Why Mayakovsky was imprisoned. Biography of Mayakovsky. Key moments from the life of the poet. Last years and death of Myakovsky

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born July 7(19), 1893 in the village Baghdadi (now the village of Mayakovski) near Kutaisi, Georgia. Father - forester, Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky ( 1857-1906 ), mother - Alexandra Alekseevna, nee Pavlenko ( 1867-1954 ).

In 1902-1906. Mayakovsky studies at the Kutaisi gymnasium. In 1905 participates in demonstrations and a school strike. In July 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moves to Moscow. Mayakovsky enters the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Meets Bolshevik students; is interested in Marxist literature; entrusts the first party assignments. In 1908 joins the Bolshevik Party. Was arrested three times - in 1908 and twice in 1909; the last arrest in connection with the escape of political prisoners from Novinskaya prison. Imprisonment in Butyrka prison. A notebook of poems written in prison ( 1909 ), selected by the guards and not yet found, Mayakovsky considered the beginning of literary work. Released from prison due to being a minor ( 1910 ), he decides to devote himself to art and continue his studies. In 1911 Mayakovsky was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Autumn 1911 he meets D. Burliuk, the organizer of a group of Russian futurists, and becomes close to him in a common sense of dissatisfaction with the academic routine. At the end December 1912- Mayakovsky’s poetic debut: the poems “Night” and “Morning” in the almanac “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” (where Mayakovsky signed the collective manifesto of the Cubo-Futurists of the same name).

Mayakovsky goes on an attack on the aesthetics and poetics of symbolism and acmeism, but in his quest he critically masters art world such masters as A. Bely “breaks out” from the “fascinating lines” of A. Blok, whose work for Mayakovsky is “an entire poetic era.”

Mayakovsky entered the circle of Cube-Futurists with a rapidly growing tragic-protesting theme in him, essentially going back to the humanistic tradition of Russian classics, contrary to the nihilistic declarations of the Futurists. From urban sketches to catastrophic insights the poet’s thoughts about the madness of the possessive world grow (“From street to street,” 1912 ; “Hell of the City”, “Here!”, 1913 ). "I!" - the title of Mayakovsky's first book ( 1913 ) - was synonymous with the poet’s pain and indignation. For participation in public performances Mayakovsky in 1914 was expelled from the School.

First world war met by Mayakovsky contradictorily. The poet cannot help but feel disgust for war (“War has been declared”, “Mother and the evening killed by the Germans”, 1914 ), but for some time he was characterized by the illusion of the renewal of humanity, art through war. Soon Mayakovsky comes to the realization of war as an element of senseless destruction.

In 1914 Mayakovsky met M. Gorky for the first time. In 1915-1919 lives in Petrograd. In 1915 Mayakovsky meets L.Yu. and O.M. Bricks. Many of Mayakovsky’s works are dedicated to Lilia Brik. With renewed vigor he writes about love, which, the more enormous it is, the more incompatible with the horror of wars, violence and petty feelings (the poem “Spine Flute”, 1915 etc.).

Gorky invites Mayakovsky to collaborate in the journal “Chronicle” and the newspaper “ New life"; helps the poet in the publication of the second collection of his poems, “Simple as Mooing,” published by the Parus publishing house ( 1916 ). The dream of a harmonious person in a world without wars and oppression found a unique expression in Mayakovsky’s poem “War and Peace” (written in 1915-1916 ; separate edition - 1917 ). The writer creates a gigantic anti-war panorama; in his imagination a utopian extravaganza of universal happiness unfolds.

In 1915-1917 Mayakovsky is leaving military service at the Petrograd driving school. Takes part in February Revolution 1917 year. In August he leaves Novaya Zhizn.

October Revolution opened new horizons for V. Mayakovsky. She became the second birth of the poet. For the first anniversary of the October Revolution, it was staged at the Musical Drama Theater, conceived back in August 1917 the play “Mystery-bouffe” (production by V. Meyerhold, with whom Mayakovsky until the end of his life was associated with the creative search for a theater in tune with the revolution).

Mayakovsky associates his innovative ideas with “leftist art”; he strives to unite the futurists in the name of democratization of art (speeches in the “Futurist Newspaper”, “Order for the Army of Art”, 1918 ; is a member of the group of futurist communists (“comfuts”) who published the newspaper “Art of the Commune”).

In March 1919 Mayakovsky moves to Moscow, where his collaboration with ROSTA began in October. Mayakovsky’s inherent need for mass propaganda activity found satisfaction in the artistic and poetic work on the “Windows of GROWTH” posters.

