Education system in India. The history of the development of the education system in India. School education in India

The education system in modern India, on the one hand, is constantly being improved in accordance with the latest innovative developments in education, and on the other hand, it is rooted in the depths of centuries, in the tradition shishya guru the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student.

According to the Hindu concept of the four stages of life, ashrams, apprenticeship period, brahmacharya, was one of the main stages human life, without the proper implementation of which a person simply could not take place in life and fulfill his destiny.

In those located at monasteries or directly at the teacher's house, guru ancient Indian schools called gurukula, high-born students studied the basics of Hinduism and philosophy, Ayurveda and astrology for free, memorized huge passages from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, got acquainted with Sanskrit classical literature and the art of government, and also acquired the skills of owning weapons. It was believed that the guru gives his disciples a second birth, and therefore he should be revered on an equal footing with his father and mother. At the end of the course, students were required to guru-dakshina, a rite of gratitude to the teacher, which could consist both in the offering of valuable gifts or money to the guru, and in the unquestioning execution of his will.

The system of universities also developed in ancient India, among which educational institutions in Takshashila (Taksila) (according to some dates, 5th century BC, now belongs to Pakistan) and Nalanda University on the territory of modern Bihar (5th century BC) can be distinguished. AD).

The difficult history of India could not but affect educational traditions. And today, along with secular, public and private, paid and free, schools are functioning big number religious educational institutions, which can be located at temples or separately - Hindu ashrams, Muslim madrasah, Sikh gurudwar, Christian boarding houses. During the British rule in India, the British system of education, both school and higher, became widespread, the active introduction of which in the 1830s. Lord Thomas Bebington Macaulay began. Nobel Prize in Literature, received by Rabindranath Tagore in 1913, allowed the great poet to turn the school he had previously founded for peasant children in Shantineketan into India's first free university, which still operates to this day.

The education system in independent India consists of three main levels - primary (compulsory for everyone, covers children 6-14 years old), secondary (passing compulsory exams subdivided into two levels, 2 and 2+, covers children aged 14-18) and higher. The main tasks facing government bodies controlling the education system is the universal distribution primary education, accessibility of education for representatives of all social strata, regardless of gender, as well as improving the quality of primary and secondary education. There is an opportunity to receive education in one of the state and regional languages, which also applies to education in a number of universities - most often, those that do not work in federal level but at the state level.

By the number of universities and prevalence higher education India ranks 3rd in the world after the US and China. Many Indian universities are world famous - Indian Institute of Technologies (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Chennai Mathematical Institute (CMI), Allahabad Agricultural Institute (new name Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technologies and Sciences Allahabad, AAIDU), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), etc.

Apart from full-time education, many universities in India offer distance learning(both at the level of individual special courses, and at the level of obtaining a full-fledged higher education), including for foreign students. Distance programs also exist on the basis of several universities at once, united specifically to prepare such programs (for example, joint distance programs under the brand name "Virtual University" (Virtual University) are at the universities of Madras, Calcutta and Mumbai).

Education at a university for Indians can be both paid and free, which may depend not only on the level of preparation (there are a number of free universities and places, students who receive the highest scores in exams can automatically receive scholarships for education), but sometimes on origin of the student (a system of quotas for places for representatives of various social groups, reggons, tribes, etc.).

Among foreigners, Indian universities enjoy a long and well-deserved popularity. Traditionally, many students from India come to study in India. neighboring countries South Asia, as well as African continent. Students from all over the world traditionally go to study in India in a number of areas in which India occupies a leading position in the world (primarily in the fields of information and innovative technologies). This is largely facilitated by a well-thought-out policy in the field of higher education - training at English language, international diplomas, reasonable prices for education and living in the country.

Entry requirements for foreigners can vary greatly depending on the particular institution or course chosen, but almost all major federal universities offer programs for international students at the undergraduate (B.A.), master's (MA), and often postgraduate level (M.Phil., PhD., etc.). A system of short-term trainings in specific specializations and summer schools has also been developed. In some cases, foreign students also have the opportunity to receive a scholarship for study, both directly from the university, and from private or public funds. All information about these numerous opportunities can be found on the websites of the universities of interest.

