Events of the 17th century table. History of mankind. Chronology of the most important events. 17th century What we learned

Chronology of the most important events in world history

–XVII century–

1601 Revolt in Lezgistan against Turkish rule

1603 - 1867 The Tokugawa shogun dynasty in Japan.

1604 Another Lezgin uprising against Turkish dominance

1607 Founding of the first permanent English colony in Virginia (North America). 1609 - 1618 Polish intervention in Russia. It was expressed in the siege of Smolensk in September 1609, the campaign against Moscow and its capture (1610). After the liberation (October 1612) of Moscow by the Second Militia, the failure of attempts (1612, 1617) by King Sigismund III and Prince Vladislav to recapture Moscow, the Polish intervention ended with the Deulin Truce of 1618.

1610 - 1617 Swedish intervention in Russia with the aim of separating Pskov, Novgorod, northwestern and northern Russian regions from Russia. The main goals were not achieved. Ended with the Peace of Stolbovo (February 1617).

1610 In Lezgistan, near the village of Vini-Stal, a battle between the Iranians and local forces took place, in which the Persians were defeated

1610 The combined forces of the Dargin free societies defeated the Safavids

1611 - 1632 The reign of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf. An outstanding commander. He waged wars with Denmark, Russia, and Poland, capturing vast territories. Participated from 1630 in the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, died in battle.

1613 - 1645 The reign of the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the first Tsar of the Romanov family. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor. He left control of the country to his father, Patriarch Filaret (until 1633), then to the boyars.

1614 Revolt in Shirvan against Iranian Shah Abbas I

1618 - 1648 Thirty Years' War between the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (German Protestant princes, France, Sweden, Denmark, supported by England, Holland and Russia). The Habsburg bloc acted under the banner of Catholicism, the anti-Habsburg coalition (especially at the beginning) - Protestantism. Divided into periods: Czech (1618-1623), Danish (1625-1629), Swedish (1630-1635), Franco-Swedish (1635-1648). As a result, the reactionary plans of the Habsburgs to create a “world empire” and subjugate national states failed, and political hegemony passed to France. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia 1648.

1618-1623 Czech period Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. The Habsburg offensive on the political and religious rights of the Czech Republic, which retained some independence within the Habsburg monarchy, caused the Czech Uprising of 1618-1620. In 1620, the Habsburg army defeated the Czech troops in the battle of White Mountain. The Czech Republic was completely subordinated to the Habsburgs, in 1621 - 1623 the troops of the Catholic League in Spain occupied the center of the Protestant Union - the Electorate of the Palatinate. 1619 - 1637 Reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. He pursued the policy of Counter-Reformation. He headed the Habsburg-Catholic camp in the initial periods of the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648.

1622 The beginning of the wars of the British colonialists against the Indians.

1622 Safavid troops carried out a punitive operation in Lezgistan and destroyed the Akhty fortress

1624 - 1642 Reign of Cardinal Richelieu in France. Contributed to the strengthening of absolutism. Deprived the Huguenots of political rights; carried out administrative, financial, military reforms; suppressed feudal revolts and popular uprisings. Involved France in the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648.

1625-1629 Danish period of the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. The troops of the Habsburg bloc defeated Denmark, expelling Danish troops from German territory.

1630-1635 Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. The Swedish army, having invaded Germany under the command of Gustav II Adolf, won victories at Breitenfeld (1631) and Lützen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634). The consequence of the last defeat was the refusal of the German Protestant princes from an alliance with Sweden and the conclusion of the Prague Peace of 1635 with the Habsburgs.

1632 - 1634 Smolensk War. It was fought by Russia for the return of the Smolensk and Chernigov lands seized during the years of Polish intervention. It ended with the surrender of the Russian army surrounded near Smolensk and the Peace of Polyanovsky.

1633 Galileo Galilei was tried by the Inquisition, which forced him to renounce the teachings of Nicolaus Copernicus.

1635-1648 Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. France openly entered the war on the side of the anti-Habsburg coalition and led it. Having won a number of victories, the troops of the anti-Habsburg coalition created a direct threat to Vienna. The Habsburgs asked for peace.

1640 The Portuguese conspirators arrested the Spanish viceroy and proclaimed Joan IV of Braganza king. Portugal gained independence.

1640 The English king Charles I convened the Long Parliament, which actually became the legislative body of the revolutionary opposition to absolutism. Within a year, he destroyed all the main tools of absolutism, removed the king from power and actually concentrated all state power in his hands.

