Robert Bruce Scotland. Biography. Domestic policy of Robert the Bruce

Organizer of the country's defense in the initial period of the war for independence against England.

Robert the Bruce was born on July 11, 1274 at Turnberry Castle, Scotland. The boy came from the Norman family of Bruce, who moved to England with the army of William the Conqueror. In Scotland, the dynasty owned Annandale Castle, which they received in the mid-12th century. The Bruces were related to the House of Plantagenet. From his grandfather Robert the Bruce, fifth Lord of Annandale, young Robert inherited rights to the crown of Scotland. At that time Scotland was under English rule.

Bruce's father took part in the Scottish independence rebel Wallace's Rebellion in 1297. However, after the uprising was suppressed and Wallace was executed, the father had no choice but to take the oath to the King of England. After the death of his father, Robert the Bruce became the main contender for the Scottish throne. Subsequently he led the anti-English movement in the country. At a meeting in Dumfries, representatives of the noble families of Scotland unanimously proclaimed Robert the Bruce king.

Robert's coronation as King of Scotland took place on 25 March 1306. At that time, most of Scotland was occupied by the troops of Edward I. In the summer of 1306, Robert suffered two defeats from the British and was forced to flee to Ireland. A year later, after the death of Edward I, Bruce returns to Scotland to continue the fight against the English.

By 1314, Bruce had captured a fairly large area of ​​England, including Edinburgh. At the end of June 1314, the Scottish army defeated the English at Bannockburn, thanks to which Edward II was forced to conclude a truce with Bruce.

In 1328, England officially recognized the independence of Scotland. Robert I the Bruce became the founder of the Bruce royal dynasty.

King Robert I of Scotland died on June 7, 1329 in Cardross. He was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, and the heart, in accordance with the king's will, was given to James Douglas, who took it to crusade to Spain. After the death of Douglas, the heart of King Robert I returned to Scotland and was buried in Melrose Abbey in the city of the same name. In 1920, archaeologists discovered and then reburied the heart, but did not indicate its exact location. In 1996, during construction work, a box was found with a heart supposedly kept in it. Following the king's dying wishes, it was reburied again at Melrose Abbey in 1998.

Robert the Bruce family

First wife - (married 1295 to 1300) Isabella of Mar, daughter of Donald, 6th Earl of Mar;
Daughter - Marjorie Bruce (1296-1316), married (from 1315) to Walter Stewart

Second wife - Elizabeth de Burgh (married 1302), daughter of Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster;
Son - David II (1324-1371), king of Scotland
Daughter - Margaret Bruce (no later than 1327 - about 1347), married (from 1345) to Son - William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland
Daughter - Matilda (Maud) Bruce (no later than 1327-1353)
Son - John Bruce (1327 - died in infancy)

Illegitimate children

Sir Neil of Carrick (? - 1346)
Walter of Odistun
Christina from Carrick
Robert the Bruce, Baron of Liddysdale (between 1302 and 1320-1332)
Margaret Bruce (no later than 1327 - no earlier than 1364)
Elizabeth Bruce (no later than 1327 - ?)

Robert I Bruce

Robert I was the son of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, and grandson of the famous Robert Bruce, one of the contenders for the Scottish throne during the "Great Moot" of 1291–1292. Through the female line, the Bruces were descended from a Scottish royal dynasty that finally died out in 1290, which allowed them to persistently seek the crown even after Scotland was annexed to England in 1296. Robert himself began the war with the English in 1297, joining the rebellion of William Wallace. At the same time, he rose up not only against the English king, but also against his own father, who remained loyal to Edward I.

An old Scottish chronicle says that he did this without thinking about the crown, but only out of love for his homeland. For five years he was a stubborn opponent of the British, but in 1302 he reconciled with them. In 1304, having inherited the lordship of Annandale and family rights to the throne after his father, he again began to prepare an uprising. According to contemporaries, young Bruce was gifted with strength and courage, filled with nobility and was considered a good military leader. In general, he was affectionate and generous, but in fits of anger, he sometimes committed criminal cruelties.

