Volcano as a dangerous phenomenon project. Science project "volcanoes". Municipal educational institution

Anastasia Elmurzaeva
Educational and research project on the topic “Volcanoes”

The relevance of the work lies in the author’s interest in such natural objects as volcanoes and the problem that arose question: "Why volcanoes erupt, how does this phenomenon occur? Knowledge about volcanoes help us understand that on earth and in Russia there are such natural objects How - volcanoes, which affect the earth's climate, living organisms, and changes in the earth's topography.

Object of study: Volcanoes

Goal of the work: Find out why they erupt volcanoes.

Hypothesis. Volcano erupts on its own, whenever it wants.

Research objectives:

1. Find out where in Russia they are volcanoes.

2. Determine what types there are volcanoes.

3. Get to know the structure of volcanoes.

4. Create a layout volcano.

5. Conduct an experiment "eruption volcano» .

Research methods: study of literature on this topic and Internet resources, making a model, conducting an experiment, analyzing and comparing the results obtained with the initial hypothesis.

Novelty of the research: the novelty of the research lies in the fact that I not only received an answer to the question, but also learned Interesting Facts O volcanoes. Together with the teacher, I created a layout volcano and conducted an experiment simulating an explosion volcano.

Practical significance research: Essence the project is to draw attention to the study of the earth's surface. Project contains natural scientific information about volcanoes, its structure, types, answers the question why they are the subject of study by scientists, a description of the creation of the model volcano and conducting the experimental part project. You can share the results of the study with your friends and family.

Conclusions about the results of the study.

I found out that volcano- This is a hole in the earth's crust. During an eruption volcano Very hot molten rocks erupt from the depths of the Earth to the surface through this hole. I found out that in Kamchatka there are a lot volcanoes different types : dormant, active and extinct. Active volcanoes often show their activity. Sleeping volcanoes– may become active in the future. It is called extinct volcano, whose life activity has ceased forever. I found out that volcano consists of rocks, magma, a vent and a crater from which the magma emerges to form lava. The explosion occurs due to the accumulation of gases.

Created a layout using scrap material volcano and prepared a mixture for making an eruption volcano using baking soda, red gouache, washing liquid and vinegar.

During research activities my hypothesis was not confirmed. Volcano It doesn't explode on its own when it wants to. I learned that gas pushes magma through vents volcano when the earth's crust moves. Man cannot influence the eruption volcano and stop it.

Publications on the topic:

Winter has come - a time of cold, frost and fun. Observing changes in nature, experimenting, organizing winter games while walking.

Type of project: cognitive-creative, social, medium duration, group. Project participants: children of the second junior group.

The process of introducing young children to reading will be carried out successfully if you use non-traditional and modern methods, techniques.

Summary of the educational and creative project “A carol came on the eve of Christmas” (middle group) Goal: to cultivate love and respect for national holidays, traditions. Objectives: To familiarize children with the holiday Christ's Nativity; give a concept.

Summary of educational and experimental activities in the preparatory group “Volcanoes” Goal: To introduce children to natural phenomenon– volcanoes. Objectives: Formation of primary ideas about objects of the surrounding world and them.

Lesson summary “Mountains and volcanoes” Topic: “Mountains and volcanoes of the Earth” Purpose: 1. Summarize children’s knowledge about mountains and volcanoes using diagrams and layouts active volcano. 2. Develop.

Methodological development of a research project on musical education of preschool children “The Mysterious Whistle” Video Methodological development of a research project with older preschoolers “The Mysterious Whistle” 2. (Slides of the mini museum “Russian Toy”).

Open educational and research lesson in the middle group “Let’s help find the Snow Maiden” (video report) Cognitive development according to the Federal State Educational Standard in a preschool educational institution involves the child’s involvement in active cognitive and research activities and development.

Passport of the creative research project “Properties and qualities of paper” The work on the project is carried out within the framework of a comprehensive thematic program “educational and educational in kindergarten”,

Introduction

Recently on TV I saw a film about unusual mountains. When they sleep, they are little different from other mountains. But as soon as they wake up, flames and hot stones burst out from their tops. They are enveloped in smoke, explosions sound, hot liquid flows down the slopes - lava, a real fiery stream.

