomakh’s teaching to his children” He was called “brotherly lover, lover of the poor, good sufferer for the Russian land.”

“Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” “Eating and drinking life without great noise, being silent with the old, listening to the wise, submitting to the elders, having love with equals and younger ones, conversing without guile, but understanding more, not being fierce with words, not blaspheming in conversation; not laugh a lot, be ashamed of your elders, don’t talk to unlucky women and avoid them, keep your eyes down and your soul up, don’t shy away from teaching those who are carried away by power, to place universal honor at nothing.”

“Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” “Don’t forget the more wretched,” he continued, “but as far as you can, feed and give to the orphan and the widow, justify yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person. Do not kill the right or the guilty and do not order to kill his".

Pros and cons of fragmentation Political fragmentation is a natural stage in the historical development of human society. A fragmented state is a state in which local rulers pursue independent policies and there is no central government. V.O. Klyuchevsky: “specific centuries” Political fragmentation is a natural stage in the historical development of human society. A fragmented state is a state in which local rulers pursue independent policies and there is no central government. V.O. Klyuchevsky: “specific centuries”

Pros and cons of fragmentation Negative consequences: the defense capability of Rus' in the face of external threats weakened, inter-princely strife intensified, the Russian princes could not agree on joint military actions Negative consequences: the defense capability of Rus' in the face of external threats weakened, inter-princely strife intensified, the Russian princes could not agree on joint military actions An alternative point of view: the economy of individual principalities and lands developed rapidly, the culture of Russian principalities and lands flourished, the collapse of a single state did not mean a complete loss of the principles uniting the Russian lands

Basic concepts: Destiny - hereditary land ownership of the younger members of the princely family Polovtsy - nomadic tribes that occupied the territory of the Pechenegs and carried out raids on Rus' Exploitation - appropriation of the results of someone else's labor Destiny - hereditary land ownership of the younger members of the princely family Polovtsy - nomadic tribes that occupied the territory of the Pechenegs and carried out raids raids on Rus' Exploitation - appropriation of the results of someone else's labor

New date: Lyubech Congress of Princes

summary of other presentations

“The fragmentation of Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries” - The struggle for power. Sons. Throne in Suzdal. Think about it. Principality. Kyiv. Vladimir-Suzdal land. Galicia-Volyn principality. The clash between the princes and the boyars. Foundation of Moscow. Princes.

“Kievan Rus 12-13 centuries” - View of the Moscow River. Our Lady of Vladimir. Konstantin Vsevolodovich (1186–1218). The first mention of Moscow (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle). Yuri Vsevolodovich (1188–1238). Andrey Bogolyubsky (1111 – 1174). Yuri Dolgoruky. North-Eastern Rus' at the beginning of the XII - beginning of the XIII century. Vsevolod the Big Nest (1154–1212). Construction of the Moscow Kremlin under Yuri Dolgoruky. Rostov. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

“The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus'” - Daniil (Romanovich) Galitsky. Russian land. Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Consequences. Prince Vsevolod. Rus' during the period of feudal fragmentation. Galicia-Volyn principality. Administration of the Novgorod Boyar Republic. Early period. Lyubech Congress. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Principalities of Rus'. Principality management. The main branch of the economy. Veliky Novgorod. He strove for church independence.

“Fragmentation of the Old Russian State” - Russian Chronicles. Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Kiev uprising. Administration of Novgorod. Leading principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Novgorod trade. Civil strife. Kyiv throne. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Rurikovich family. Lyubech Congress of Princes. Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. Vyatichi. The fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise. Causes of feudal fragmentation. Grandfather of Vladimir Vsevolodovich. Vladimir Monomakh.

“The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state” - The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state. Polovtsian hordes. Collection of information. Live in love for each other. Tribal unions. Our villages are empty. Development of the Old Russian state. Let everyone keep his homeland. Who should have supported the convening of the Lyubech Congress. Yaroslavichy. Heirs of Yaroslav the Wise. Working with a document. Oleg Svyatoslavovich. Get acquainted with the events of the history of the Old Russian state.