1642 - 1646 The first civil war in England was between supporters of the Long Parliament and royalists. At the Battle of Marston Moor (1644), the parliamentary army defeated the king’s army, which was turning point during the war. Then the parliamentary army created by Cromwell inflicted a decisive defeat on the royal army of Charles I Stuart at Naseby (1645), and then captured a number of fortresses. Charles I fled to Scotland (1646), but was handed over to Parliament. However, the king managed to escape from captivity.

1643 - 1715 Board French king Louis XIV ("Sun King"). The apogee of French absolutism (legend attributes to Louis XIV the saying: “The State is me”).

1644 Establishment of the dominance of the Manchus in China (their Qing dynasty ruled in China until 1911).

1645 - 1676 The reign of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Central power strengthened and serfdom took shape (Council Code of 1649). Ukraine was reunited with the Russian state (1654), the Smolensk region and the Seversk land were returned. The Peasant War under the leadership of S.T. Razin was suppressed. There was a schism in the Russian church.

1648 Peace of Westphalia. Ended the Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden received the mouths of almost all navigable rivers in Northern Germany, France received part of Alsace, and the rights of sovereign sovereigns were actually recognized for the German princes. Secured and strengthened political fragmentation Germany.

1648 Second English Civil War between supporters of the Long Parliament and royalists. At the Battle of Preston, the forces of the counter-revolution were finally defeated by Cromwell. Charles I Stuart was put on trial and executed on January 30, 1949. On May 19, 1649, England was declared a republic.

1648 - 1670 Reign of Frederick III, King of Denmark and Norway. Under him, in the wars with Sweden, Denmark lost Skåne and other territories (1658). In 1660 he declared Denmark a hereditary monarchy; The law of 1665 formalized the approval of absolutism.

1649 - 1652 Conquest of Ireland by the English army.

1652 - 1654 Anglo-Dutch War. Started by Holland in response to the adoption English Parliament in 1651 the Navigation Act, directed against Dutch mediation in trade. Combat Actions unfolded in the seas washing England and Holland, as well as in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean and the straits connecting the Baltic and North seas. The British defeated the Dutch fleet, established a blockade of the Dutch coast and forced it to conclude the Treaty of Westminster, which actually recognized the Navigation Act.

1653 - 1658 Protectorate (military dictatorship) of Cromwell in England. Cromwell was proclaimed head of state with the title of Lord Protector (1653). The country is divided into 11 military districts headed by lieutenant generals, who have concentrated all executive power in their hands. Parliament was convened twice, but both times it was dissolved due to an attempt to revise the state structure. In 1657 the title of Lord Protector was declared hereditary. Foreign policy The protectorate was marked by major successes in the field of trade and colonial expansion of England.

1654 Church reforms of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of a schism in the Russian Orthodox Church.

1654 - 1667 Russian-Polish War. It was fought by Russia for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands, Belarus and ensuring the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. In 1654-1655, Russian troops defeated the main forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and liberated the Smolensk region and most of Belarus. Military operations resumed in 1658 and proceeded with varying success. In 1660 the initiative passed to the Polish troops. It ended with the Truce of Andrusovo, according to which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned the Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia and recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia.

1656 - 1658 The Russian-Swedish war was fought by Russia for access to Baltic Sea. It ended with the Valiesar Truce of 1658 and the Peace of Kardis of 1661, according to which the border established by the Stolbov Peace of 1617 was restored.

1659 The Peace of the Pyrenees, which ended the war between France and Spain (began in 1635 as part of the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648). Most of Artois, part of Flanders, Roussillon and other territories passed from Spain to France. The Peace of the Pyrenees provided for the marriage of the French king Louis XIV with the Spanish infanta. It marked the transition of hegemony in Western Europe from Spain to France.

1660 In England, the restoration of the Stuarts was carried out, agreeing to recognize the main gains of the revolution. Charles I was proclaimed king.

1665 Spanish recognition of Portuguese independence.

1665 - 1667 Anglo-Dutch War. It began in connection with the capture by England in 1664 of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (renamed New York) in North America. In 1667, the Dutch fleet blocked the mouth of the Thames and destroyed some of the English ships. Due to the immediate threat to London, England agreed to make peace. According to the Treaty of Breda (1667), New Amsterdam (New York) was assigned to England, and Suriname (in South America), captured by the British during the war, was transferred to Holland.

1667 - 1668 The devolutionary war of France against Spain was mainly for the Spanish Netherlands. Started by France, which used hereditary, so-called, as an excuse. devolution law. According to the Peace of Aachen in 1668, France retained 11 cities it had captured (including Lille), but returned Franche-Comté to Spain.

1670 - 1671 The peasant war in Russia under the leadership of S.T. Razin.

