Adjectives denote characteristics. What does an adjective mean? Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

NAME ADJECTIVE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

On the other hand, it relates. adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative meaning can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degrees. A) Moon Where-That behind, over city, river under shadow his black And velvety (Gork .); Wooden brother your, wooden... brain at him straight which-That(Leon.); IN my Revolution I believe! Word my – iron . AND words more iron-clad - There is not! (R. Rozhd.); More are languishing mothers And children | V in vain waiting fathers. | They Not lie, What Sveta No on light, | What world terrible – stuffy And lead (Inconsistent); Today's Bryusov even V their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently brighten lips And shadow more golden Near sunken eye(Color.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails more iron-clad | faceted Germanic nails! (Inconsistent); WITH everyone during the day All longer, All glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).

Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives, as separate lexical and grammatical categories, have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degrees. Changes in the semantics of adjectives of the three groups listed do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form comparative forms. degrees (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives in the nature of inflection.

In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, forms of adjectives with plural inflections. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that when n. there is no lexical indication of quantity: big sled– perhaps “one” or “several” sleds; new glasses– both “one” and “several” points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; some peasant sleigh; V flow five long days; raked hay several rake.

Comparative forms are used in combination with gender. n. name or in association with a union how: foxes more cunning wolves – foxes more cunning, how wolves. However, the absolute (without a dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. At the same time, if the dependent word form is not implied, then the comparative compares different states of the same object: Nails no wonder slyly looking, No wonder, O roses, on yours sheets Hotter blush, fresh aroma: I Understood, Who disappeared, buried V flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory O Sun V heart weakens, Yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).

Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eish-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, the cruelest), sometimes called superlatives, in their meaning to a large extent manifestations of the characteristic are correlative with other adjectives with a similar meaning like enormous, hefty, cheerful, flyweight, beautiful. They do not express any special morphological meaning and are word-formation types (see §, paragraph 2c).

Note 2. The meaning of a high degree of manifestation of a characteristic can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with adj. form in positive degrees ( most Beautiful, most brave), as well as using combinations of pronouns. adj. all in the form of kind. p.un. hours avg. r. ( total) or in the form gen. p.m. h. ( everyone) with the form adj. in compare degrees: more seriously total, louder everyone; You on light everyone cuter , Everyone blush And whiter (Fluff.); IN present time more useful total negation – We we deny(Turg.).

WORD CHANGE ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE DECLINATION

All adjectives whose final - th And - Ouch(in the form of a noun, male, r. unit) belong to the base (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjectival clause. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, your, mine, whoa(obsolete); 2) possessive. adjectives like wolfish, fox; 3) ordinal adjective third. They are all in their uniform. n. have zero inflection and vary according to mixed declination (see §).

Phonemic composition of inflections of adjectival adjectives. next:

Singular
	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
AND.	-|иj|/-|оj|	-|oj a 1 |	-|aj a 1 |
R.		-|ovo|	-|oj|
D.		-|omu|	-|oj|
IN.	like them. or gen. p.	like them. p.	-|yjy|
TV		-|im |	-|oj|(-|ojy|)

Ave.		-|ohm|	-|oj|
Plural
AND.	-|иj a 1 |
R.	-|their|
D.	-|im|
IN.	like them. or gen. p.
TV	-|im’i|
Ave.	-|their|

Note: In the forms named after and wine n. husband r. units including morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the base – morph -|иj| ( red-|andj|, si|н "-иj|), and when accented on inflections – the morph -|oj| ( great-|оj|, simple-|оj|).

With spelling point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four types of adjectival inflections. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with base to sizzling; 4) adj. with a base on |k|, |g|, |x|. All varieties of adjectival cl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.

1) Adj. with a base on a paired hard consonant and with an emphasis on inflections, they differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in forms named after. and wine p.un. h. husband r.: young-Ouch, sick-Ouch, But new-th, kind-th.

2) Forms of wines. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday r. and wine p.m. h. are identical to the corresponding forms of them. p. (i.e. forms named after male and average r. units or forms named after plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object and the gender of the corresponding forms. n. (i.e., forms of gender. p. masculine. p. singular part. or forms of gender. p. plural. part.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animate object.