“The time of feudal fragmentation” - Novgorod Republic. Characteristic features of the period of fragmentation. Constant raids of the Polovtsians. Write down the pros and cons of the period of feudal fragmentation. Features of the period. Novgorod control system. Andrey Bogolyubsky. Determine what the documents are talking about. Vladimir-Suzdal land. Oleg. Consider the proposed schemes. The period of feudal fragmentation. Causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus'.

Board of Yaroslavichs Izyaslav - Kyiv, Svyatoslav - Chernigov, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl, Igor - Vladimir, Vyacheslav - Smolensk. Izyaslav's seniority. Joint adoption of laws, military campaigns. The younger grandchildren and brothers are the viceroys of the older brothers, who moved them at their discretion. Second half of the 11th century. - weakening of the power of the Kyiv prince and increasing importance of the veche. In 1068, the Kievans expelled Izyaslav, who lost the battle to the Polovtsians (however, they returned six months later).

The struggle between members of the princely dynasty in 1073 - Svyatoslav and Vsevolod drove Izyaslav from the Kyiv throne and divided the territory of the city state in a new way - the rebellion of the younger members of the princely family and their occupation of Chernigov. Death of Izyaslav - 1093 - reign of Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Revolts of the younger princes of the city - the capture of Chernigov with the help of the Polovtsians by Oleg Svyatoslavich. Favorable conditions for Polovtsian invasions.

Princely congresses of 1097 - a congress of princes - the grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise in Lyubech on the Dnieper, at which the decision was made "let each one maintain his fatherland." Transformation of lands received by sons from their fathers, who were in the possession of princes, into their hereditary property. This status was also given to lands ruled by younger members of the clan as governors. Cancellation of the ladder order of transfer of power. The Lyubech Congress laid the legal foundations for the existence of sovereign states. The congresses of princes performed some functions of the supreme power. At the Lyubech Congress, the general duty of the princes to protect the Russian land from nomads was declared. At the congress in Vitichev (1100), it was decided to dethrone the Vladimir-Volyn prince Davyd Igorevich. At the congress in Dolobsk (1103), a decision was made on a joint campaign against the Polovtsians. Several campaigns against the Polovtsians (1103, 1107, 1111) at the beginning of the 12th century. Ancient Rus' continued to act as a single whole in relation to its neighbors (although individual princes waged independent wars).

Strengthening the power of the Grand Duke during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh and Mstislav the Great Vladimir Monomakh () Mstislav the Great () Victories over the Polovtsians contributed to the growth of the authority of the Pereyaslavl prince Vladimir Monomakh. Monomakh ruled 75% of the territory of Kievan Rus. He considered the younger members of the clan as his vassals. He exercised control through his sons, by force of arms (seizure of the Principality of Minsk in 1119) and through dynastic marriages with the Rurikovichs. Stability was also supported by the personal authority of the prince and the presence of a common enemy (the Polovtsians). Mstislav the Great owned Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, and controlled the “path from the Varangians to the Greeks.” In annexed the Principality of Polotsk, whose princes were exiled to Constantinople. The successes achieved were fragile, as they were based on the personal authority of the rulers.

Reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state Termination of the ladder order of succession to princely power. The transformation of members of the senior squad into large landowners who had dependent people at their disposal. In the chronicles of the 12th century. talks about boyar villages. Land holdings and dependent people appear near the church. Mstislav the Great transferred the Buitsa volost to the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod with the right to collect taxes from the peasants in his favor and administer justice. However, the process of strengthening landowners was slower than in Western Europe. Most of the land fund remained in the hands of the princes, and the main share of the boyars’ income came from income from feeding during the management of state lands. Strengthening the ties of princes and boyars with the local population and cities. The Tysyatskys, the leaders of the military organization of the cities, were boyars who were part of the prince’s inner circle. The decline in the prestige of Kyiv and the southern lands as a result of inter-princely conflicts and attacks by nomads. The dominance of subsistence farming in the context of the decline of trade with Byzantium.