4672 - 1678 The Dutch War between France - the initiator of the war (in alliance with England until 1674 and Sweden) and the Dutch Republic, and from 1673-1674 - with the coalition of Holland, the "Holy Roman Empire", Spain, Denmark. The French army quickly captured a number of Dutch provinces and was approaching Amsterdam, but was forced to retreat when the Dutch command decided to open the dams and flood a large area. The center of the war was moved to the Palatinate (Southern Germany), where French troops applied the “scorched earth” principle, causing terrible massacres and devastation among the civilian population. By the end of the war, France suffered setbacks, but was able (according to the Nimwegen peace treaties of 1678-1679) to secure a number of territories (including Franche-Comté from Spain) and established its hegemony in Europe. 1674 - 1696 Reign / John III Sobieski , King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. An outstanding commander. In 1683 he defeated the Turkish army besieging Vienna. Concluded the “Eternal Peace” of 1686 with Russia.

1676 - 1681 Russia's war with Turkey and Crimean Khanate. It ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of 1681, according to which Turkey recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia.

1682 - 1696 Joint rule in Russia by Peter and Ivan Alekseevich. Regency of Princess Sophia (until 1689).

1685 - 1688 Reign of the English King James II Stuart. He tried to restore absolutism and its support - the Catholic Church. Deposed during a coup d'etat in 1688-1689.

1686 Formation of the League of Augsburg consisting of Holland, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, the Palatinate and Saxony in order to stop France's territorial conquests in Western Europe. England joined the league in 1689.

1688 - 1697 The War of the Palatinate Succession between France and the League of Augsburg 1686. It began with the invasion of the Palatinate by the troops of the French king Louis XIV, who laid claim to most of the territory of the Palatinate. The war ended with the Peace of Ryswick in 1697, according to which France renounced most of the territories it had captured after the Peace of Nymwegen in 1678-1679 (but retained Strasbourg and other lands in Alsace).

1689 - 1702 The reign of the English king William III of Orange, stadtholder (ruler) of the Netherlands from 1674. Called to the English throne during the coup d'etat of 1688-1689, until 1694 he ruled together with his wife Mary II Stuart.

1689 - 1725 The reign of the Russian Tsar Peter I the Great, the first Russian Emperor (from 1721). A great reformer and an outstanding commander. Under him, the Senate, collegiums, bodies of supreme state control and political investigation were created; The church was subordinated to the state, the country was divided into provinces, and a new capital was built - St. Petersburg. He energetically promoted the development of industry and trade. Supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation regular army. He personally led the army in a number of military campaigns and battles. Contributed to strengthening the economic and political position of the nobility. On the initiative of Peter I, many were opened educational institutions, Academy of Sciences, adopted the civil alphabet. He carried out reforms by cruel means, through extreme strain of material and human forces, mercilessly suppressing the resistance of his opponents. Created a powerful absolutist state and achieved recognition of Russia by countries Western Europe the authority of a great power.

The events of the early 17th century in Russia were called the Time of Troubles. This was a period of decentralization of the state, when there were frequent changes of rulers, popular uprisings, and a very difficult economic situation developed. Foreign states interfered in Russia's internal affairs. It was a severe political and socio-economic crisis that brought the country to the brink of destruction of state principles and actual collapse. According to a number of historians, the Troubles were the first civil war in the history of Russia.

There are several options for periodizing the Time of Troubles:

1598 -1618 – from the beginning of the dynastic crisis associated with the end of the Rurik dynasty, until the conclusion of the Deulin truce with Poland.

1604-1605 – 1613 – from the moment of the appearance of False Dmitry II until the election of Mikhail Romanov.

1603 – 1618 – from the destabilization of the situation due to famine to the conclusion of a truce with Poland.

Causes of the Time of Troubles:

1. - political- a dynastic crisis associated with the end of the Rurik dynasty and the insufficient authority of Boris Godunov.

2. – economic- the most difficult economic situation associated with the famine of 1601 - 1603, a sharp increase in prices for bread, food and discontent of the broad masses. The government of Boris Godunov failed to cope with the situation.

3. – social– growing dissatisfaction with the policies pursued by different segments of the population ( peasants- dissatisfied with further enslavement, 1581 - “reserved summers” were introduced, when the transition of peasants on St. George’s Day was temporarily prohibited, 1597 - a decree on “prescribed summers” appeared, establishing a five-year period for the search for fugitive peasants + difficult economic situation; Cossacks- dissatisfied with the attack on their rights + they were joined by runaway peasants from the central regions of the country ; know, boyars- dissatisfied with the reduction of their tribal rights; service nobility- dissatisfied with the fact that the government cannot stop the flight of serfs; Posad population– increase in taxes).