It was a very beautiful breathtaking sight. What I saw struck me with its power, its uncontrollable force. I became interested in this phenomenon and went to the library to learn more about these mountains. From the encyclopedia I learned that these mountains are called volcanoes. And a beautiful and menacing phenomenon is an eruption. Looking through photographs of volcanoes, I was fascinated by the power, menacing, strength and beauty of the mighty mountains.

There are no volcanoes in our region. But we can find products of volcanic origin. This is a pumice stone widely used in everyday life. In the future, I dream of becoming a volcanologist, going down inside a volcano to see this beauty from the inside.

Based on this, the topic For the research paper I chose “Volcanoes”.

Purpose of the study:

1. study the origin and structure of volcanoes;
2. products of volcanic eruptions;
3. learn about the benefits and dangers posed by volcanoes.

2. General information.

Why are volcanoes called that?

In dictionary foreign words it is written: VOLCANO (named after the ancient Roman god of fire Vulcan) - a mountain, usually conical in shape, with a funnel through the mouth of which hot gases, rock fragments, lava (molten rocks) and ash are constantly or periodically ejected from the bowels of the earth; Along with active volcanoes, there are extinct ones.

Vulcan was the name of the Roman god of fire and patron of blacksmiths. The ancient Romans believed that smoke and fire rose from the top of the mountains where the forge was located when the god Vulcan forged metal. A dull roar and clanging sound came from the mountain, and hot lava flowed. Since then, people began to call fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.

The temperature inside the earth is so high that even hard stones melt. When lava hardens, new rocks form. Lava rises through the mouth of a volcano. It reaches the crater and comes to the surface. A volcano erupts.

Using the example of a volcano model, I want to demonstrate a volcanic eruption. (Application).

3. The structure of the volcano.

Let's look at the structure of a volcano. (Application)

Crater - the top of the volcano. The diameter ranges from several tens of meters to two or more kilometers.

vent - goes deep from the crater, magma rises along it.

Volcano hotspot - located deep in the earth.

4. Types of volcanoes

Volcanic eruptions can last for several days or even months. After a strong eruption, the volcano returns to a state of rest for several years and even decades. Such volcanoes are called active. (Application).

There are volcanoes that erupted in times long past. Some of them have retained the shape of a beautiful cone. People have no information about their activities. They are called extinct. (Application).

There are dormant volcanoes - no information has been preserved about their activity, but sometimes they begin to act. (Application).

5. Location of volcanoes

Modern volcanoes are known in all geological regions of the Earth. But they are unevenly distributed. (Application)

The largest number of active volcanoes are located in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Indonesia, South and North America.

The fewest volcanoes are in the ocean.

Currently on globe Over 4 thousand volcanoes have been identified.

6. Products of volcanic eruptions

When a volcano erupts, products of volcanic activity are released, which can be liquid, gaseous and solid.

This:

1. gases;
2. water vapor;
3. hydrogen sulfide;
4. volcanic ash,
5. volcanic bombs.

Let's do a little experiment. Take a container of water, stones and pieces of pumice. We will explore pumice - a stone of volcanic origin - frozen volcanic stone foam.

Let's look at pumice carefully and compare it with ordinary stone:

1. there are a lot of holes in the pumice;
2. Air is hidden in the holes, which is why pumice is lighter than ordinary stone.
3. Dip the pumice pieces into the water. Pumice does not sink, but floats on the surface of the water due to holes with air.

7. The dangers and benefits of volcanoes

In ancient times, people did not know how to explain the causes of volcanic eruptions, so this formidable natural phenomenon plunged people into horror.

Active volcanoes pose a formidable danger to nearby settlements. During an eruption, not only buildings can be damaged, but people can also die.

However, volcanoes also have their merits. This is a huge supply of energy. Groundwater heated by volcanoes helps generate electricity. Volcanoes have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times, and hot healing baths remain popular to this day. (Application).

8. Conclusion

Now scientists constantly monitor volcanoes, noting even the smallest manifestations of activity. This is necessary in order to prepare for the eruption in time, eliminating all possible surprises leading to deaths and other incidents. However, during the period of “calmness” of the volcano, it can be explored quite freely. Climbers and researchers often descend into the crater to study this phenomenon in more detail.