3) All adj. wives r. have variant forms of TV. p. on - Ouch, -oh And - to her, -by her: young-Ouch, new-Ouch And young-oh, new-oh, syn-to her And syn-by her. The basic form for the modern language is the form in - Ouch, -to her; form on - oh, -by her found in book speech and poetry: AND over thoughtful In the summer Cane revived sounded(Ahm.); AND Now Always He breathes | over June Moscow | that military anxiety, | unforgettable melancholy(Tushn.).

Samples declination adjectives

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired-hard consonant ( hard variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter
AND.	new - th	young - Ouch	new - oh	young - oh
R.		new - Wow	young - Wow
D.		new - wow	young - wow
IN.	new- th And new - Wow	young- Ouch And young - Wow	new - oh	young - oh
TV		new - th	young - th
Ave.		(O ) new - ohm	(O ) young - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	new - oh	young - oh
R.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
D.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
IN.	new - wow	young - wow
TV	new - Ouch (- oh )	young - Ouch (- oh )
Ave.	(O ) new - Ouch	(O ) young - Ouch

	Plural
AND.	new - s	young - s
R.	new - s	young - s
D.	new - th	young - th
IN.	new- s And new - s	young- s And young - s
TV	new - them	young - them
Ave.	(O ) new - s	(O ) young - s

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter
AND.	syn - th	home - th	syn - her	home - her
R.		syn - his	home - his
D.		syn - to him	home - to him
IN.	syn- th And syn - his	home- th And home - his	syn - her	home - her
TV		syn - them	home - them
Ave.		(O ) syn - I eat	O home - I eat

	Feminine
AND.	syn - yaya	home - yaya
R.	syn - to her	home - to her
D.	syn - to her	home - to her
IN.	syn - yuyu	home - yuyu
TV	syn - to her (- by her )	home - to her (- by her )
Ave.	(O ) syn - to her	(O ) home - to her

	Plural
AND.	syn - no	home - no
R.	syn - their	home - their
D.	syn - them	home - them
IN.	syn- no And syn - their	home- no And home - their
TV	syn - them	home - them
Ave.	(O ) syn - their	(O ) home - their

Note: In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base on a hard and soft consonant and formed case forms in both hard and soft varieties. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, long-term, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, minor, perennial, unilateral, late, local(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern ones: Soulful torment magic healer, My Friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Fluff.); For shores fatherland distant You left edge stranger(Fluff.); IN suburbs distant , Where, How black snakes, flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident can address V Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).

IN modern language adj. interior, old further, long-term, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban– according to the solid variety. Usage that does not comply with this rule is obsolete: Dalnaya friend sheltered my kids(journal); Tame Russia And Then rob her, How to wars robbed Turkey, China, How are going rob Germany, – Here sincere wish imperialists(Gorky). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity And lofty(book) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant predominate: Division, advancing, went deeper V endless forests(Kazakevich); Let's go on intercity station(Simon.); Praised theater, using incredible quantity foreign words And pompous expressions(N. Virta). Let's compare: Forest on horizon drowned V endless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived And grew up V endless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes phone, calls on our intercity (Field.); None pompous requirements To him Not present(Fed.).

§. Declension of adjectives with a sibilant stem.

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter
AND.	fresh - th	great - Ouch	fresh - her	great - oh
R.		fresh - his	great - Wow
D.		fresh - to him	great - wow
IN.	fresh- th And fresh - his	great- Ouch And great - Wow	fresh - her	great - oh
TV		fresh - them	great - them
Ave.		(O ) fresh - I eat	(O ) great - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	fresh - oh	great - oh
R.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
D.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
IN.	fresh - wow		Plural
AND.	fresh - no	great - no
R.	fresh - their	great - their
D.	fresh - them	great - them
IN.	fresh- no And fresh - their	great- no And great - their
TV	fresh - them	great - them
Ave.	(O ) fresh - their	(O ) great chalk - th	chalk - oh		chalk - oh
	dry - Ouch		dry - oh		dry - oh
R.		strict - Wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - Wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - Wow			dry - Ouch
D.		strict - wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - wow			dry - Ouch
IN.	strict - th			strict - oh	strict - wow
	chalk - th			chalk - oh	chalk - wow
	dry - Ouch			dry - oh	dry - wow
	And
	strict - Wow
	chalk - Wow
	dry - Wow
TV		strict - them			strict - Ouch (- oh )
		chalk - them			chalk - Ouch (- oh )
		dry - them			dry - Ouch (- oh )
Ave.		(O ) strict - ohm			(O ) strict - Ouch
		(O no			chalk - no	dry - no
R.	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
D.	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
IN.	strict - no	chalk - no	dry - no
	And	And	And
	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
TV	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
Ave.	(O ) strict - their	(O ) chalk - their	(O ) dry - their