All these reasons acted together and led to destabilization of the situation in the country.

Main events of the Time of Troubles:

In 1584, after the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son began to rule Fyodor Ivanovich (1584 – 1598). Son Ivan was killed in 1581, Tsarevich Dmitry was too young, and in 1591 he died in Uglich. Fyodor Ivanovich was a weak ruler, a quiet and God-fearing man, more interested in prayer and conversation with monks, and loved church singing and bell ringing. A regency council was created under him to lead the country. In fact, the country was ruled by Boris Godunov, the brother of the Tsar’s wife. After death, there were no heirs left in the male line, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted.

In 1598, at the Zemsky Sobor, he was elected ruler Boris Godunov (1598 – 1605). He was a strong personality, a reformer:

2. -takes care of strengthening the borders - fortresses are built in the south, east, Smolensk - in the west.

3. – serfdom is strengthened,

4. – sent nobles to study abroad, invited foreign specialists.

5. – carried out a “townsman building” - a census of the population of township settlements, the return of those who left for privately owned lands. This was to ensure the fulfillment of government duties and the payment of taxes.

6. – upon taking office, he released prisoners from prison and forgave arrears of taxes and duties.

All the good undertakings of Boris Godunov were destroyed by the terrible famine of 1601-1603. Three years in a row there was a crop failure - it rained in the summer, and then there were early frosts. Hundreds of thousands of people died, many fled to the cities, the boyars kicked out extra people. Popular unrest covered vast territories. In 1603, the Cotton uprising occurred, which swept the southwestern districts of the country, where there were many fugitive peasants. Smashing the noble estates, the army moved towards Moscow. WITH with great difficulty it was defeated, the leader was captured and executed. Boris Godunov tried to fight hunger - he organized construction work, distributed money and bread, but this was not enough. The king's authority declines. Against this background, rumors appear about the legitimate king - False Dmitry I.

He pretended to be the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry. Impostor's name - Grigory Otrepiev. He was a Galich nobleman who became a monk at the Chudov Monastery in Moscow and then fled to Lithuania. With the support of Poland, he begins to move towards Moscow.

Many people place their bets on the “legitimate king” in pursuit of their goals:

- Poland- weakening of Russia, acquisition of lands and establishment of Catholicism.

- Moscow boyars– sought power and the overthrow of Boris Godunov.

- people(peasants, Cossacks, townspeople) - they saw in him a legitimate king, kind, fair, capable of delivering from hardships and oppressors.

In August 1604, the army of False Dmitry I with a detachment of 4 thousand people set out from Lvov towards Moscow. Several cities go over to his side, the army is replenished with Cossacks, its numbers are growing. In January 1605, the impostor's army was defeated by the royal army under the leadership of Mstislavsky near Dobrynichi. False Dmitry flees to Putivl, but in April 1605 Boris Godunov unexpectedly dies, and the path to the royal throne was open.

False Dmitry I (1605 -1606) did not remain on the Russian throne for long. In June 1605, Moscow swore allegiance to the impostor. But hopes for a kind and just king were not justified. He objectively could not fulfill his promises to everyone. The Poles behave in Moscow as if in a conquered city. The marriage to Marina Mniszech also caused discontent. On the night of May 17, 1606, as a result of a conspiracy led by the Shuisky brothers, False Dmitry I was killed.

The Zemsky Sobor elects the new king Vasily Shuisky (1606 – 1610). Upon ascending the throne, he swore an oath (“the kissing sign”) not to judge the boyars without the participation of Boyar Duma, do not take away their estates, do not listen to false denunciations. Historians consider this an attempt to limit the power of the king.

Vasily Shuisky solved two main problems:

1. – fought against the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov.

2. - fought with False Dmitry II - a new impostor who appeared in the summer of 1607 and pretended to be the miraculously saved False Dmitry I. His identity has not been established, there are only assumptions. Under his banners were detachments of Poles, Cossacks, nobles, and the remnants of Bolotnikov’s troops. From the territory of Poland he heads to Moscow. He failed to take the city, and he camped in Tushino, for which he received the nickname “Tushino thief.” He is recognized by Marina Mnishek (for 3 thousand gold rubles and income from 14 Russian cities after accession to Moscow). In fact, a dual power is emerging - part of the country is controlled by the troops of False Dmitry II, part by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. For 16 months (from September 1608 to January 1610) the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was defended.