In his struggle, Bruce wanted, first of all, to enlist the support of the powerful Comyn clan, always hostile to the Bruces. On 10 February 1306 he met John Comyn at the Franciscan church of Dumfries. The rivals wanted to consult about joint actions, but word for word the conversation became very heated. Finally Bruce pounced on Comyn and stabbed him with a dagger. This murder, committed in the church right in front of the altar, should have brought upon him accusations of sacrilege and treachery.

However, his cause immediately found a warm response among the Scots. The Patriots saw their leader in Bruce and supported him without any hesitation. Robert led the fight with the fearlessness, speed and prudence that always distinguished him. In a matter of days he took Dumfries, Ayr, Tibbers and other castles in the south-west of the country. On March 25, he was solemnly crowned in Skåne. But in order to really become a king, he had to overcome many more difficulties.

Already on June 19, the governor of Scotland, Valance, inflicted a heavy defeat on Bruce near Perth in the Methven Forest. The king himself was knocked off his horse and found himself captured by a Scotsman who fought on the side of the English. But he gave him freedom. With a handful of knights, Bruce fled to the Geyland Mountains. Driven from one place to another, he and his companions were subjected to severe hardships during these wanderings. Bruce's wife and her court ladies ate only game and fish. Having reached Dalry, Bruce was defeated a second time by Lord Argyll MacDouglas.

Leaving his wife at Kildrum Castle, Robert went to the Hebrides. He spent the winter on Rathlin Island. The news that came to him from Scotland was the most disappointing. Unable to get to the very instigator of the disturbances, King Edward unleashed brutal reprisals on his friends and relatives. Many Scots who were captured in the unfortunate battle in Methven Forest were executed, despite the fact that among them there were representatives of the most noble families. The bishops of St. Andrews and Glasgow, who supported Bruce's coronation with their authority, were shackled. Kildrum Castle was taken, and Nils Bruce, the king's younger brother, who defended it, was given a painful execution. The king's wife and one of his sisters were kept under strict surveillance for several years, and the other sister and Countess Isabella Bahan were caged for public viewing and ridicule for their participation in the coronation in Scone. In February 1307, Robert's two other brothers, Thomas and Alexander, were captured and executed. The unfortunate king, forced to hide either in Ireland or in Norway, could do nothing to help his family. But, despite all the blows of fate, he continued to fight. Early in 1307, Bruce returned to Scotland, and in April he ambushed the English in Glen Troul and achieved his first modest victory. Inspired by success, he henceforth knew no defeat. At this time, his outstanding talent as a commander was fully revealed: he quickly maneuvered, exhausted the enemy in small skirmishes, and, if necessary, devastated the country, leveling fortifications to the ground. On May 10, Bruce came face to face with Valence at Loudon Hill. The Scottish infantry stood on high ground with earthen ramparts on the flanks, and the governor, having great numerical superiority, had to attack on a narrow front. The Scots withstood the pressure of the knights, and then went on the offensive and overthrew them. After this new victory, the number of the king's supporters began to grow rapidly. In addition, the stubborn enemy of the Scots, King Edward I of England, died in July 1307. His son, Edward II, was far inferior to him in ability.