Note 1. In app. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in forms named after. p.un. h. husband r. the last consonant of the base is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection is th spelling no different from inflections adj. with a base on a soft consonant ( strict, liquid And blue, summer). In TV forms. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday r. and in all plural case forms. h. adj. with a base on |g|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |g|, |k|, |x| positionally softened.

Note 2. In indirect. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position – after negation: Neither at Which relatives I Not was; Neither With what student Not met; Neither O what meetings speeches Not was.

In pronouns. adj. with initial some-, whoa- the position of the preposition can be before a morpheme some- and after it: With some-what instructions, V some-which home and – less often – some With what instructions, some V which home.

Note 3. By type adj. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| the pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declination obsolete. pronominal adj. whoa forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence p.un. h. husband and Wednesday r. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to a certain, some(And some), O some(And O no one); forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence n. female r. can also be based on |j|: some(And some): Equilibrium became other, How would from some internal rigor(Lidin) and: Soon let's start We suspect presence some magic(Soloukh.). In plural hours are used outdated. forms some, some, some instead of some(gen. and preposition p.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. Part gen. p. some, date p. some, TV p. some, sentence p. O some: Are formed snowflakes V form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars With transverse crossbars on everyone beam(Olesha).

§1. General characteristics adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
• changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative degree adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into relationships

• synonyms: large, large, huge, enormous
• antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ij’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed r. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
• light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language in the role of definitions short adjectives occur in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Don't be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
• The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among simple shapes In the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessives

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessives

4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • In quality
   • In relative
   • In possessive

6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

   • For overweight
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

   • Not all

10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Correct answers:

1. Quality
2. For quality
3. In possessive
4. For overweight
5. Not all
6. Not all

In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent.

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

• combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
• from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
  • cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart).

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?”, “Whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), a dog's life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki color, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

Formation of adjectives

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp. Adjectives can also be formed by prefix: small, and prefix-suffix ways: underwater. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flaxseed cleaning. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.

In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

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Subtitles

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question “which one?”

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

• combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
• from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
  • cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), a dog's life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are inflected by case and inflected by number; in the singular, they are also inflected by gender. The exception is short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki color, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

The meaning of the adjective, its morphological characteristics and syntactic function

Adjective - This independent part speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? whose?

The value of the characteristic expressed adjectives, can combine the most various characteristics object, namely: 1) the shape and position of the object in space (straight, curved, steep); 2) size (big, tall, wide, narrow); 3) physical characteristics (warm, oily, bitter); 4) character traits, physiological and intellectual properties (kind, brave, young, smart); 5) spatial and temporal characteristics (rural, Siberian, morning, early); 6) the material from which the item is made (wool, linen, wood, metal); 7) actions and states of the subject (reading, sleeping, spinning, weaving); 8) belonging of the item (Colin, mother's, fox, hare).

Initial form adjective- nominative case singular masculine.

Adjectives change by gender, number and case (new table, new hat, new things, about new things and gender, number and case adjective depend on the gender, number and case of the noun to which the given adjective applies.

By value and grammatical features adjectives are divided into three categories: 1) quality adjectives (big, bad, blue), 2) relative adjectives (spring, rural, wooden), 3) possessive adjectives (mother's, father's, hare's).

In a sentence adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. For example:

The high sky glows through the window,

The evening sky is calm and clear.

My lonely heart cries with happiness,

Rado it's what the sky is beautiful.