Vasily Shuisky turns to the Swedish king for help in the fight against False Dmitry II. In 1609, an agreement was concluded in Vyborg, according to which Russia renounced its claims to the Baltic coast and gave Sweden the city of Korela and its district. Sweden sent a 7,000-strong detachment led by Delagardi. Together with Skopin-Shuisky, they liberated significant territories occupied by False Dmitry II. The impostor fled to Kaluga, where he was killed in 1610.

In 1609, Poland began open intervention. The reason is an invitation from Sweden, with which Poland is at war. The troops of Stefan Batory besieged Smolensk, which held out for 20 months.

Vasily Shuisky was overthrown from the throne in 1610 and tonsured a monk. Power was in the hands of seven boyars led by Mstislavsky. This board was called “Seven Boyars” (1610 – 1613). They invited the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne. Negotiations about this were ongoing. Polish troops entered Moscow. The Swedes are also beginning to intervene.

Thus, the country finds itself on the brink of disaster: in the west - the Poles, in the northwest - the Swedes, in the south - the remnants of the troops of Bolotnikov and False Dmitry II, there is no strong government, Moscow is occupied by the Poles.

In this difficult situation The people, tired of the unrest, are rising up to fight for the preservation of the state. Calling letters from Patriarch Hermogenes and Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov to organize a people's militia are circulating around the cities.

There were two people's militias:

1. - the first zemstvo militia - Ryazan - led by Prokopiy Lyapunov. It was attended by nobles, Cossacks from the southern districts, and townspeople. A government body was created - the “Council of the Whole Earth”. In the spring and summer of 1611, the militia besieged Moscow, but did not achieve success. Collapsed due to internal contradictions. Lyapunov was killed.

2. - second zemstvo militia - Nizhny Novgorod - led by the townsman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.formed from detachments sent by many cities. In the spring of 1612 it moved towards Yaroslavl. This is where it happened final formation. In July, the militia moved to Moscow and liberated it from the Poles. Hetman Khodkevich's detachment was unable to break through to the aid of the Polish garrison entrenched in the Kremlin, and it surrendered in October 1612. The capital was completely liberated.

In January 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held (700 representatives from the nobility, boyars, clergy, 50 cities, archers and Cossacks), which decided the issue of electing a new tsar. There were many contenders - the Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl Philip, Ivan - the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek, representatives of noble boyar families. The choice fell on Mikhail Romanov- 16 years old, nephew of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, behind him is the strong figure of his father Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Patriarch Filaret. Russia has a new ruling dynasty. Now the main task is to eliminate the consequences of the Time of Troubles and return the lost lands.

Rus', united by the Moscow kingdom, entered the 17th century in a difficult state. After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, the weak Fyodor Ivanovich began to rule the state. His authority was extremely low, so soon a struggle for power began in the country. Thanks to the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible, the state expanded enormously, and it was quite difficult to maintain it. After Moscow’s aggression during the Livonian War, relations with Western countries became tense, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden were Moscow's main opponents in the west. At the same time, the Crimean Tatars, who are under the protection Ottoman Empire, continued to carry out devastating raids on Rus'.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called Time of Troubles. At this time, many cities began to rebel against central government, the Orthodox Church split. During the period from 1598 to 1613, the country had six rulers. At this time, the power of the Rurik dynasty ceased, the first prince chosen at the Zemsky Sobor was installed as ruler. Under his rule, Moscow settled some disputes with Western countries and expanded its territory to the east. However, under his rule, the crisis in the state prolonged; both the peasants, whose lives were very difficult, and the nobility, who were deprived of comprehensive power over the slaves, were dissatisfied with him.

By the middle of the 17th century, a new military conflict had matured with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which united Poland and Lithuania. At this time, most of the territory of modern Ukraine was under the rule of the Poles, but the local population resisted Catholicism, and the revelry of the gentry eventually led to the uprising of one of the Cossack atamans, Bogdan Khmelnytsky. He managed to raise a national liberation movement in 1648, as a result of which Ukraine at that time even achieved independence. The Cossacks inflicted several major defeats on the Polish troops. However, in 1654, Bogdan Khmelnitsky died, and the Moscow kingdom, pointing to an agreement between him and the Cossacks (the content of which was never established), accepted new lands under its protectorate, and together with the Cossacks continued the war against Poland. By the end of the 17th century, Tsar Peter I came to power, who subsequently called himself emperor and his state - Russian Empire, or briefly - Russia.

Therefore, Rus' in the 17th century can no longer be briefly characterized as a union of Russian principalities and Slavic tribes - since the time Kievan Rus so much time has passed that Slavic peoples separated into three main groups - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The territory of modern Belarus came under the rule of Moscow during the war with Poland.