The north of Scotland recognized Bruce's authority. In March 1309, Robert convened his first parliament in St. Andrews and from that time began to deal not only with the military, but also state affairs. But his main task remained the war for independence. Over the next two years, the Scots took dozens of castles, although they did not have any siege engines and could only rely on their dexterity. Then it was the turn major cities. In the spring of 1313, Robert approached Perth, fortified with a stone wall and towers. The king himself jumped into the ditch, crossed it up to his neck in icy water and ended up second on top of the wall. Perth fell almost without a fight. A month later the same fate befell Dumfries. In February 1314, James Douglas took Roxborough, and three weeks later the king's nephew, Thomas Randolph, took Edinburgh. Thus, by 1314 only Berwick and Stirling remained in English hands. Edward II had to put all matters aside and rush to their rescue. He managed to collect strong army, calling to his banner more than 20 thousand infantrymen and riflemen from all over England. Its main and striking power was a detachment of 3 thousand knights. This huge army was almost twice the size with which Edward I conquered Scotland in 1296. Robert gathered his forces in Torwood Forest south of Stirling. He had only 10 thousand infantry and 500 horsemen. The king divided them into four battalions, one of which was commanded by himself, another by his brother Edward, the third by Douglas, and the fourth by Randolph. He placed the army on a high wooded hill, in front of which stretched the uneven swampy valley of the Forth River, crossed by streams (after one of them - Bannockborn - the battle was called Bannockborn). To further complicate the enemy’s movement, the king ordered many “wolf pits” to be dug and carefully camouflaged.

The decisive battle began at dawn on June 24. It was started by the English archers, who began to strain their bows and shoot arrows so quickly that they fell like snow. Many Scots were killed, and perhaps, as had happened more than once, the shooters would have decided the victory if Bruce, who foresaw the danger, had not ordered an attack on them by the selected cavalry detachment of Keith, which he had in reserve for this purpose. Since the shooters had no other weapons except bows and arrows, the Scottish cavalry quickly killed and scattered them. To reinforce the riflemen, the excellent English cavalry rushed to the attack. But when she reached the place where the pits were dug, the horses and riders began to fall into them and, weighed down by weapons, could not get up. Disorder spread in the ranks of the British, and Bruce, taking advantage of this, ordered his troops to go on the offensive. The basis of the Scottish army was infantry. The king led her on the offensive in closed ranks (shiltrons). It was very difficult to use such a formation in rough terrain, but the Scots held the line unbreakably, and this ultimately brought them victory. Despite the fierce resistance of the British, the Schiltrons moved forward uncontrollably and pressed the enemy until they crushed all the mounted brigades, infantry and riflemen of Edward II into one disorderly crowd. At the height of the battle, Bruce threw his last battalion into action, behind which, with a loud cry, rushed a crowd of poorly armed peasants assigned to guard the convoy. The battle turned into a beating. In unimaginable confusion, the enormous size of the English army led to a fatal outcome. Hundreds of Englishmen, trampling and crushing each other, drowned in Bannockbourne. Edward himself, having lost his horse, shield and personal royal seal, miraculously escaped death. Pursued by Douglas, he rode day and night to Dunbar, where the Earl of March gave him a boat.

The Battle of Bannockbourn decided the outcome of the war: after it, England no longer had the strength to keep Scotland under its rule. Having captured Stirling and, in 1318, Berwick, Bruce restored the kingdom to its old borders. However, the war continued for another ten years, since Edward stubbornly did not want to recognize Robert’s royal title. To force him to peace, Bruce expanded the scope of his actions. The Scots began to raid the northern English counties and completely devastated them. Robert's brother Edward led the war in Ireland and angered the entire island against the English. The king himself began a stubborn siege of northern English castles. He began to grant his barons charters for land in Northumberland, making it clear that he would not stop at seizing the border counties. The English suffered terribly from the Scottish War and the devastation of their country. The people loudly demanded peace. There was nothing to be done: soon after the death of Edward II, his son, young Edward III, with the consent of Parliament, accepted all of Bruce's conditions. In May 1328, peace was concluded. Edward renounced his claims to fief power over Scotland and recognized it independent state, and Robert the Bruce, “his beloved ally and friend,” as King of Scots. To cement the friendship, it was agreed that Robert's son David would marry Edward's sister Joanna.

Thus, the work to which Robert the Bruce devoted his entire life and to which he gave all his strength was brought to an end. The news of this success found the king already seriously ill. During the years of wandering, his health deteriorated, and he also suffered from leprosy from his youth. Robert lived the last peaceful year of his turbulent reign in complete relaxation at his palace in Cardross.