In 1922-1924. Mayakovsky makes his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.). His series of essays about Paris is “Paris. (Notes of Ludogus)”, “Seven-day review of French painting”, etc. ( 1922-1923 ), which captured Mayakovsky’s artistic sympathies (in particular, he notes global significance P. Picasso), and poetry (“How does a democratic republic work?”, 1922 ; "Germany", 1922-1923 ; "Paris. (Conversations with Eiffel Tower)», 1923 ) were Mayakovsky's approach to foreign topic.

The transition to peaceful life is interpreted by Mayakovsky as an internally significant event that makes one think about the spiritual values ​​of the future person (the unfinished utopia “The Fifth International”, 1922 ). The poem “About This” becomes a poetic catharsis ( December 1922 – February 1923) with its theme of purification lyrical hero, which through the phantasmagoria of philistinism carries the indestructible ideal of the human and breaks through into the future. The poem was first published in the first issue of the magazine "LEF" ( 1923-1925 ), the editor-in-chief of which is Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF ( 1922-1928 ) and decided to rally “leftist forces” around the magazine (articles “What is Lef fighting for?”, “Who is Lef biting into?”, “Who is Lef warning?”, 1923 ).

In November 1924 Mayakovsky goes to Paris (later he visited Paris 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1929). He visited Latvia, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, America, Poland. By discovering new countries, he enriched his own poetic “continent”. In the lyrical cycle "Paris" ( 1924-1925 ) Lef's irony of Mayakovsky is defeated by the beauty of Paris. The contrast of beauty with emptiness, humiliation, and ruthless exploitation is the naked nerve of poems about Paris (“Beauties,” “Parisian Woman,” 1929 , etc.). The image of Paris bears a reflection of Mayakovsky’s “community-love” (“Letter to Comrade Kostrov from Paris about the essence of love”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”, 1928 ). The central theme of Mayakovsky’s foreign theme is the American cycle of poems and essays ( 1925-1926 ), written during and shortly after a trip to America (Mexico, Cuba, USA, 2nd half 1925 ).

In verse 1926-1927. and later ones (up to the poem “At the top of my voice”), Mayakovsky’s position in art was revealed at a new stage. Ridiculing Rapp's vulgarizers with their claim to a literary monopoly, Mayakovsky convinces proletarian writers to unite in poetic work in the name of the future (“Message to Proletarian Poets,” 1926; previously article “Lef and MAPP”, 1923 ). News of S. Yesenin's suicide ( December 27, 1925) sharpens thoughts about the fate and calling of true poetry, evokes grief over the death of a “ringing” talent, anger against rotten decadence and invigorating dogmatism (“To Sergei Yesenin,” 1926 ).

Late 1920s Mayakovsky again turns to drama. His plays "The Bedbug" ( 1928 , 1st post. – 1929 ) and "Bath" ( 1929 , 1st post. – 1930 ) written for the Meyerhold Theater. They combine a satirical depiction of reality 1920s with the development of Mayakovsky’s favorite motif - resurrection and travel to the future. Meyerhold very highly appreciated the satirical talent of Mayakovsky the playwright, comparing him in terms of the power of irony with Moliere. However, critics received the plays, especially “Bath,” extremely unkindly. And, if in “The Bedbug” they, as a rule, saw artistic shortcomings and artificiality, then in “Bath” they made claims of an ideological nature - they talked about exaggerating the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, etc. Harsh articles against Mayakovsky appeared in newspapers, even under the heading “Down with Mayakovism!” In February 1930 Having left the Ref (Revolutionary Front [of the Arts], a group formed from the remnants of Lef), Mayakovsky joined RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), where he was immediately attacked for his “fellow travelerism.” In March 1930 Mayakovsky organized a retrospective exhibition “20 Years of Work”, which presented all areas of his activity. (The 20-year sentence was apparently counted from the writing of the first poems in prison.) The exhibition was ignored by both the party leadership and former colleagues according to Lef/Ref. One of many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition “20 years of work”; the failure of the performance of the play “Bath” at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other members of RAPP; danger of loss of voice, which would make it impossible public speaking; failures in personal life (the love boat crashed into everyday life - “Unfinished”, 1930 ), or their confluence, became the reason that April 14, 1930 year Mayakovsky committed suicide. In many works (“Spine Flute”, “Man”, “About This”) Mayakovsky touches on the topic of suicide of the lyrical hero or his double; After his death, these themes were appropriately reinterpreted by readers. Soon after Mayakovsky's death, with active participation members of RAPP, his work was under an unspoken ban, his works were practically not published. The situation has changed in 1936, when Stalin, in a resolution to L. Brik’s letter asking for assistance in preserving the memory of Mayakovsky, publishing the poet’s works, organizing his museum, called Mayakovsky “the best talented poet of our Soviet era.” Mayakovsky was practically the only representative of the artistic avant-garde of the early 20th century, whose works remained accessible to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.