Nowadays, volcanic eruptions occur in different parts of our planet. We can learn about this from the media.

In the course of my work, I studied the structure and origin of volcanoes. Learned about the benefits and harms of volcanoes.

Literature

1. Aprodov, V.A. Volcanoes [Text]: textbook. allowance / V.A. Aprodov. – M.: Mysl, 1982. – 223 p.
2. Vlodavets, V.I. Volcanoes of the Earth [Text]: St. Petersburg / V.I. Vlodavets. – M: Nauka, 1973. – 198 p.
3. Children's encyclopedia “I explore the world” [Text] / Comp. N.Yu. Buyanova. – M.:AST, 1997. – 480 p.
4. Lebedinsky, V.I. Volcanoes and people [Text]: St. Petersburg/ Lebedinsky V.I. – M.: Nedra, 1967. – 186 p.

Lesson on the subject " The world"
using Dsor
"Internal forces of the earth.
The miracle of nature is volcanoes."
Kozlova Svetlana Mikhailovna, teacher primary classes
Lesson objectives:
Give an idea of ​​volcanoes, their structure, reasons for their occurrence.
Help students understand why volcanoes are dangerous natural phenomena.
Introduce students to the profession of volcanologist.
Continue learning how to write reports using reference literature.
Familiarize yourself with the territory of our country using a map of the Russian Federation.
Introduce the symbols of volcanoes.
Introduce students to the rules of behavior during volcanic eruptions.
Test your knowledge using testing.
Develop students’ speech, enrich lexicon.
Cultivate observation and listening skills.
Equipment: map of the hemispheres, illustration of a painting by K.P. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”, multimedia projector, computer, presentation “Volcanoes”, episode of the TV show “Bibigon” (EOR “Pochemuchka” (Volcanoes and Geysers), cards for diagrams, cards for the test, crossword puzzle.

Lesson form: presentation /Appendix 1/

I. Organizational moment.
So, friends, pay attention - After all, the bell has rung. Sit down comfortably - Let's start the lesson soon.

II. Formulation educational tasks lesson.
Work based on the painting by K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”
The famous artist Karl Bryullov (slide 1) painted the painting “The Last Day of Pompeii” (slide 2)
-Look at the picture. What does it show? (Eruption)
-What can you tell us about the event that the artist Karl Bryullov depicted in the painting? (children's answers)

Student message.
In the 1st century, one of the most powerful eruptions in the history of mankind occurred at the Vesuvius volcano, located in Italy on the shores of the Bay of Naples (show on map). As a result of the eruption, the city of Pompeii and 2 other cities were destroyed in 2 days. Clouds of ash eclipsed the Sun, streams of lava, mud and stones flooded cities, and the air was filled with toxic fumes. People tried to take refuge in houses and died there either from suffocation or under a collapsed roof. Many died during the panic, as a result of the stampede. The eruption of Vesuvius claimed the lives of 10 thousand people. Many centuries later, archaeologists have unearthed cities that were perfectly preserved under volcanic ash. After this disaster, Vesuvius woke up more than 50 times.
This story greatly impressed the artist Karl Petrovich Bryullov, who in 1833 completed the disaster painting “The Last Day of Pompeii.”

Pushkin, impressed by the painting, wrote:
The mouth of Vesuvius opened - smoke poured out in a cloud - flames developed widely, like a battle banner. The earth is agitated from the tottering columns. Idols are falling! The people, driven by fear, in crowds, old and young, under the inflamed dust, under the rain of stones, flee from the city.

Formulation of educational objectives.
-What will we talk about in today's lesson? Who guessed?
-What questions would you like answered today on this topic?

Slide 3.
Lesson topic: “Wonder of nature - VOLCANOES”

III. Formation of new knowledge.
1.
Higher than the clouds are walking,
Volcanoes rise;
Majestic and mighty,
Like giants in a fairy tale.
They've been through a lot
Grandiose eruptions;
Instilled fear and anxiety
People of many generations.
2.
According to ancient Roman myth, the god of blacksmithing, Vulcan, lived underground. (Slide 4) His forge was hot and loud. Sometimes God opened the doors to his kingdom (holes were formed on the surface of the earth) and fire and smoke burst out from there. Subsequently, all places on Earth where fire-breathing mountains were found began to be called volcanoes.