(3. Gippius)

Qualitative adjectives

Quality adjectives denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.

Most often they denote shape, size, color, property, taste, weight, smell, temperature, sound, internal qualities of living beings.

Qualitative adjectives have a number of characteristics, which include: 1) the presence of a full and short form (young man- young man, young woman- young woman, young generation- young generation, young people- people are young); 2) the presence of two forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative (smart- smarter- smartest - the smartest, smartest of all); 3) the ability to form adverbs in -o, -e (good- ok, best- better); 4) the ability to form suffixes and in a suffixless way nouns with abstract meaning (blue- blue- blue, red- red, green- green); 5) the ability to form synonymous series and antonymous pairs (cold- fresh- icy, sad- sad- sad; good- bad, cheerful - sad); 6) ability to combine with adverbs of degree (very young, extremely important); 7) the ability to form forms of subjective assessment (young- young, smart- smart).

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that is not manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

A sign that is expressed relative adjectives, can manifest itself through various relationships: 1) to the material (glass product - glass product, chintz dress- cotton dress); 2) to action (a machine that drills- drilling machine; machine that washes- washing machine); 3) by time (sport in winter- winter sports, task for the day - daily task); 4) to the place (station square - station square, city resident- city ​​dweller); 5) to your face (dormitory for students - student dormitory, playground for children- playground); 6) to the number (the price is three times higher,- triple price, mistake made twice,- double fault).

Warp relative adjectives always derivative. These adjectives do not have short forms or comparative forms.

Possessive adjectives

Possessives adjectives indicate whether an object belongs to a person or an animal and answer the question whose?

Possessive adjectives are formed in a suffix way. According to the method of formation, the following are distinguished: 1) adjectives with suffixes -in- (yn, -nin), -oe- (-ev): grandmother’s scarf, sister’s cloak, brother’s pencil, father’s hat, son-in-law’s coat; 2) adjectives with suffix - j- (graphic -y): bear’s den, behind-the-cell[w] tail, fox[w] trail. They all have a zero ending in their initial form.

Adjectives with suffixes -in- (-yn-), -oe- (ev-) used in colloquial speech limited, found in stable phrases (crocodile tears, pansies, Achilles heel, sword of Damocles, Antonov fire). Instead, combinations are more often used noun+ +noun- type father's office (=fathers' office), mother's dress (=mother's dress), the rustle of a butterfly, the teacher's book, Dahl's dictionary. In addition, based on these adjectives, large number proper nouns- people's names and titles settlements (composer Borodin, writer Chekhov, Borodino village, Chekhov city).

Transition of adjectives from one category to another

Some adjectives can be used in a figurative meaning and acquire characteristics that are not characteristic of words of their category. As a result, there may be cases transition of adjectives from one category to another. Thus, possessive adjectives (mostly with the suffix - j) can go into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative (rarely) - into the category of relative.

Qualitative value	Relative value	Possessive meaning
Fox look	Fox collar	Fox tail
Hare nature	Bunny hat	hare trail
Heartfelt attitude	Heart muscle
Wooden gait	Wood sculpture
Color pictures	Non-ferrous metals
Easy character	Light industry

At transition from one category to another Not only the meanings change, but also the grammatical features of adjectives. So, for example, qualitative adjectives, when used in relative and possessive meanings, lose the ability to form simple forms and adverbs in -o, -e, and relative adjectives, becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire this ability. Wed: tripping(quality) - the gait is easy, breathing is easy, But: light industry(rel.); wooden cabinet(rel.), but: wooden gait(quality) - the gait is wooden, the look is dull, wooden.

Full and short forms of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have full And brief form. Full form of adjective denotes a sign that is conceivable outside of time (steep bank, cheerful girl, round face).Short form of adjective denotes a sign of an object at a given specific moment in time (steep bank- the coast is cool, cheerful girl- cheerful girl, round face- round face).

Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the bases full adjectives.

During education short forms masculine the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e (strong- strong, smooth- smooth, harmful - harmful, sick - sick); 2) repression short forms masculine on -enen short forms on -en (insensitive- insensitive, senseless- meaningless, numerous- numerous).