King of Scotland

The paternal ancestors are of Scots-Norman origin (Brieux (French Brieux), Normandy), and the maternal ancestors are of Franco-Gaelic origin.

Early life

At the same time, Robert I intensified efforts to reach agreement with the Pope. In the conflict between England and Scotland, the papacy took a consistent pro-English position, excommunicating Robert the Bruce and his supporters from the church and refusing to recognize him as king of Scotland. However, the Scottish clergy supported their king and in 1320 published the Declaration of Arbroath, addressed to the Pope, which asserted the independence of Scotland and justified Bruce's right to the crown.

The last attempt by the English king to achieve the subjugation of Scotland was made in 1327, after the overthrow of Edward II. But the campaign of Roger Mortimer and the young Edward III ended in failure. In response, Robert I's troops again ravaged Northumberland and landed in Ireland. As a result, England was forced to sign the Treaty of Northampton in 1328, which recognized Scotland as an independent sovereign state and Robert I as King of Scotland. The Isle of Man and Berwick were also returned to Scotland.

Domestic policy of Robert the Bruce

The defeat of the Comyn party in Scotland by Robert the Bruce and the expulsion of the pro-English barons entailed massive confiscations of lands and their redistribution in favor of the king and his entourage (Douglas, Randolphs, Campbells) with the release of these possessions from a significant part of the obligations. As a result, vassal-feudal relations experienced a second revival during the reign of Robert I, while the general Western Europe the trend towards strengthening the royal administration locally was not reflected in Scotland. In conditions of acute financial deficit due to constant wars with England, Robert I was forced to renounce his royal prerogatives in a large part of Scottish cities for the payment of a fixed annual payment in favor of the king (the “fu-farming” system), which subsequently led to a narrowing of financial reserves royal power. In 1326, the Scottish Parliament, convened at Cambuskenneth, in which representatives of the cities took part for the first time in the country's history, voted Robert I an extraordinary income tax of 10% for the duration of his reign.

The Anglo-Norman Bruce family, who arrived in Scotland at the beginning of the 12th century, had family connections with the royal house of Scotland, thanks to which the sixth Robert de Bruce (died 1295), grandfather of the future king, laid claim to the throne when it became vacant in 1290 year. However, King Edward I of England asserted his feudal dominance over the Scots and awarded the crown to John Balliol.

The eighth Robert de Bruce was born on July 11, 1274. His father, the seventh Robert de Bruce (died 1304), renounced the Earldom of Carrick in his favor in 1292. However, little is known about his life before 1306. During the period of revolts against the English in 1296-1304, he once appears among those who supported William Wallace, but later apparently regained the confidence of Edward I. There is nothing in this period that could make him seen as the future leader of the Scots in the war of independence against Edward I's attempt to impose his direct rule in Scotland.

An important event was the murder on February 10, 1306 of John (Red) Comyn in the Franciscan church in Dumfries, committed by Bruce or his supporters. Comyn, John Balliol's nephew, was a possible contender for the crown, and Bruce's actions perhaps show that he had already decided to seize the throne. He hurried to Scone and was crowned on March 25th.

King of Scotland.

The position of the new king was difficult. Edward I., whose garrisons occupied many of the most important castles in Scotland, declared him a traitor and made every effort to destroy the movement, which he considered a rebellion. King Robert was defeated twice in 1306 - on 19 June at Methven, near Perth, and on 11 August at Dalry, near Tyndrum in the county of Perth. His wife and many of his supporters were captured, and his three brothers were executed. The king himself became a fugitive, hiding on the remote island of Rathlin off the northern coast of Ireland. In February 1307 he returned to County Eyre. At first, his main support was only his surviving brother Edward, however, over the next few years his number of supporters increased. The king himself defeated John Comyn, Earl of Buchan (cousin of the murdered John the Red), and in 1313 captured Perth, which was in the hands of the English garrison. But most of the battles were fought by his supporters, who successively conquered Galloway, Douglasdale, Selkirk Forest and most of the eastern borders, and finally Edinburgh. During these years the king was helped by the support of some leading representatives of the Scottish Church, as well as the death in 1307 of Edward I and the incapacity of his heir Edward II. The test came in 1314, when a large English army attempted to rescue the garrison of Stirling. Her defeat at Bannockburn was a triumph for Robert I.