But whether a volcano is actually a mountain, as well as how it is formed and how lava eruptions occur, we will find out by watching an episode of the educational program “Why” on the Bibigon TV channel.

3. Watching an excerpt from a TV show.
-Episode 1. About the experience in a chemistry lesson. Vulcan is the god of fire. What is a volcano?
Reflection. So how does a volcano work? (slide from presentation)

Episode 2. Volcano shapes: conical, shield.
Reflection. Demonstration of volcano models made from plasticine by children during a technology lesson.
-What form of volcano was not named in the program? (Crack Volcano)
-Where can you usually find a volcano of this shape? (in the ocean)

Episode 3. Types of volcanoes: active, extinct, dormant. The highest active volcano in Russia is Klyuchevskaya Sopka.
Reflection. Name the highest active volcano in Russia? (Slide)
It is the fourth tallest volcano in the world. This is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 meters high)
Where is he located? (on the Kamchatka Peninsula) (Slide)

Episode 4. Location of volcanoes. Forecasting eruptions using satellites.
Reflection. How can you predict a volcanic eruption? What is the name of the profession of a person who studies volcanoes? (Vulcanologist - slide)

Why study volcanoes?
Volcanologists study volcanoes in order to:
- predict an eruption; (Tolbachik predicted an eruption on June 30–July 10, 1975. The eruption occurred on July 6, 1975)
- study internal structure land;
- learn about the formation of minerals.
- The main task is to save people.
To do this you should:
a) warning the population;
b) evacuation

Why don't people leave these places?
- fertile soils;
- ash from volcanoes is an additional fertilizer for soils;
- formation of minerals.

Conversation on presentation
-Do you think there are many volcanoes on Earth? (slide)
-There are particularly dangerous areas on the globe - earthquake-prone places (slide)
-The main volcanoes of Russia are located on the Kamchatka Peninsula and on the Kuril Islands (working with a map) - slide.
- Volcanic danger. (slide)
Smoke, ash, volcanic bombs are thrown over long distances up to 40 km;
fires occur;
the thickness of mud deposits is 10-15 m;
people and livestock die;
houses are destroyed.
-Introduction to the phraseological unit “Live like on a volcano” (in constant anxiety, dangers)
-The benefits of volcanoes.
1.Volcanoes warm you up.
2.Huge energy reserves are one of their main advantages. They were “taught” to generate electricity only in early XIX century. When underground waters heated by volcanoes spun steam turbines.
3.Volcanoes have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times, and hot healing baths remain popular to this day.

IV. Consolidation of what has been learned. Crossword.

4. God of fire in mythology. (Volcano)

V. Lesson summary.

In the end, I want to wish you “May you never have to live like on a volcano”

VI. Homework.
Compose 2-3 interesting questions on the topic "Volcano"
Create a crossword puzzle.
Prepare a report about one of the volcanoes.

Surname
Name
Class

Question no.
№ 1
№ 2
№ 3
№ 4
№ 5
№ 6
№ 7
№ 8

Do you think you have learned to isolate the root?
in words, you can choose words with the same root,
but sometimes you still need help.

13PAGE 14515

Heading 115

7
P
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1. A channel in a volcano through which lava erupts.
2. A volcano that buried 3 cities in Italy.
3. Rocks melted in the bowels of the Earth.
4. God of fire in Roman mythology.
5. A Russian peninsula with a huge number of active volcanoes.

6. Magma poured out of the volcano.

7. A child who often asks the question “why” or a program on the Bibigon TV channel

Crossword puzzle on the topic “A miracle of nature - volcanoes”

7
P
O
h
e
m
at
h
To
A

·у
G
To

And
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1. A channel in a volcano through which lava erupts. (vent)
2. A volcano that buried 3 cities in Italy. (Vesuvius)
3. Rocks melted in the bowels of the Earth. (Magma)
4. God of fire in Roman mythology. (Volcano)
5. A Russian peninsula with a huge number of active volcanoes. (Kamchatka)

6. Magma poured out of the volcano. (Lava)

7. A child who often asks the question “why” or a program on the Bibigon TV channel (Pochemuchka)

General education high school No. 10 Balkhash

Section: Natural science ( inanimate nature)

Subject:

"VOLCANOES"

student of 1st "B" class

Secondary school No. 10 of the city of Balkhash

Supervisor: Kuznetsova Elena Vladimirovna - primary school teacher

Balkhash, 2014

Introduction………………………………………………………..