Peculiarities of political fragmentation in Ancient Rus' The Old Russian state was divided into a number of relatively large lands that remained within their borders until the Mongol invasion: Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslav, Murom, Ryazan, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk, Galicia, Vladimir-Volyn, Polotsk, Turovo-Pinsk , Tmutarakan principality, Novgorod and Pskov lands. Successful land development. An increase in the number of cities (more than 1.5 times in the 12th – early 13th centuries), expansion of their territory (Kyiv and Suzdal - 3 times, Galich - 2.5 times, Polotsk - 2 times). The city finally became a center of crafts and trade. Improvement in the economic life of the village. The negative side is vulnerability to external threats.

Rostov-Suzdal land in the XII-XIII centuries. Initially, the territory of northeast Rus' was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes. From the end of the 9th century. – settlement by the Slavs, especially attractive – Suzdal Opolye. Vladimir Svyatoslavich kept Yaroslav in Rostov. Vladimir Monomakh paid significant attention to this territory, who visited the Rostov volost 4 times, built the Assumption Cathedral in Rostov, and founded Vladimir-on-Klyazma in 1108. He transferred the volost to his son Yuri. The infertile and sparsely populated outskirts, which resisted the new order, were unattractive to the princes.

Rostovo - Suzdal land. Yuri Dolgoruky Yuri Dolgoruky () Expansion of the network of princely cities, which later became cities: Pereyaslavl - Zalessky, Yuryev - Polsky, Dmitrov, Moscow. An increase in the territory of the Rostov volost, primarily to the north, but also to the east and southeast. Increase in population due to influx from southern lands. Yuri Dolgoruky lived not in Rostov, but in Suzdal, as, presumably, he sought to strengthen the influence of the local elite in order to weaken the importance of the senior squad in Rostov. The main goal was to seize the Kyiv throne (which he managed to do in 1154).

Rostovo - Suzdal land. Andrei Bogolyubsky Andrei Bogolyubsky () According to Yuri’s will, Kyiv was supposed to be received, but Rostov and Suzdal invited him to reign in their lands. Systematic strengthened his power. In 1162, Andrei forced 3 younger brothers, 2 nephews of his father’s senior boyars to leave, and gave only individual instructions to the remaining ones, without allocating land plots. One of the most powerful rulers of Ancient Rus', the princes of Smolensk and Chernigov were subordinate to him, his son Gleb ruled Pereyaslavl South. In 1169, in alliance with these princes, he captured Kyiv, but did not rule there. In 1170 he tried to subjugate Novgorod, but was unsuccessful. He made the city of Vladimir-on-Klyazma his permanent residence. However, he failed to weaken the influence of the Rostov boyars. Died as a result of a conspiracy on June 28, 1174.

Rostovo - Suzdal land. Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. Vsevolod Yuryevich () The issue of succession to the throne after the death of Andrei was decided at the congress of boyars of Rostov, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl. Andrei's nephews Mstislav and Yaropolk Rostislavich were invited to the throne. Andrei's younger brothers Mikhalko and Vsevolod made claims to the throne against the will of the boyars, and won. Reasons: 1) the use of contradictions between the “senior” and “younger” cities (the elders sought to achieve the unquestioning submission of the younger ones); 2) support of the common population, who saw in the princes protectors from the tyranny of the boyars. Vsevolod Yurievich was one of the most powerful rulers. Vladimir-on-Klyazma becomes the main center of the earth. Vsevolod achieved his goals through diplomacy and concluding agreements with influential representatives of the elite. Controlled Novgorod, Ryazan, Smolensk principalities, Pereyaslavl South.