Mayakovsky's biography contains many dubious moments that make us wonder who the poet really was - a servant of communism or a romantic? Brief biography Vladimir Mayakovsky will give you a general idea of ​​the poet’s life.

The writer was born in Georgia, in the village. Baghdadi, Kutaisi province, July 7, 1893. Little Vova studied well and diligently, and showed interest in painting. Soon the Mayakovsky family experiences a tragedy - the father dies. Working as a forester, the father of the future poet was the only breadwinner. Therefore, a family that has experienced the loss of a loved one finds itself in a difficult financial situation. Next, Mayakovsky’s biography leads us to Moscow. Vladimir is forced to help his mother earn money. He has no time left for studies, so he cannot boast of academic success. During this period, Mayakovsky began to have disagreements with his teacher. As a result of the conflict, the rebellious nature of the poet manifests itself for the first time, and he loses interest in his studies. The school decides to expel the future genius from school due to poor performance.

Biography of Mayakovsky: youthful years

After school, Vladimir joins the Social Democratic Party. During this period, the poet was subjected to several arrests. Vladimir wrote his first poem at this time. After his release, Mayakovsky continued his literary work. While studying at the gymnasium, the writer met David Burliuk, who was the founder of a new literary movement - Russian futurism. Soon they become friends, and this leaves an imprint on the themes of Vladimir’s work. He supports futurists, joins their ranks and writes poetry in this genre. The poet's first works are dated 1912. Soon the famous tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” will be written. In 1915, work on his most outstanding poem, “A Cloud in Pants,” was completed.

Biography of Mayakovsky: love experiences

His literary work was not limited to propaganda pamphlets and satirical fables. In the life and work of the poet there is a theme of love. A person lives as long as he experiences a state of love, as Mayakovsky believed. The poet's biography and work testify to his love experiences. The writer's muse is Lilya Brik, the most close person for him, she was ambiguous in her feelings towards the writer. Another great love of Vladimir, Tatyana Yakovleva, never married him.

The tragic death of Mayakovsky

To this day, there are conflicting rumors about mysterious death poet. In 1930, on April 14, the writer shot himself in his rented apartment in Moscow under unclear circumstances. Vladimir was 37 years old at that time. Whether it was suicide, or whether Mayakovsky was helped to go to the next world, one can only guess. A short biography of Mayakovsky contains evidence that confirms any of the versions. One thing is certain: the country lost a brilliant poet and great man in one day.

He lived only 36 full years. He lived brightly, created quickly and created a completely new direction in Russian and Soviet poetry. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky is a poet, playwright, artist and screenwriter. A tragic and extraordinary personality.

Family

The future poet was born into a nobleman's family in the village of Baghdad, Kutaisi province in Georgia on July 19, 1893. Like his father, his mother was from a Cossack family. Vladimir Konstantinovich was a descendant of Zaporozhye Cossacks, his mother was Kuban. He was not the only child in the family. He also had two sisters - Lyudmila and Olga, who far outlived his talented brother, and two brothers - Konstantin and Alexander. They, unfortunately, died in infancy.

From the tragic

His father, Vladimir Konstantinovich, who served almost his entire life as a forester, died of blood poisoning. While stitching papers, he pricked his finger with a needle. Since then, Vladimir Mayakovsky suffered from bacteriophobia. He was afraid of dying like his dad from an injection. Later, hairpins, needles, and pins became dangerous objects for him.

Georgian roots

Volodya was born on Georgian soil and, subsequently, already being famous poet, in one of his poems Mayakovsky called himself a Georgian. He liked to compare himself with the temperamental people, although he had nothing to do with them by blood. But, apparently, his early years spent on Kutaisi soil, among Georgians, affected his character. He became as hot-tempered, temperamental, restless as his fellow countrymen. He spoke excellent Georgian.

Early years

At the age of eight, Mayakovsky entered one of the gymnasiums in Kutaisi, but after the death of his father in 1906, he moved to Moscow with his mother and sisters. There Vladimir entered the fourth grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Due to lack of funds to pay for training, after a year and a half he was expelled from educational institution. During this period, he met the Marxists, became imbued with their ideas and joined the party, and was persecuted by the tsarist authorities for his revolutionary views. He had to spend eleven months in Butyrka prison, from which he was released for being a juvenile at the beginning of 1910.