Main part.

2.1 Theoretical research ………………………………….

2.2 Practical research…………………………………..

III. Conclusion …………………………………………………………….

List of used literature……………………………………..

Glossary

Eruption volcano- the process of a volcano throwing hot debris, ash onto the earth's surface, an outpouring of magma, which, pouring onto the surface, becomes lava.

Crater – Depression at the top of the volcano. Lava flows out of a crater during a volcanic eruption.

Volcanic ash- Small particles of solidified magma, rock fragments and mineral crystals released into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption and falling to Earth to form sediment.

Tectonic plates – gradually moving parts of the earth's crust covering our planet.

Volcanic bombs - pieces of frozen or hardening lava ejected from a volcano during an eruption.

Magma chambers- large accumulations of magma tending to the surface of the earth's crust.

Introduction

Purpose of the study:

Find out why volcanoes erupt.

Explore the structure of volcanoes.

Expand knowledge about volcanoes.

Research objectives:

Explore further reading and take away interesting information, about what it is - a volcano;

Find out how a volcano works;

Find out what volcanoes are;

Create a working model of a volcano at home;

Learn experimentally about the properties of stones of volcanic origin;

Object of study: volcanoes

Subject: volcano

Hypothesis: the volcano erupts because the mountain is angry

Methods:

Analysis of scientific literature.

Conducting experiments.

Observation.

Main part

2. Theoretical research

A volcano is a naturally formed hole in the earth's crust through which hot molten rock called lava, as well as gases, steam and ash (what remains after the complete combustion of something) solid) burst out, often in the form of large and noisy eruptions or explosions. These eruptions are thought to act as safety valves, releasing enormous amounts of heat and pressure deep within the earth. Typically, a volcano is a cone-shaped mountain (the walls of which consist of solidified lava and ash) with a hole in the center, or a crater, through which eruptions occur.

There are several various types, or stages of eruption. Many eruptions do not cause significant damage to the environment. But there are very powerful and destructive eruptions. During such eruptions, lava can spill out and flow down from the volcano, flooding the surrounding areas; choking clouds of steam, ash, hot gases and stones can fall down, which descend to the ground at high speed, covering it for many kilometers around. (When Mount St. Helens on Mount Washington erupted in 1980, for example, it killed millions of trees.)

One of the most famous and destructive was the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (located in today's Italy) in 79 AD. As a result, the large Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed. A huge cloud of ash and ash covered the city, thanks to which it has been well preserved to this day. By studying these amazing ruins, scientists have learned a lot about the times Ancient Rome. Vesuvius is still an active volcano; this means that it experiences volcanic activity and erupts from time to time. There are also volcanoes that are described as dormant, meaning that they have not seen activity for a long time, but the conditions for a possible future eruption still exist. An extinct volcano is one that will never erupt again.

Volcanoes often occur in places where there are tectonic plates or ridges in the earth's crust. Around Pacific Ocean– where the plates of the earth’s crust meet, there is a whole group of volcanoes, which are known as the “ring of fire”. Due to the movement of tectonic plates in these areas, liquid rock (called magma) trapped in voids within the Earth can rise, causing volcanic activity. (This also often causes earthquakes.) Volcanic activity can occur both on land and in the oceans. As a result, islands sometimes form in the oceans. This is how the Hawaiian Islands appeared about 40 million years ago. And even today, two of the most active volcanoes - Mauna Loa and Kilaua - are located on an island in Hawaii. Tourists visiting National Park Hawaiian volcanoes can hike the slopes surrounding the great volcanoes.

There are mountain volcanoes, and there are also underwater volcanoes that are completely hidden under water. “Waking up,” such volcanoes erupt not only magma, but also entire fountains of water.

There are mud volcanoes, which erupt streams of hot mud, and lake volcanoes. The craters of such volcanoes look like a flat plate filled with boiling lava.