In a sentence short form usually serves as a noun compound predicate, For example: Rest in vain. Road cool. Evening beautiful. I'm knocking on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent, timid as a forest deer, she seemed like a stranger in her own family (A. Pushkin).

Traces indirect cases short forms preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, fair maiden, green wine.

Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, necessary etc.) are used in modern Russian only in short form. In sentences, like most short forms, are part of the predicate. For example:

Glad to forget, may I not forget; Glad to fall asleep, but I won’t fall asleep. (D. Merezhkovsky)

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

Majority qualitative adjectives has degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative and superlative forms can be simple (synthetic) or compound (analytic).

Comparative degree

Comparative degree indicates that this sign contained in one object to a greater extent than in another.

Simple form with to an equal degree formed from the base initial form using suffixes -ee (her), -e, -she, -same.

Productive suffix her(her) forms a shape comparative degree from stems to a consonant (except for non-derived stems to g, x, d, t, cm): light- lighter, weaker- weaker, charming - more charming, envious- more envious.

Non-productive suffix -e observed in forms comparative degree, formed: 1) from non-derivative bases on g, x, d, t, an(expensive - more expensive, dry ~ drier, young- younger, rich - richer, simple ~ simpler); 2) from adjectives with a suffix -To-, having short form masculine on -ok: short-k-y (short) - in short, low-ky (low) - lower, loud-k-y (loud)- louder); 3) from some other adjectives (high - higher, wide- wider, cheap - cheaper). Forming comparative forms using a suffix -e usually accompanied by alternation of the final consonants of the stem: Expensive- expensive, loud- louder, dry- drier, cheap - cheaper.

Unproductive suffixes -she, -zhe form shapes comparative degree in isolated cases: far- next, thin- thinner, deeper- deeper

Some adjectives form degrees of comparison from different stems: good- worse, bad - better, small- less.

In colloquial speech forms comparative degree can be used with the prefix By-, mitigating the degree of manifestation of the symptom: cheaper - cheaper, more expensive- more expensive, lighter- lighter.

comparative degree is formed by combining the initial form of an adjective with the words more, less: fresh- more fresh - less fresh, difficult- more difficult- less difficult, perfect - more perfect- less perfect.

comparative degree do not change by gender, number, or case. In a sentence they usually serve as the nominal part of a compound predicate, for example: More bearable many was Evgeny... (A. Pushkin). Can also act as inconsistent definition, in this case they appear after the word being defined, for example: A short* beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (I. Turgenev). Complex (analytical) forms function in a sentence in the same way as ordinary ones full forms quality adjectives.

Superlative

Superlative shows that one of many homogeneous objects possesses this characteristic to the highest degree.

The simple superlative form is formed from the base of the initial form using suffixes -eysh, -aysh, -sh: kind- kindest, smartest- smartest, tallest- highest, strict- the strictest. In book speech, a prefix can be added to words nai-, increasing the degree of manifestation of a symptom: good- best, bad- worst, small- least.

Composite (analytic) form superlatives formed in three ways: 1) by connecting the initial form with words the most (beautiful- the most beautiful, tall- the highest); 2) by connecting the initial form with words most, least (successful- the most successful, interesting- least interesting); 3) by combining the simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective with pronouns everything, everyone in the genitive case (funny- the most fun of all, wide- wider than all, warm- warmest).

Complex shapes superlatives have not only grammatical, but also stylistic differences:

	Construction type	Use in speech	Examples
	The most complete adjective.	Has a neutral character.	He is the smartest student in our class.
	Most-half- new adjective.	Has a bookish character.	This is the most prominent representative of the poets of the “Silver Age”.
	Simple form of comparative degree - total/ everyone.	It is conversational in nature.	He ran the fastest.

Simple (synthetic) forms superlatives vary by gender (famous singer, famous singer), numbers (famous singers), cases (I'm talking about the famous singer). In a form sentence superlatives perform the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate or agreed definition, for example: Noise was huge(E. Krenkel). Her huge eyes looked sad.

Declension of adjectives

The case forms of adjectives are dependent in nature, since they express the meaning of gender, number and case of the noun with which the adjective is agreed. Therefore, the case forms of adjectives seem to repeat the functions of the corresponding forms of nouns. For example: new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, (o) new hat.