Creation

The poet himself dates the beginning of his poetic creativity from the time of his imprisonment. It was behind bars that Vladimir wrote his first works. An entire notebook with poems was confiscated by the guards. Mayakovsky was a talented person in many areas. After his release, he became interested in painting and even entered the Stroganov School. There he studied in preparatory class. In 1911 he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Three years later, he was expelled from the school for speaking publicly at gatherings.

He subsequently gained recognition in the artistic field. For his work on advertising posters for the Dobrolet company, the predecessor of Aeroflot, at the Paris exhibition Vladimir Mayakovsky received a silver medal.

Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote several screenplays for films in which he himself starred.

The creator called himself a “working poet.” Before him, no one wrote sweepingly using the so-called ladder. This was his signature style. Readers were delighted with this innovation, but “colleagues” could not stand it. There is an opinion that Mayakovsky invented this ladder for the sake of fees. In those days they paid for each line.

Love

The poet’s personal relationships were not easy. His first great love was Lilya Brik. Mayakovsky met her in July 1915. They started living together in the eighteenth year. He gave her a ring with the engraving “LOVE”, which meant Lilya Yuryevna Brik.

While traveling in France, Tatyana Yakovleva, a Russian emigrant, the poet ordered his second great love to be sent a bouquet of flowers every day. Even after the poet’s death, flowers came to the Russian beauty. During World War II, Tatyana only saved herself from hunger by selling the bouquets that came to her.

Mayakovsky had two children. Son Gleb-Nikita born in 1921 from artist Lily Lavinskaya and daughter Helen-Patricia born in 1926 from Ellie Jones.

Death

After prolonged attacks in the press, which began in 1929, on April 14, 1930, Vladimir Mayakovsky shot himself in his apartment. Thousands of people attended his funeral. The farewell to the poet lasted for three days.

Life milestones:

• July 9, 1983 - birth;
• 1908 - entry into the RSDLP, conclusion;
• 1909 - first poems;
• 1910 - release from prison;
• 1912 - poetic debut;
• 1925 - travel to Germany, Mexico, France, USA;
• 1929 - the beginning of attacks on the poet in newspapers;
• April 14, 1930 - death.

Mayakovsky literally burst into the world with his soul-stirring, unusual poems. Handsome, powerful, broad in gestures, thoughts and feelings - such is this poet, speaking first name to the Sun.

Childhood and youth

Began life path Mayakovsky in the Georgian village of Baghdadi, Kutaisi province, where he was born on July 19, 1893 into an impoverished noble family. Mayakovsky was born on his father’s birthday, so they named him Vladimir.

The family did not live well. The father, filled with a sense of responsibility for his household, worked a lot and hard. In 1906 he passed away - he died of blood poisoning. At this time, Volodya is thirteen, he is a student at the Kutaisi gymnasium. After the death of their father, the mother and her children, son and daughters, moved to Moscow. Having studied a little at the fifth classical gymnasium, the future poet was expelled from it for non-payment.

And then the rebellious beginning of Vladimir Mayakovsky began to be realized in revolutionary activities. In 1908 he became a member of the Bolshevik Party. The result of this is eleven months in Butyrka prison. It was from here that the young man took out his first notebook of poems. After his release from prison, his party work is interrupted.

Active creative activity

He begins to actively engage in literature, joining futurism - a scandalous movement in art. In their program collection “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste,” the poet’s first poems, “Morning” and “Night,” were published in 1912. The poem with the unusual title “Cloud in Pants” was published in the second half of the 1910s thanks to Osip Brik, whom Mayakovsky met in the summer of 1915. Since then, Osip and Lilya Brik became his friends. Lilichka, as Vladimir Vladimirovich affectionately called her, is associated with sincere love feelings, later expressed in poetry.

Taking an active life position, Mayakovsky always responded to political events. Thus, the poem “War and Peace” is dedicated to the First World War, “Left March” - to the revolutionary events of 1917.

This man-tribune not only wrote brilliant poetry, but also wrote scripts, acted in films, was an excellent reader, and painted propaganda and satirical posters in “Windows of ROSTA” - the Russian telegraph agency that dealt with propaganda art.

Numerous trips

In the first half of the twenties, the poet visited Western countries- Latvia, Germany, France, and in 1925 - the USA, Cuba, Mexico. He wrote poems and articles about European impressions, read his poetic works, and gave presentations. The poet dedicated a whole cycle of poems and the essay “My Discovery of America” to America.

In the second half of the 20s I traveled a lot around Soviet Union speaking to various audiences.