There are also government programs financing study in India for foreigners who work on a competitive basis. The main coordinator of such programs around the world is the Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR). In Russia, information about existing programs, requirements for candidates, as well as the timing of competitions can also be found on the website of the Embassy of the Republic of India in the Russian Federation. At the same time, potential students are provided with the widest range of opportunities to receive grants - both for a full-fledged course of study (ICCR scholarship), and for short-term courses for retraining or advanced training in specific specialties under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Program (ITEC program). The ICCR grant competition takes place annually, usually in winter, and you can apply for an ITEC scholarship several times a year.

It is important to note that Indian scholarship programs may be of interest not only to students involved in fundamental disciplines, but also to students of creative specialties. The Indian government provides grants for education in Indian schools of dance, music, etc.

See also:

Indian dances
Indian dance is a more multifaceted concept; it is a whole world, inextricably linked with music, singing, theater, literature, religion and philosophy.

Centers for Indian Studies in Russia
Where in Russia they study India

Exploring Ancient India
The teaching of Indian languages ​​and literature at St. Petersburg University began in 1836, when R. Kh. Lenz was invited to lecture on Sanskrit and comparative linguistics. (1808-1836), but the systematic study of Indian philology began after the creation of the Faculty of Oriental Languages ​​and the opening of the Department of Indian Philology (1958).

Russian Studies Centers in India
Where in India they study Russia

Business in India
At present, the Indian economy is going through a difficult process of fairly intensive integration into the world economy. economic system

Voronezh State University (VSU) has signed an agreement on academic cooperation and student exchange with the Indian Institute of Management Technologies Birla, the Russian university said on Monday.

Indological Information Center of St. Petersburg State University
About Indian Information Center, Contact Information, field of activity, goals.

A Brief History of India
India is a state of South Asia, located on the Hindustan peninsula. India as a state within its current borders was created in 1947, when it was divided by the British government into two independent dominions of India and Pakistan.

Majority Russian students choose European or American universities for admission. But the inhabitants of America and Europe go to study in Asia. Every year, the largest flow of applicants rushes to India. The main goal of future students is to get a good education for little money, learn the language and stay abroad.

The duration of training depends on the chosen specialization:

• For students who have chosen trade or art, this period will be three years;
• For the faculties of agriculture, veterinary medicine, medicine and pharmacology - four years;
• Students study at the Faculty of Law for five or six years;
• It will take two more years to complete a master's degree;
• The deadline for completing doctoral studies depends on the field of research and the success of the postgraduate student.

The academic year starts in August and ends in April. Previously, this period was not divided into separate semesters, but recently universities in India have switched to a two-semester scheme. Each lasts about five months.

The grading system depends on the university and can be:

• Percentage;
• Letter;
• descriptive;
• Point.

At the end of each semester, there is an assessment in four main disciplines. In the middle of the semester, a preliminary test is carried out. Progress in other subjects during the year is not checked. Exams are taken at the end of the year.

Education programs

Primary and secondary education in India is compulsory. Preschool education lasts 2 years. The school has been studying for 10 years. After graduation high school you can get a vocational education in college and prepare for university entrance. Depending on the specialty, training there lasts from 6 months. up to 3 years.

The next step is higher education. India has over 700 universities. Depending on the type of funding, they are of three types.

1. Private. Differ in independence from the state;
2. Central. Subordinate to the Indian Department of Higher Education;
3. Local. Operate in accordance with state law.

Indian universities include three levels:

1. Undergraduate. The degree is awarded upon completion of the main program of study;
2. Master's degree. To receive it, you must undergo in-depth training and write a research paper. The minimum age for admission is 21;
3. Doctorate. Allows you to get a doctorate degree after 3-4 years of study and dissertation defense.

Distance learning is widespread. The opportunity to attend free lectures and get a higher education without leaving your native country is provided by the National Open University Indira Gandhi (IGNOU).

Conditions for admission

In India, the system is widespread open education. Admission of applicants is carried out without entrance exams. Training is often free. There is also the option to study remotely.

Education in universities is based on English traditions, so all subjects are taught in English. For those who do not speak the language well or have First level, the university provides the opportunity to complete language courses. Russian language is not used.

You can only go to university after graduating from high school, so average age applicants aged 17-18. For admission to the magistracy, you must provide a document on obtaining a bachelor's degree in your country or get an education in India.

List of required documents

Citizens of the Russian Federation and applicants from other countries for admission to an Indian university provide:

• School certificate of complete secondary education;

• International passport;
• student visa;

• Medical certificate;

• A package of documents confirming the solvency of the applicant.

student visa

A student visa gives you the right to stay in the country while studying.