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives

There are three different type of declension of qualitative and relative adjectives: 1) hard declination, 2) soft declination, 3) mixed declination.

The spelling of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from their sound composition, for example: white- white[ъвъ], summer- letn [въ].

Hard is the declension of adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant (except for stems on ts type scanty, and also on w with accented ending type big).

	Singular	Plural
	White
	White, oh, oh
	Bel-oh, -oh, -oh
	White (with an inanimate noun), -oe, -y; White (with animate noun), -u	How I.p. when feeling unwell noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun
	White, -y, -oh
	(Oh) white-oh, -oh, -oh

Soft is the declension of adjectives with a base on a soft consonant (except g", k", x").

	Singular	Plural
	Letn-ik, -ee, -yaya
	Letn-him, -him, -ey
	Letn-him, -him, -ey
	Summer (with an inanimate noun), -ee, -yu; Letn-his (with animate noun), -yu
	Letn-im, -im, -ey
	(0) summer-eat, -eat, -ey	(0) summer

Mixed is the declension of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x (g", k", x"), and also w with a stressed ending. These adjectives have both hard and soft endings.

	Singular	Plural
	Kuts-y, -ee, -aya
	Kuts-him, -him, -ey
	Kuts-him, -him, -ey
	Kuts-y (with an inanimate noun), -ee, -yu; Kuts-ego (with animate noun), -yu	How I.p. with inanimate noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun
	Kuts-ym, -ym, -ey
	(0) kuts-eat, -eat, -ey

Declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in- And -oe- form a special type.

	Singular	Plural
	SisterD, fatherP, -o, -a	Sisters, fathers
	Setrin-a, fathers-a, -a, -oh	Sisters, fathers
	Sostrin-y, fathers-y, -y, -oh	Sisters, fathers
	How I.p. with an inanimate noun,	as R.p. with an animate noun
	Setrin-y, father-y, -y, -oh	Sisters, fathers
	(Oh, about) sisters, fathers, oh, oh	(Oh, about) sisters, fathers

The adjectives in question have noun endings in the nominative, genitive and accusative cases masculine and neuter, as well as in the nominative and accusative cases of the feminine gender and in the same cases of the plural. In other case forms they have the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives.

In the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter genders, instead of the endings of nouns, the endings of full adjectives can be used:

R. Sister's table, windows Sister's table, windows

D. To my sister’s table, window To my sister’s table, window

When declension of adjectives with suffix -y- last does not receive a uniform letter designation in writing.

	Singular	Plural
	Fox\ \, fox[ j ]-e, -i	Fox[j]-i
	Fox[ j ]-him, -him, -ey	Fox[j]-their
	Fox[ j ] -him, -him, -ey	Fox[ j ]-im
	Fox\ \ (with inanimate noun), -e, -yu; Fox[ j ]-his (with animate noun), -yu	How I.p. with inanimate noun; as R.p. with breathlessness noun
	Fox[ j ]-im, -im, -ey	Fox[ j ]-imi
	(O) fox[ j ]-eat, -eat, -ey	(O) fox[ j ]-their

Adjectives of this variety in the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases have the endings of nouns, and in the remaining cases - the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives of the soft variety.

Morphological analysis of the adjective includes the identification of two constant features (category by meaning, degree of comparison for qualitative adjectives) and three non-constant ones (gender, number, case).

Scheme morphological analysis adjective I. Part of speech. II. Morphological characteristics: Initial form Constant signs: 1) rank by value; 2) Degree of comparison (for qualitative adjectives). Variable signs: III. Syntactic function. A long blue welt on his cheek and forehead stretched across his almost bronze face. (N. Gogol)

Sample morphological analysis of an adjective I. Long is an adjective, as it denotes a characteristic of an object. II.Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial shape is long. 2. Permanent signs: 1) quality; 2) forms forms of degrees of comparison; comparative degree - longer, more (less) long; superlative - longest, longest, longest. 3.Fickle signs: 1) masculine; 2) Singular; 3) nominative case. III. The adjective “long” agrees with the noun “scar”, therefore, in the sentence it functions as an agreed definition.