The most comprehensive reference table of key dates and events in the history of Russia 17th century. This table is convenient for schoolchildren and applicants to use for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Exam in history.

	Main events of Russia 17th century
	Famine in Russia
	Revolt of peasants and serfs led by Khlopok
	Founding of Tomsk
	The entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Russian territory
	Reign of False Dmitry I
	Patriarchate of Ignatius
	Uprising in Moscow against the Poles. Murder of False Dmitry I
	Reign of Vasily IV Shuisky
	Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov
	Patriarchate of Hermogenes
1606, Oct. – Dec.	Siege of Moscow by Bolotnikov's army. The defeat of Bolotnikov's troops in the Kolomenskoye area near Moscow
	"Code" of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky. Establishing a 15-year period for searching fugitive peasants
	Capture of Tula by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. Arrest of Bolotnikov (exiled to Kargopol, drowned)
	The beginning of the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow. Creation of the “Tushinsky camp”
	Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish troops
	Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops
	Polish-Swedish invasion of Russia
	Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga
	Overthrow of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky
	Agreement between the “Tushins” and the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne
	The reign of the "Seven Boyars" led by Prince Mstislavsky
	Entry into Moscow Polish troops
1611, Jan. – Mar.	Formation of the first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov
	Uprising in Moscow against Polish troops. Fire in Moscow
	Collapse of the first militia
1611, Sep. – Oct.	Formation in Nizhny Novgorod the second militia led by Kuzma Minin and Prince D. M. Pozharsky
	Creation of the “Council of the Whole Earth” (Russian provisional government) in Yaroslavl
	The entry of the troops of the second militia into Moscow. Surrender of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin
	Patriarchate of Philaret
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow
1613, 21 Feb.	Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne by the Zemsky Sobor
	Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich
1617, 27 Feb.	Stolbovsky “eternal peace” with Sweden
	Deulino truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Return of Mikhail Fedorovich's father, Filaret, from Polish captivity. His elevation to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow (until 1633)
	Founding of Krasnoyarsk
	Military reform. Formation of regular regiments and foreign regiments
	Russia's war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk
	Polyanovsky peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Refusal of King Vladislav IV's claims to the Russian throne
	Patriarchate of Joasaph I
	Introduction of new defensive structures - “zasechnye features” on the southern borders of Russia
	Founding of Simbirsk
	Patriarchate of Joseph
	Campaigns of V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov for the Amur
	Reign of Alexei Mikhailovich
	Founding of Okhotsk
	"Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings in Solvychegorsk, Veliky Ustyug, Solikamsk, Kozlov, Kursk, Voronezh, Tomsk, Surgut, etc.
	S. Dezhnev's hike. Opening of the strait between Asia and America
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor. Start of work of the Statutory Commission of Prince N.I. Odoevsky
	Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new set of laws - the Council Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
	Uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod

	Events in the history of Russia 17th century
	Formation in Moscow of a circle of “zealots of piety” who advocated church reform
1652 – 1658, 1667	Patriarchate of Nikon.
	Establishment of a state monopoly on the trade in bread wine (vodka)
	The beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon
	Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Annexation of Ukraine to Russia
	Russian-Polish War
	Russo-Swedish War
	Founding of Irkutsk
	Peace of Kardis with Sweden
	"Copper riot" in Moscow
	Uprisings in Siberia and Bashkiria
	Postal establishment in Russia
	Church Cathedral. Condemnation of Patriarch Nikon, deprivation of his patriarchal rank
	Patriarchate of Joseph II
	Andrusovo truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia
	Uprising in Solovetsky Monastery(“Solovetsky sitting”)
	Patriarchate of Pitirim
	Patriarchate of Joachim
	Russia's war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Reign of Fyodor Alekseevich
	Introduction of house-to-house taxation (instead of taxation)
	Bakhchisarai truce with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Abolition of localism (a system of feudal hierarchy that existed since the 15th century)
	Burning of leaders in Pustozersk church schism Avvakum, Epiphany, etc.
	The struggle for power of the boyar groups Naryshkins and Miloslavskys after the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Streltsy riot.
	Joint reign of the brothers Ivan V and Peter I
	The reign of Princess Sofia Alekseevna - regent for minor sovereigns
	Creation of “amusing troops” by Peter I
	"Eternal Peace" with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Foundation of the Hellenic-Greek (from 1701 Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow
	Crimean campaigns of Russian troops under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn
	Nerchinsk Treaty with China. Establishment of the Russian-Chinese border along the Argun and Gorbitsa rivers
	Patriarchate of Hadrian
	Sole reign of Peter I (after the death of Tsar Ivan V)
	"Great Embassy" of Peter I to Europe
	Riot of the Streltsy regiments. Mass executions of Streltsy
	Decree of Peter I on the prohibition of wearing a beard and the introduction of European clothing
	City government reform. Creation of the Mayor's Chamber
	Disbandment of the Streltsy army
	Introduction of a new chronology (Julian calendar)
	Treaty of Constantinople with Turkey
	Northern War between Russia and Sweden