For registration, you will need to provide the Consulate General with:

• Certificate of admission to the university;
• International passport;
• Completed application form;
• Color photo.

Tuition fees in 2019

The cost of one year of study at a major Indian university does not exceed $15,000. The amount of payment depends on the prestige of the educational institution:

• At popular universities, tuition fees for bachelors are around $4,000. per semester;
• For masters - about 6 thousand per semester;
• In a private university, the cost is often the same for bachelors and masters. On average, this is 5-10 thousand dollars. per semester.

Is it possible to get education for free

Education in India can be free at any level. To receive free higher education, the Indian government provides grants and scholarships.

Basic requirements for obtaining:

• Good knowledge of English;
• High School Diploma.

What are scholarships and grants for foreigners

Program coordinator to receive free education speaks Indian Council for Cultural Relations(Indian Council of Cultural Relations, ICCR). Scholarship applicants can choose 3 institutions for admission. Students entering the Faculty of Arts must provide an audio or video recording of their performance.

Future engineers provide the results of exams in physics, chemistry, mathematics. The amount of the scholarship is 160-180 USD/month. The minus of the program is long-term training (from 1 to 4 years) without the opportunity to go home.

Also available for foreigners technical and economic cooperation program(Technical and Economic Cooperation Program, ITEC). Fellows are paid for travel, accommodation and medical insurance. Some courses require a bachelor's degree. Monthly scholarship - 376 USD / month.

You must be under the age of 45 to qualify. Universities set their own requirements for academic achievement. The disadvantage of the program is the lack of classes in traditional Indian arts and the short duration of the program (from 3 weeks to 3 months).

Features for internship and exchange programs

Exchange studies and internship programs help to learn about foreign culture, way of life and traditions. In addition, this is an opportunity to make business acquaintances and find a job in the future. Students participating in the program receive education in the best educational institutions in the country.

Foreign nationals who have already received education in India cannot participate in the program. All training courses are conducted only in English. The Government of India allocates a monthly stipend and covers the cost of travel and accommodation. Visas for students of the program are issued at the embassy of the state.

Accommodation and food options for students

Accommodation and meals here are cheaper than in other Asian countries. Universities provide hostel for international students. Only indigenous people can get a room for free.

Approximate price values:

• The cost of a room on campus for foreigners will be about 60-90 dollars / month;
• Renting an apartment - about 160-220 dollars. months;
• For food, travel and educational literature on average, it takes 130-150 dollars. months

The best universities in the country

1. (Eng. Indian Institute of Science). It is one of the most famous and prestigious universities in the world. The most popular disciplines are chemistry and computer science. International students may receive additional funding. Link to official website - .
2. University of Mumbai(English University of Mumbai). State University in Mumbai. Faculties of management, chemistry and medical affairs are popular. Education at the university can be obtained remotely. Link to the official site -.
3. Rajasthan University(Eng. University of Rajasthan). The main specialization is agriculture. Official website - .
4. Delhi University(English University of Delhi). largest educational institution in the country. High rating in disciplines - art, natural Sciences, engineering, management. Official website - .
5. (Eng. University of Calcutta). The university takes an active part in student exchange programs. Tuition fees depend on the chosen course. The most popular areas are social disciplines and management. Official website - .

Diversified reviews about studies

Natalia: I was in India under the ITEC program. Application for training was submitted three months before the start school year. Before that, I also had to fill out a short questionnaire and tell in a letter why I should go. In principle, it is not difficult, the main thing is to thoroughly prepare.

Michael: The quality of education in India is really good. My son entered Delhi University last year. We studied the information for a long time, it’s scary to let a child go to an unfamiliar country. In fact, everything is much simpler. The university has a guarded campus with everything you need for life. You don't even have to leave the area. Although the city, of course, is released without problems.

Indian universities compete on equal terms with the developed countries of the world and provide their graduates with good chance for employment. Ancient traditions are gradually giving way modern technologies. The most sought after in India are technical universities. Universities specializing in information technology and jewelry business.