But why do volcanoes still erupt? In the depths of the earth's crust, rocks melt at very high temperatures - magma is formed. Under the influence of the movement of tectonic plates, magma rises to the surface of the earth and accumulates in the volcanic chamber under the volcano. The gases that make up the magma tend to exit to the surface - to the crater, and lift the magma with them. The closer to the crater, the more gases become, the magma changes its composition and turns into lava. Volcanic eruptions begin with the release of gases and volcanic ash. Explosions can also occur, then volcanic bombs - pieces of solidified lava - fly into the air from the vent, and then the molten lava flows down the slope. After a violent eruption process, the pressure in the magma chamber decreases and the volcanic eruption stops.

Famous volcanoes.

An active volcano in southern Italy, about 15 km from Naples. Height - 1281 meters. The crater is about 750 m in diameter. One of three active volcanoes in Italy, the only active volcano in continental Europe. It is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world.

The last historical eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred in 1944. One of the lava flows destroyed the cities of San Sebastiano and Massa. 57 people died during the eruption. The height of the lava fountain from the central crater reached 800 m.

Fujiyama.

A volcano on the Japanese island of Honshu, 150 kilometers west of Tokyo. The height of the mountain is 3776 m (the highest in Japan). The volcano is weakly active; its last eruption was in 1707.

Krakatoa.

Krakatoa is a former island and active volcano in Indonesia, located in the Sunda Strait, between the islands of Java and Sumatra.
The study of the volcano and surrounding areas has established traces of powerful prehistoric eruptions. According to volcanologists, one of the most powerful eruptions occurred in 535. This eruption led to global climatic consequences on Earth, as noted by scientists who studied the annual rings of ancient trees in different areas of the planet.

2.2 Case studies

To see in practice how volcanic eruptions occur, I conducted several experiments.

Experiment No. 1 “Movement of magma in the depths of the earth’s crust.” I immersed slabs of chocolate that stood in for tectonic plates in colored dough called “magma.” Using sticks, he created movement and saw that “magma” was seeping into the cracks. Conclusion: Under the influence of the movement of tectonic plates, magma can rise to the surface of the earth.

Experiment No. 2 “Creating a model of an active volcano at home.” I made a cone out of cardboard. I covered it with plasticine and gave it the color of a volcano. Placed a bottle inside the cone. I filled the bottle with “lava” - a mixture of baking soda, liquid soap and red gouache paint. I filled the “volcano” with vinegar and it erupted. Conclusion: the gas formed when vinegar reacts with water lifts the “lava” upward and an eruption occurs.

Experiment No. 3 “Properties of stones of volcanic origin.” I immersed stones of various rocks in water. Observing the process, I found out that all the stones were sinking, except for pumice, a stone of volcanic origin. Conclusion: Pumice has a porous structure. The pores are filled with air, so the stone does not sink (pores in pumice are formed when the lava hardens, when gases are still escaping).

Conclusion

During the study, the hypothesis was not confirmed. The ancient Romans also believed that God was angry, which is why the eruption occurs - a manifestation of God's anger. In fact, the volcano erupts because magma has accumulated in the volcanic chamber and, under the influence of the gas included in its composition, it rises to the top. In the crater of a volcano, the amount of gas becomes greater. The magma turns to lava, reaches the crater and erupts.

Volcanoes are a formidable natural phenomenon. Volcanic eruptions threaten human life and cause damage to the entire environment, so we need to know about them, like any natural phenomenon of which we are a part.

List of used literature

Internet resources

http://www.bugaga.ru/interesting/1146713964

Internet resources

http://zemlyanin.info/samye-izvestnye-vulkany-zemli/

Internet resources

http://ru.wikipedia.org

Internet resources

http://www.vseneprostotak.ru/jenciklopedija/vulkany/

Ministry of General and vocational education Sverdlovsk region

Department of Education of the Administration of the Leninsky District of the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Sverdlovsk Region.

Department of Education of the Administration of the Leninsky District of Yekaterinburg.

Municipal budget educational institution

Average comprehensive school № 85 .

What is a volcano?

Research

4th grade student "D"

Turkin Sergei

Supervisor:

Chesnokova M . A .