Why is the 17th century called the “rebellious” century? The name comes from the word "rebellion". And indeed, the 17th century in Rus' was replete with riots, peasant and urban uprisings.

General characteristics of the 17th century

Every new century brings " new order" The 17th century in Russia is not an exception. During this, according to contemporaries, “troubled” period in Rus', the following events occurred:

• The end of the reign of the Rurik dynasty: after the death of Ivan the Terrible, his two sons, Fedor and Dmitry, laid claim to the throne. The young Tsarevich Dmitry died in 1591, and in 1598 the “feeble-minded” Fedor died;
• The reign of “unborn” sovereigns: Boris Godunov, False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky;
• In 1613, a new tsar was elected at the Zemsky Sobor - Mikhail Romanov. From this moment on, the era of the Romanov dynasty begins;
• In 1645, after the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, ascended the throne, who was nicknamed “the quietest king” for his gentle character and kindness;
• The end of the 17th century is characterized by a real “leapfrog” of succession to the throne: after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his eldest son Fedor ascended the throne. But after six years of reign he dies. The heirs Ivan and Peter were minors, and in fact, control of the large state passes to their older sister, Sophia;
• After a series of uprisings, famines and turbulent years of rule by “unborn” kings, the reign of the first Romanovs was marked by relative “calm”: there were practically no wars, moderate reforms were carried out within the country;
• During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the previously independent church began to submit to the state and pay taxes;
• The events of the 17th century also include the reform of Patriarch Nikon, which introduced changes in the conduct of church rites, led to a split in the Orthodox Church, the emergence of the Old Believers movement and the subsequent brutal suppression of dissent;
• The dominant position was occupied by the feudal system. At the same time, the first rudiments of capitalism appeared;
• Serfdom was formalized: peasants were the property of the landowner, which could be sold, bought and inherited;
• Strengthening the role of the nobility: a nobleman could not be deprived of his estate;
• The urban population was recognized as a special class: on the one hand, it was independent, and on the other, attached to the cities (townspeople) and forced to pay “tax” - monetary and in-kind duties;
• Increase in direct taxes;
• Restriction of Cossack freedom;
• In 1649, the Council Code was published - the main set of laws that applies to all industries and spheres public administration from economy to government;
• The country's economy is based on agriculture;
• Development of new territories in Siberia, the Volga region and on the southern borders of the state.

Rice. 1. Red Square in the second half of the 17th century in Vasnetsov’s painting

Riots of the "Rebellious Age"

All of the briefly listed above events of the 17th century led to a deterioration in the economic and social situation of the Russian population, and as a result, to a massive increase in discontent.

Internal contradictions, frequent changes of power, “adventurous” innovations, impoverishment of the population, hunger, economic backwardness are the main reasons for the growing “ferment” among urban and rural residents.

Below everything was constantly smoldering, and only a spark was needed to ignite a big fire - popular movements. However, each rebellion needed its own spark - a specific reason. The following table presents the largest uprisings of the “rebellious age” in Russia with a description of the main reason, indicating the date, participants in the movement, outlining the course of the uprising and summing up the results.

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Rice. 2. Copper coins of the 17th century

Table "Rebellious Age"