Education system in India. Paradigm and features

Prepared by Maria Proskuryakova, 2nd year student, master's degree

• ancient india at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. there was a pedagogical idea that all members of the higher castes are required to undergo a period of apprenticeship under the guidance of a mentor.
• The ancient Indian population was divided into four castes, or varnas, according to which the goal of education was to prepare for life in the conditions of their "niche" (caste). characteristic feature education during this period was the lack of a common educational ideal for all. Each caste had its own goals of education. For brahmins (priests) it was considered necessary to cultivate purity and righteousness, for kshatriyas (warriors) it was important to cultivate courage and courage, for vaishyas (farmers) - to cultivate industriousness, and for shudras (servants and artisans) - accustoming to humility. It is also important that education was considered obligatory only for the three upper castes.

• Since time immemorial, India has been an educational center. Thousands of years ago, great scholars taught from the scriptures. Teaching was carried out and masterpieces were created in such diverse subjects as:
• 1) philosophy;
• 2) religion;
• 3) medicine;
• 4) literature;
• 5) drama and art;
• 6) astrology;
• 7) mathematics;
• 8) sociology;

Concept modern education in India is aimed at educating a diversified person who knows how to appreciate the beauty, art and rich cultural heritage of the country. At the heart of the modern educational system are orientation to the needs of the people, the preservation mother tongue and cultural traditions. One of the main directions social policy countries today is rising general level education of the population, therefore, schools are being built everywhere in the states, the education of children in schools is promoted as opposed to home education and work from an early age.

Levels of education

• Education in India is divided into 4 levels:
• 1) Primary education;
• 2) Non-formal education;
• 3)Education of women;
• 4) Higher education;

• School education India is built according to a single scheme. The child starts school at the age of four. Education in the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject, the free translation of which is denoted by the word "science". From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics familiar to Russia. "Politics" is also taught, the equivalent of our natural sciences.
• Preparation for entering universities takes place in schools. Students who chose professional education, go to college and get high school special education. India is also rich in a large number and variety of craft schools. There, for several years, the student also, in addition to secondary education, receives a profession that is in demand in the country.

Basic secondary education in India today is required to receive every citizen, regardless of gender and social status. This step is free. Minimum educational level- 10 classes. Here children study from 4 to 14 years old. The second stage: 11-12 grades, the stage is preparatory for those students who decide to continue their education at the university and get a specialty. Despite the fact that every citizen of India has the right to receive a free complete secondary education, there is a system of private schools in the country where in-depth study of individual subjects can be carried out, increased attention is paid to foreign languages.

All educational institutions use innovative teaching methods, but the quality of education in private schools is much higher than in many public schools. educational institutions. The average cost of tuition in a private school is between $100 and $200 per month, and sometimes more.

This is interesting:

• all secondary schools provide students with free meals;
• it is in India that the world's largest (!) school is located, in which more than 32 thousand students study.

Non-formal education

• In 1979, the Non-Formal Education Program was launched, which was designed to provide education for children aged 6-14 years who remained outside of formal education. The main focus of the program was 10 states with low level education, but it was also carried out in urban slums, mountainous, tribal and other backward areas.

• Women's education

Programs aimed at improving the status of women:

1) Women's Assembly (Mahila Literacy);

2) Campaign for Universal Women's Literacy;

3) Non-formal education centers exclusively for girls;

4) Professional education;

5) University Grant Commission for Higher Education.

Since India's independence, female literacy rates have increased significantly. In 1951, only 7.3% of women were literate, in 1991 this figure was 32.29%, and now it is 50%.

Higher education

• The higher education system in India is divided into 3 levels:
• 1. Undergraduate. Bachelor in Arts, Commerce and Sciences - 3 years. IN agriculture, dentistry, pharmacopoeias, veterinary medicine - 4 years. In the field of architecture and medicine - 5.5 years. in journalism,
• library science and jurisprudence – from 3-5 years.
• 2. Master's degree. Obtaining a master's degree has a two-year preparation, includes attending classes or writing
• research work.
• 3. Doctorate. Enrollment for the doctoral level takes place
• after completion of the master's degree. The program includes class attendance and research paper writing. The Doctorate degree is awarded after an additional two years after receipt or three years after receipt. Master's degree.

The higher education system in India is represented by more than 200 institutions of higher education with more than 6 million students from India and other countries of the world. Today, India ranks third in the world after China and the United States in terms of the number of institutions of higher education. Indian universities are divided into federal universities and universities offering education within the same state.