Satirical orientation of creativity

One of the important directions of Mayakovsky's work is satire. It manifested itself in numerous poetic works and the comedies of the late twenties “The Bedbug”, “Bathhouse”, staged at the Meyerhold Theater - about a society that has forgotten about true revolutionary values. At this time, tragic motives are already heard in creativity.

The end of a short fiery journey

The life of the great poet was cut short on April fourteenth, 1930. He shot himself with a pistol directly in the heart. Disputes about the ambiguity of this death continue to this day.

Mayakovsky remained in the hearts of his descendants as a man who did not tolerate lies and falsehood, and as a poet who wrote poems that seared the soul.

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Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky is talented and one of the most famous poets 20th century. Interesting facts about Mayakovsky they will tell about the versatility of his personality. Without exaggeration, this man had enormous artistic talent. But some events of his fate have remained a mystery to this day.

1.Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born in Georgia.

2.Three times in his entire life Mayakovsky was arrested.

3. This poet enjoyed enormous success among women.

4.Despite her marriage to another man, Lilya Yuryevna Brik was the main muse and woman in Mayakovsky’s life.

5. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was never officially married, but he had two children.

6. Mayakovsky’s dad died from blood poisoning. And it was after this tragedy that Mayakovsky himself was always afraid of catching an infection.

7. Mayakovsky always carried a soap dish with him and washed his hands regularly.

8. This man’s invention is a poem written with a “ladder”.

10. Mayakovsky liked to play billiards and cards, which allows us to judge his love for gambling.

11. In 1930, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky shot himself, having written a suicide note 2 days before.

12. The coffin for this poet was made by sculptor Anton Lavinsky.

13. Mayakovsky had two sisters and two brothers. The first brother died at a very young age, and the second at 2 years old.

14. Personally, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky starred in several films.

16. The pedigree of Mayakovsky’s parents went back to the Zaporozhye Cossacks.

17. Mayakovsky always treated older people generously and with kindness.

18. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky always gave money to needy old people.

19. Mayakovsky really liked dogs.

20. Mayakovsky created his first poems at a young age.

21. Mayakovsky usually composed poetry on the go. Sometimes he had to walk 15-20 km to come up with the right rhyme.

22.The body of the deceased poet was cremated.

23. Mayakovsky bequeathed all his own creations to the Brik family.

24. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was considered an accomplice in the anti-religious campaign, where he promoted atheism.

25. For creating the “ladder”, many other poets accused Mayakovsky of cheating.

27. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky had a daughter from a Russian emigrant Elizaveta Siebert, who died in 2016.

29. While in prison, he never stopped showing his complex character.

30. Mayakovsky was considered an ardent supporter of the revolution, even though he defended socialist and communist ideals.

31. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky did not like futurists.

33. Mayakovsky’s works were translated into different languages peace.

34. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born into a family of mixed classes.

35. Due to the fact that Mayakovsky’s parents did not have money, the boy only completed his studies until the 5th grade.

36. Mayakovsky’s main needs were travel.

37. The poet had many not only admirers, but also enemies.

39. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky committed suicide at the age of 36, and he prepared for it for a long time.

40. Mayakovsky met the liberal-democratic intelligentsia while studying at the Kutaisi gymnasium.

41.In 1908, Mayakovsky was expelled from the Moscow gymnasium due to the family’s lack of money.

42. Mayakovsky and Liliya Brik never hid their relationship, and Liliya’s husband was not against this outcome of events.

43. Mayakovsky’s bacteriophobia developed after the death of his father, who pricked himself with a pin and introduced infection.

44. Brik always begged Mayakovsky for expensive gifts.

45.Mayakovsky’s life was connected not only with literature, but also with cinema.

46. ​​Major publications began publishing Mayakovsky’s works only in 1922.

47. Tatyana Yakovleva, another beloved woman of Mayakovsky, was 15 years younger than him.

48. A witness to the death of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was Veronica Polonskaya, his last woman.

49. Mayakovsky’s death benefited only Liliya Brik, who received a cooperative apartment and money as an inheritance from the poet.

50. In his youth, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky took part in revolutionary demonstrations.

52.In 1917, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky had to lead a detachment of 7 soldiers.

53. In 1918, Mayakovsky had to star in 3 films of his own script.

54. Mayakovsky considered the years of the Civil War to be the best time of his life.

55.Mayakovsky’s longest journey was a trip to America.

56. For a long time, Polonskaya was considered the culprit in Mayakovsky’s death.

57. Polonskaya was also pregnant from Mayakovsky, who did not ruin her married life and had an abortion.

58.Dramaturgy also attracted Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.

59.The poet created 9 film scripts.

60.After the death of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, his creations were strictly prohibited.

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