Event	Date
Salt riot in Moscow		Main reason - increase in salt tax on the initiative of Boris Morozov in 1646. As a result of the decree, the price of this irreplaceable product increases several times, and as a result - a decrease in the salting of fish and hunger; Main participants - townspeople, who were later joined by archers and nobles, dissatisfied with the abuse of the tsar’s entourage; The outbreak occurred while Alexey Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage. The crowd stopped the Tsar's carriage and demanded the resignation of the Tsar's entourage. In order to calm the people, the king promised to look into it, but at that moment the unexpected happened - the courtiers accompanying the sovereign hit several people with whips, which provoked a rebellion. The rebellious people broke into the Kremlin. The main royal confidants - Pleshcheev, Trakhaniotov, clerk Nazariya - were torn to pieces by the crowd. Boyar Morozov was saved. In the end The salaries of the archers were increased, the judges were replaced, the price of salt was lowered and the townsman reform was carried out.
Unrest in Novgorod and Pskov		Main reason - sending bread to Sweden to pay off government debts, which threatened famine; Main participants - Metropolitan Clerk Ivan Zheglov and shoemaker Elisey Grigoriev, nicknamed Fox, who were the leaders of the rebels in Novgorod; area clerk Tomilka Vasiliev, archers Porfiry Koza and Job Kopyto in Pskov. The unrest began in Pskov, and two weeks later spread to Novgorod. However, doubts arose among the leaders of the uprising; they were unable to organize the defense of the cities and continued to hope for the arrival and help of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. As a result the riot was suppressed and its instigators executed.
Copper riot in Moscow		Main reason - the introduction of copper money at the price of silver, as a result of which the production of unbacked copper coins increased, food prices rose, peasants refused to sell their products for copper, famine occurred in the city and there was a surge in counterfeiting; Main participants - peasants of suburban villages, artisans, butchers; A militant crowd of thousands headed to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, demanding to hand over the same traitorous tsar's associates. After the threats, the king ordered the archers and soldiers who arrived in time to curb the rebels. As a result, about 7 thousand people were killed, 150 were hanged, and the rest were exiled to Siberia. In the end , despite the bloody massacre, copper coins were still withdrawn from circulation.
The uprising of Stepan Razin	1667-1671	The main reason The uprising began the social stratification of the Don Cossacks into the “domovity” - those who acquired property thanks to the Russian Tsar and those who served him, and the “golutvennye” (golytba) - those who had recently arrived and were engaged in robbery. The latter hated the nobles and boyars. Senka Razin - Don Cossack and the leader of the rebellion. The first campaigns of Stepan Razin- These are mainly attacks on ship convoys with one goal - robbery. They were not of a social nature, except that the prisoners he took from ordinary peasants and workers were granted freedom. However, later successful campaigns turned Razin’s small band of robbers into an army of about 7,000 people. The nature of the campaigns also changed: with the conquest of Astrakhan, Saratov, and Samara, the ambitions of the Cossack ataman also increased. He announced that his army was supported by the supposedly surviving Tsarevich Alexei, the disgraced Patriarch Nikon, and he himself was a defender of the common people, intending to spread the Cossack order throughout Rus'. However, he was soon defeated in Simbirsk, and subsequently the riot was brutally suppressed, and Razin himself was executed.
Streletsky revolt or “Khovanshchina”		It is impossible to single out one reason for the uprising . On the one hand, there is the dissatisfaction of the archers with the abuses of their superiors and the delay in salaries. On the other hand, there is a struggle between two clans - the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins. The fact is that after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, two young princes laid claim to the throne - Ivan and Peter, who were respectively backed by the Miloslavskys with Princess Sophia, and the Naryshkins. At the Zemsky Sobor, it was decided to transfer the government into the hands of Peter. However, the opposing side took advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Moscow archers and, with their help, supporting their demands, “pushed through” a compromise solution - to install two brothers into the kingdom at once under the regency of Princess Sophia. Main participants - Moscow archers led by the Khovansky princes; Streltsy and ordinary people captured the Kremlin. During the uprising, the queen's brother Afanasy Naryshkin, famous boyars, and Prince Yuri Dolgoruky were killed. Princess Sophia, in gratitude for helping Tsarevich Ivan, gave the archers the property of the murdered boyars and promised to pay a salary for 40 years. However, this did not pacify the rebels, and she became a hostage to their growing ambitions: Khovansky claimed an independent role and overthrew the Romanovs. As a result, he was captured and executed along with his son. The archers found themselves without a leader and were forced to surrender to the mercy of the princess; In the end Sophia ruled for 7 years, and a new man devoted to the ruler, Shaklovity, was appointed head of Streletsky.

A common feature of all the riots of the 17th century in Russia was spontaneity and pronounced tsarist illusions. In other words, the “rebels” and their leaders did not think or take any action against the king. On the contrary, they believed in his absolute power and infallibility, and believed that the autocrat did not know what his subjects - the boyars, duma people, landowners, and governors - were doing.

Rice. 3. Portrait of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

All popular uprisings except the Streletsky revolt occurred during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, paradoxically nicknamed the Quietest.

What have we learned?

The 17th century in the history of Russia, studied in the 10th grade, was remembered for the “abundance” of popular uprisings and riots. The detailed table “The Rebellious Age” tells about what century it was, with whom the popular movements are associated - with what names, the reign of which kings and which cities on the map of Russia.

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