Indian universities are becoming increasingly popular among young people from many countries around the world. Although state universities are recruiting for budget places only applicants with Indian citizenship today and international students have the opportunity to graduate from one of the universities in India for free. To do this, you must apply for a scholarship or grant and achieve its approval. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations is responsible for issuing scholarships and grants for studying at one of the universities in India. As a rule, leading federal universities annually allocate several grants for foreign students. Therefore, if you are interested in studying at a particular university, you should wait until the university allocates a grant for the specialty you are interested in (as a rule, information is posted on the website of the Embassy of India or on the website of the corresponding university), and apply.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Higher Education in India

pros

Minuses

During the period of study, there is an opportunity to get to know the rich Indian culture, as well as improve the knowledge of the English language.

Mandatory requirement for students of faculties various directions- good knowledge of English.

Low cost of education.

Low standard of living.

Low cost of living.

There is no way to work while studying.

Indian educational institutions provide a good level of training. IT-specialists-graduates of Indian universities are in demand today in many countries of the world.

After receiving a diploma, the chances of employment in one of the Indian companies are very small.

Scholarship and grant programs are actively developed, which means that there is a high probability of free education.

You don't need to take an entrance exam to enter a university.

Foreign students are provided with a free hostel or hotel room.

Hindu and Buddhist pedagogical traditions underwent a certain evolution in medieval Indian society. Along with the existence of the ancient caste system of education in India by the 5th century. other elements of culture and education were born. They manifested themselves in the growth among the three upper castes of differences in education. The highest education was addressed to the Brahmins, whose children were preparing for the positions of the clergy. At the same time, the practical orientation of training representatives of other higher castes was intensified. Vaishya, for example, had to be able to sow and distinguish between fertile and infertile lands, measure weight, area, volume, etc., get acquainted with the basics of geography, study foreign languages, gain experience in commercial transactions, etc. All this knowledge was acquired not only from teachers, but also from parents.

The Buddhist system of education was more tolerant and did not take into account caste differences. Buddhists abandoned home schooling, passing pedagogical functions monks. Complete obedience was expected from the disciples, violators of discipline were expelled. Education had a purely religious and philosophical basis. Over time, the program was enriched, grammar, lexicology, medicine, philosophy, logic were included in the training. The term of study was 10-12 years.

The rapprochement of the Brahmin and Buddhist pedagogical traditions continued, as a result of which a single cultural and educational system was formed. This system fell into disrepair in the 11th and 12th centuries, when much of India came under the rule of the invading Muslims. Many Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries and manuscript repositories were put on fire. There were obstacles to the development of culture and education of Hindus and Buddhists. Only much later did the rulers become more sympathetic to the education of the non-Muslim population.

Upbringing and education in medieval India were not the prerogative of the state and were considered as a personal matter of a person and family, depending on religious beliefs. In addition to the traditional religious and philosophical teachings - Brahminism and Buddhism, within which pedagogical ideas evolved, Islam left a noticeable imprint on the theory and practice of education.

The Muslim pedagogical concept in India took on a markedly intellectualist meaning. It was believed that the peak of upbringing is reached by a person who has learned and actively uses knowledge - “true ideas”. It was assumed that two obstacles hinder the assimilation of true ideas: the inaccuracy of words and the vagueness of thought. It was proposed to find adequate words and thoughts for understanding true ideas. Among the sciences necessary for solving such pedagogical problems, logic was placed in a special place.

The system of Muslim education in medieval India is in many ways similar to that which existed throughout the Islamic world. However, she had her own characteristics. Education could be obtained through home teachers and in schools. Organized education was for men. However, almost every wealthy family invited teachers to teach girls. Schools existed at mosques and monasteries. Dominated by teaching from private teachers and teaching in private educational institutions. Material support depended on the whim of the authorities and wealthy patrons. At the end of the training, teachers could count on payment from students. The constant extra money was the correspondence of manuscripts, for which they paid a lot of money. There were four types of Muslim institutions of primary and advanced primary education: quran schools(classes in reading the Holy Book without writing and counting lessons); Persian schools(classes in counting, reading and writing on samples of Persian poetry); schools of Persian and the Quran(a combination of programs adopted in schools of the first two types); arab schools for adults(classes in reading and interpretation of the Koran, literary education in the spirit of the Persian tradition). Muslims could receive higher education in madrasah and monastic educational institutions - dargabah. Dargab in Delhi can be attributed to the number of the largest establishments. Madrasahs of Khairabad, Jampur, Firozabad enjoyed a high reputation. The heyday of these centers of education fell on the XV-XVII centuries. During this period, in dozens of educational institutions, numbering thousands of students of various faiths, famous scientists and writers from all over the East taught. Teaching in madrasahs and dargabahs was in Persian (Farsi), which was used by officials and scientists. Muslim students are required to study and Arabic. The program also included rhetoric, logic, metaphysics, theology, literature, and jurisprudence. The teaching was mostly oral. Gradually, however, the educational literature used by students became more and more diverse.