Ekaterinburg

2014

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

Chapter 1. What is a volcano…………………………………………………………………………………. 3

1.1. Myths and legends about volcanoes ………………………………………………… 4

Chapter 2. Scientific explanations…………………………………………………………… 6

Chapter 3. Classification of volcanoes……………………………………………………………... 8

3.1. Types of volcanoes………………………………………………………………………………..8

3.2. Types of volcanic eruptions……………………………………………..9

3.3. Underwater volcanoes…………………………………………………………….9

3.4. Mud volcanoes………………………………………………………………………………...10

Chapter 4. Location of volcanoes on Earth…………………………….……...12

Chapter 5. Consequences of volcanic eruptions………………………….……….14

Chapter 6. Interesting facts…………………………………………………….……….16

Chapter 7. Volcanoes on other planets…………………………….………………..18

Chapter 8. Research work………………………………….……………..20

Conclusion… …………………………………………………………………………………………..22

List of applications…………………………………………………………………………………...23

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..24

Applications… …………………………………………………………………………………………25

Introduction.

We inhabitants of planet Earth often dispose of natural resources without noticing how destructive we are to nature (deforestation, industrial modernization, creation of megacities, pollution environment etc.)

All this contributes to the environmental crisis that has existed for many years. Nature does not ignore how we integrate into its life. She responds to this implementation with natural disasters:

Earthquakes

Floods

Volcanic eruption

Tornadoes

I was especially interested in volcanic eruptions. I have seen many times on TV in the news and movies about volcanic eruptions. And I decided to study this issue in more detail.

I set myself a goal: To study the life of volcanoes.

To achieve the goal, tasks were set

1. Find out the origin of volcanoes.

2.Learn the legends and myths of different peoples.

3.Study the structure and types of volcanoes.

4.Locate volcanoes.

5.Try to make a working model of a volcano.

A hypothesis has been put forward: get a volcanic eruption at home.

Research methods

1. Studying books and Internet sites.

2. Conducting an experiment showing how volcanoes erupt.

WHAT IS A VOLCANO

Origin of volcanoes.

200 million years ago there was only one continent on Earth, Pangea, with one ocean (Panthalassa). Little by little, the continents separated from each other, new oceans and seas arose. The Earth's surface has broken apart into puzzle pieces called tectonic plates. Composed of the earth's crust and a part of the mantle called the lithosphere, they continue to move together, like ice floes at sea. There can be both a continent and an ocean on the same plate. For example, on the South American plate there is South America and part of the Atlantic Ocean.

The earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago. Having a hot core inside, it emits this heat through the vents of 40,000 volcanoes. Mountain ranges grow, oceans appear, continents move, but so slowly that all these changes seem imperceptible. But this movement gives rise to volcanoes, which are much more difficult to miss.

Many eruptions occur underwater and therefore go unnoticed. But land volcanoes are noted in history for their destructive power. Beautiful and powerful, asleep and awakening, despite the destructive power.

Myths and legends about volcanoes .

Even in ancient times, volcanic eruptions plunged people into horror. Legends of various nations have brought to our time information about past volcanic eruptions.

The Indians of Oregon tell of a clash between the good god of snow and the evil god of fire, who lived on the high Mount Mezama. As a result of the struggle, which ended in the victory of good, the top of the mountain was destroyed, and in its place a lake was formed, which is now called Lake Craige. What does this allegory convey? Description of the eruption? Apparently yes.

Among the Polynesians, the volcano goddess Pele was very popular, capable of appearing to people in various guises. One day a young leader was going down a hill on a sleigh with bone runners (the Polynesians did not know wheels). An old woman who met on his way asked to lend her a sleigh and received a rude refusal. The leader would probably have been more careful if he had known that he had met the goddess of volcanoes.

Pele stamped her foot in anger. Immediately the Earth opened up and hot stones flew upward. The leader, saving his life, rushed to the sea, and Pele threw fragments of hot lava after him. Even today, you can get “confirmation” of this story, since on the coast of the island of Hawaii there really is a hill, on the slope of which you can see a long row of small cones made of stones, which the enraged Pele threw after the ill-mannered leader.