Novgorod land. The prince and the Novgorod city community in the X-X1 centuries. In the IX-XI centuries. The local elite of the Slovenes, Krivichi and Chuds remained not included in the princely squad and remained independent. The local elite - the boyars - already in the 11th century. separated from the rest of the population (the boyar's income was approximately 100 times higher than the income of an ordinary Novgorodian). The management of the Novgorod land was carried out jointly by the boyar elite and the governor of the Kyiv prince, under the leadership of the governor of the prince.

Novgorod land. The confrontation between the city community and the princely power of the city - the Kiev prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich sent his grandson Mstislav, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, to Novgorod. At the same time, a co-ruler appears - the mayor, elected by the Novgorodians. The role of the Novgorod community is strengthening. After the death of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, she insisted that Mstislav remain on the Novgorod table - the Novgorodians kicked out Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, who managed to return only after concluding a “row” - an agreement with the Novgorodians. The beginning of the weakening of princely power. In the second half of the 12th century. all Russian princes recognized the Novgorodians’ right to invite a prince to the throne. The supreme authority was the veche, which decided which prince to invite and under what conditions he would rule. Without the consent of the veche, the prince could not make important decisions.

Limitation of the power of the prince in Novgorod The head of the Novgorod episcopal see began to be elected at the assembly, which began to elect the mayor and the thousand - the leader of the city militia. The merchant court and the collection of income from duties passed from the prince to the veche. The prince had to distribute the volosts for feeding not to the warriors, but to the Novgorod elite, and make such decisions only together with the mayor. The prince and the mayor jointly ruled the supreme court. The prince and his squad were allocated certain lands for feeding.

Features of the socio-political structure of the Novgorod land The presence of features of a federal structure based on an agreement between the elites of Novgorod and Pskov. The Novgorod prince, by agreement with the Pskovites, could appoint one of his family members to Pskov. The population of Novgorod supported the boyars in the confrontation between the boyars and the prince. This was due to the fact that the dominant position in Novgorod was occupied by the boyars, who were engaged in collecting tribute, but the entire city community took part in organizing the detachments sent to collect tribute and in distributing the collected funds. The prince's invitation made it possible for Novgorod to maintain its independence, taking advantage of the rivalry between political centers. The internal structure of the Novgorod community (“ends” led by boyar clans) created the need for an arbiter, who was the prince. Late XIII – early XIV centuries. - growth of land ownership of the Novgorod boyars.

The situation of merchants and artisans in Novgorod Novgorod is a major center of crafts and trade. To protect their interests, merchants and artisans used the hundreds organization. The head of the hundred organization, the thousand, headed the commercial court, which was not elected from among the boyars. Most likely, he was the head of the trade and craft population of Novgorod. The mayor and the boyars were forbidden to interfere in the commercial court. Control over the measures and weights at the city auction was transferred to the hands of the sotskys.

Galician and Volyn lands 1199 - the unification of the Galician and Volyn lands as part of a single principality under the leadership of Roman Mstislavich. Differences in social structures. In Volyn, the local boyars were of a traditional nature, the main source of income was feeding. In the Galician land, located next to Poland and Hungary, large land ownership was formed. In the Galician land, the boyars gained enormous political influence. Often the princely troops had to storm the residences of the boyars. The boyars dealt harshly with the princes (the sons of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich) were executed. In 1213, the Principality of Galicia was headed by the boyar Vladislav Kormilichich - an unprecedented fact in the history of Ancient Rus'. Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich fought with the boyars for a long time. The support of the urban population played a significant role.

Seminar 3. The Mongol Yoke Kuzmin A. G. Problems of the domination of the Golden Horde over Russia in modern historical science Tsamutali A. N. Prince Alexander Nevsky Danilevsky I. N. Alexander Nevsky: paradoxes of historical memory. - ndr_nevskij_paradoksy_istoricheskoj_pamyati/ ndr_nevskij_paradoksy_istoricheskoj_pamyati/ Vernadsky G.V. The Mongol yoke in Russian history. -