Remarkable attempts to reform education in India date back to the 16th century. Emperor Jalaladdin Akbar(1542-1605) and his closest adviser Abul Fazl Allami(1551-1602) set the goal of training more effectively and in an organized manner the faithful servants of the state through education. To do this, they set out to update the principles of training and education. Allami opposed despotic home education, religious fanaticism and class education. He considered bad upbringing to be the source of human vices. A faithful Muslim, Allami recognized, however, the divine predestination of the life and character of a person.

The reforms planned to introduce secular sciences into the compulsory curricula: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, medicine, agronomy, basic management, astronomy. An extensive list of subjects was compiled that were recommended for study. Innovations reflected the desire to bring education closer to the practical needs of their time. Here is what Akbar said about it: "No one should neglect the demands of the day." An attempt was made to introduce for all residents, regardless of caste and religion, a single secular education. A policy of religious tolerance was proclaimed, and the doors of mektebs and madrasahs were opened to non-Muslims to prepare for public service.

The bold plans of Akbar and Allami were utopian. The lack of material and pedagogical prerequisites, serious control, Muslim fanaticism of subsequent rulers led to the fact that these plans for the most part remained unrealized.

trigonometry, algebra and, most importantly, the decimal system came to us. The ancient game of chess also comes from India. Indian doctors knew the caesarean section, achieved high skill in the reduction of bones, plastic surgery was developed among them higher than anywhere else in ancient times.

What was India's education system like in the past?

According to the prescriptions of sacred writings, the training of a boy (brahmacharina) began in the fourth or fifth year of life and had to take place in the house of a brahmana mentor (guru). The student was obliged to show his mentor all respect, serving him and unquestioningly obeying. Little attention was paid to the education of girls.

The training began with the assimilation of the rules for performing sandhya, i.e. morning, noon and evening rites, consisting in reading the Gayatri, holding the breath, swallowing and spraying water, as well as in a libation of water in honor of the Sun, which was more a symbol of the personal god of the believer, for example, Vishnu or Shiva, and not a deity in itself yourself. Rites were considered obligatory for all and in various forms carried out up to the present.

The main subject of study was the Vedas (hymns). The mentor recited the Vedas by heart to several students who sat on the ground in front of him, and from morning to evening they repeated verse by verse until they were completely memorized. Sometimes, in order to achieve complete fidelity, hymns were memorized in several ways: first in the form of connected passages, then for each word separately (padapatha), after which the words were grouped according to the principle ab, bv, vg, etc. (kramapatha) Or in an even more intricate way. Thanks to such a developed system of training in patience and mnemonic control, many generations of mentors and students developed those exceptional memory properties that made it possible to preserve the Vedas for posterity in the exact form in which they existed about a thousand years before our era.

The disciples who lived in the house of the guru did not limit themselves to the study of the Vedas alone. There were other areas of knowledge, the so-called "Parts of the Veda", i.e. auxiliary sciences necessary for correct understanding sacred texts. These six Vedantas were: kalpa - the rules for performing the ritual, shiksha - the rules for pronunciation, i.e. phonetics, chhandas - metrics and prosody, nirukta - etymology, i.e. explanation of incomprehensible words in the Vedic texts, Vyakarane - grammar, Jyotish - the science of the calendar. In addition, mentors taught special secular subjects - astronomy, mathematics, and literature.

Some cities became famous thanks to the people who lived in them. famous teachers and gained a reputation as centers of education. The oldest and most major centers Varanasi and Takshashila (Taxila) were considered. Among the famous scholars are called Panini, a grammar of the 4th century. BC e., the Brahmin Kautilya, the founder of the science of public administration, as well as Charaka, one of the luminaries of Indian medicine.

Although according to the Smriti ideals, there should be only a few students under one teacher, nevertheless, larger centers of study existed in the "university cities". Thus, an educational institution for 500 students was organized in Varanas with a relatively small number of teachers. All of them were supported by charity.