The ancient Greeks associated the activity of volcanoes with the work of the god - the blacksmith Hephaestus, whose forge was located under one of the volcanoes on the island of Santoria.

In the first century BC, the Roman poet Virgil attributed the cause of the eruption of Etna to the movements of the Titan Enceladus, who was thrown into the bowels of the mountain by Jupiter.

Apparently, Plato was the first to propose the most plausible explanation of volcanism, linking this phenomenon with cavities and channels inside the Earth. Under the surface of the Earth, he argued, there is a huge fiery river Pyriphlegethon, from which fiery streams pour out through volcanic channels.

The Greek geographer and traveler Strabo, who lived in the 2nd century BC, described a volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean Sea. As a result of this eruption, a new island appeared. Strabo expressed a very interesting idea that volcanoes are a kind of valves through which underground gases are released, and the more frequent small eruptions, the less likely large ones are. This provision remains in effect today.

In the 1st century AD, Seneca put forward the position that eruptions are associated with underground reservoirs containing molten matter - a point of view that absolutely coincides with the provisions of modern volcanology. Seneca's contemporary, Pliny the Elder, left for posterity unique descriptions of eruptions. He himself died in 79 AD during the catastrophic eruption of Vesuvius, which was later named Plinian in his honor. All historical information about this famous eruption were compiled by Pliny the Elder’s nephew Pliny the Younger in letters to Tacitus.

The Middle Ages can be considered a step back in the knowledge of volcanic processes, since, according to the most common point of view, volcanoes were the gateway to hell, and the sounds that the volcano made were the groans of sinners.

The first no for real scientific description volcanic activity was compiled by the English ambassador to Napoleon's court, Sir W. Hamilton. His letters to the President of the Royal Society in London, telling of Vesuvius and its eruption, were published with rich illustrations in 1774.

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS

General information about volcanoes.Modern scientists explain what a volcano is like this: it is a formation on the surface of the earth’s crust or the crust of another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava and volcanic gases.

INThe emergence of volcanoes is related to the structure of the Earth. Our planet consists of several layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust.(Application

The top layer - the earth's crust - has an uneven thickness. IN mountainous areas On continents it reaches 70-90 kilometers, and in oceanic areas it noticeably narrows to 7-10 kilometers. The main rocks that make up the earth's crust are oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, and alkali metals. Beneath the crust is the mantle. It occupies about 82% of the total volume of the Earth. The mantle is divided into two layers: upper and lower. The upper layer of the mantle along with earth's crust forms the solid shell of the Earth and is called the lithosphere. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which contains rocks that are in a partially molten state.

In the very depths of the planet there is a core “hidden”, consisting of an outer, liquid layer and an inner, solid layer. The outer layer is a stream of molten iron and nickel. The inner layer also consists of an iron-nickel alloy, which, despite high temperature, is in a solid state, which is explained by the enormous pressure in the center of the Earth.In those places where the pressure of the upper layers weakens due to the movement of the earth's crust and the formation of cracks, the hot masses turn into liquid state. A mass of molten rock, saturated with gases, formed deep in the bowels of the Earth is called magma. Foci of magma are located under the earth's crust, in the upper part mantles, at a depth of at least 50 km. Under strong pressure from the released gases, magma, melting the surrounding rocks, makes its way and forms vent, or channel, volcano The released gases by explosions clear the way along the vent, break apart solid rocks and throw pieces of them onto the greater height. Just as the gas dissolved in a fizzy drink, when the bottle is uncorked, tends to escape, forming foam, so in the crater of a volcano, foaming magma is rapidly ejected by the gases released from it. Having lost a significant amount of gas, magma pours out of the crater and flows like lava along the slopes of the volcano.

The air becomes saturated with ash and small particles, which gradually settle to the ground. Ash can fly great distances and cover the earth for several hundred kilometers.

There are currently more than 600 active volcanoes on our planet. The continent free from them is Australia.

Classification of volcanoes.

After studying a lot of literature, we found that volcanoes are classified:

Chilean Andes

6893

South America

Chilean Andes

6725

South America

Central Andes

6159

South America

Equatorial Andes

5897

South America

Masai Highlands

5895

Africa

Central Andes

5821

South America

Mexican Highlands

5700

North and Central America