With the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, education could be obtained not only in the home of a teacher, but also in monasteries. In the Middle Ages, some of them became real universities. The most famous was the Buddhist monastery of Nalanda in Bihar. The educational program at Nalanda was not limited to the training of neophytes in the field of Buddhist religious teachings, but also included the study of the Vedas, Hindu philosophy, logic, grammar and medicine. In Nalanda, at least 10,000 students were educated free of charge, who were served by a large staff of servants.

The Gurukul system has not disappeared in India until now. Modern gurus are considered the embodiments of knowledge, ethics and care, and in the image of shishya the strong-willed component has increased, but it is still a respectful student who considers his teacher a beacon illuminating the right path. Thanks to an integrated approach, students become more interesting to learn, it is easier to be curious and more free to create.

The word "Teacher" sounds very respectable in India, because everyone understands the importance of the role of such a person both for education and for society throughout the country.

Teacher's Day is celebrated on September 5, the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and is a tribute to the memory of the great teacher.

The modern education system was formed in India after the state gained independence in 1947.

Educational education system country includes several stages:

Preschool education;

School (secondary and complete);

Secondary vocational education;

Higher and postgraduate education with academic degrees (bachelor, master, doctor).

The state educational system operates under two programs. The first provides for the education of schoolchildren, the second - for adults. Age range - from nine to forty years. There is also a system open learning, within the framework of which several open universities and schools.

Early childhood education starts with three years, training takes place in game form. The process of preparing for school lasts two years.

School education in India is built according to a single scheme. The child starts school at the age of four. Education during the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject, the free translation of which is denoted by the word "science". From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics familiar to Russia. "Politics" is also taught, the equivalent of our natural sciences.

Reaching the age of fourteen and moving into high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly goes in-depth study subjects of the chosen course.

India is rich in a large number and variety of craft schools. There, for several years, the student, in addition to secondary education, receives a profession that is in demand in the country.

In schools in India, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is mandatory to study an “additional official” - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. English is the common language educational process, most of the textbooks are written on it. It is also obligatory to study a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit).

Schooling takes place six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools have free meals for children. There is no grading system in Indian schools. On the other hand, compulsory general school examinations are held twice a year, and in the senior classes - national ones. All exams are written and taken as tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India fall in December and June. During the summer holidays, which last for a whole month, children's camps open in schools. There, in addition to recreation and entertainment with children, traditional creative educational activities are held.

The Indian secondary education system has both public and private schools.

Higher education in India is prestigious, diverse and popular among young people. More than two hundred universities operate in the country, most of which are focused on European standards of education. The system of higher education is presented in the usual three-level form for Europeans. Students, depending on the period of study and the chosen profession, receive bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees.

Among the most popular and prestigious universities are Calcutta, Mumbai, Delhi, Rajasthan, each of these universities has 130-150 thousand students. In recent decades, due to the steady development of the Indian economy, the number of universities has increased engineering orientation. One of the most attractive and worthy here are the Indian Institute of Technology and the Institute of Management. Moreover, in the latter 50% of students are foreign students. The proportion of humanities graduates in India is about 40%. Postgraduate education in India can also be free, as well as initial university education. For these purposes, institutions regularly allocate grants, which require at least a diploma and all the same knowledge of the English language.

Higher education in Russia is becoming more and more popular among Indian youth. This is explained by several factors:

High and ever-increasing level of higher education in Russia;

Compared to European prices, education in Russian universities is much cheaper;

The overall low cost of living.

It is noteworthy that for admission to Russian universities on a commercial basis with instruction in English, there is no need to pass entrance exams. In many Russian universities, including the Voronezh State medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, conduct Russian language classes (RFL) for Anglophones.

All documents of foreign students must be legalized: translated into Russian, certified by a notary.

The education system in India has undergone significant changes in the direction of development and improvement over the past decades. The reason for this is the rapid growth of the country's economy and an increase in the need for qualified scientific and working specialists. Much attention is paid to all levels of education - from preschool to higher education, good education and a worthy specialty among the population of the country is one of the vital tasks of life.

Bibliography

1. Basham A.L. The miracle that was India. Per. from English., M., Main editorial office of oriental literature of the Nauka publishing house, 1977. 616p. From ill. (Culture of the peoples of the East).

2. India: Customs and etiquette / Broom Kingsland; per. from English. E. Bushkovskaya. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 128s. ("A short guide").