Strengthening power.

Almost the majority of his reign passed before he forced the English to recognize his position. Berwick was captured in 1318 and raids were launched into northern England, causing enormous damage. Finally, after the deposition of Edward II in 1327, the regency council under Edward III decided to bring peace by concluding the Treaty of Northampton in 1328, on terms that included recognizing Robert I as king and renouncing England's claim to sovereignty. However, the king's main efforts were aimed at the internal affairs of the kingdom. Until the birth of the future King David II in 1324, he had no heir, and two laws, 1315 and 1318, were dedicated to succession. Also, in 1314, Parliament specified that all those who remained loyal to the English were to be deprived of their lands; this act allowed the king's supporters to be rewarded with confiscated lands. Sometimes these rewards proved dangerous because they made some of the king's supporters too powerful. James Douglas, knighted at Bannockburn, received the main lands in the counties of Selkirk and Roxbrough, which became the core of the subsequent power of the Douglas family. Robert I also restored the process of royal rule, since the administration had been virtually inactive since 1296. By the end of his reign, the treasury system was again functioning, and the earliest example of a state seal dates back to this time.

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IN recent years Robert I suffered from illness (probably leprosy) throughout his life and spent most of his time in Cardross, Dumbarton, where he died on 7 June 1329. His body was buried in Dumfernline Abbey, but at his command the heart was separated and taken by Sir James Douglas on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Douglas was killed along the way in 1330, however, according to one very dubious legend, the royal heart was saved and returned back to Melrose Abbey.

Question
Anna 28.12.2006 10:04:08

Maybe not an opinion but a question? While digging up the biography of Robert of Huntington, I came across an article that suggested that he and Robert the Bruce were related on the female side. Could this be possible? This, by the way, was found by the author of that article in Scottish chronicles. I am afraid to mistake a myth for reality and would like, if possible, to hear a more detailed explanation.

Robert I Bruce (Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis) was born on July 11, 1274, died on June 7, 1329, ascended to the Scottish throne in 1306 and reigned for 23 years. Greatest King Scotland, who led the country's defense in the War of Independence against England. Founder of the royal dynasty of Bruce. Even in his youth, Robert was considered a brave and strong warrior, the best after William Wallace, whose supporter he was. He was an outstanding commander, generous and kind person, but at the same time he was passionate and ardent, which is why he did not always perform plausible actions. One such example is the murder of John Comyn the Red, regent of Scotland and pretender to the throne. Robert the Bruce quarreled with him in the church of Greyfriars Monastery and killed him.

Robert then summoned his followers and was crowned at Scone on 25 March 1306. In May of the same year, the Pope excommunicated him from the church for the murder of Comyn on holy ground.

A little later in June, Bruce was defeated by the English king Edward Longshanks, nicknamed "The Hammer of Scots", at the Battle of Methven. Narrowly escaping capture, Bruce and a handful of followers fled to the Strathfillan mountains. From there they tried to make their way to Lorne, but its leader MacDougall turned out to be a relative of the murdered Red Comyn and defeated the remnants of the royal army.

In the winter of 1307, Robert's situation worsened, he sent his wife Queen Isabella to the only castle he had left, Kildrummy. However, Kildrummy did not last, and its inhabitants, including Robert's wife and his immediate family, found themselves in harsh captivity.

Robert himself, accompanied by several loyal friends, fled to Rathlin Island off the coast of Ireland. It was there that the legendary story supposedly took place, which became a legend in the Bruce family. Robert lay in the hut and pondered whether it would be better to abandon ambitious thoughts and go to the Holy Land to atone for his sins and fight the Saracens. At that moment, Bruce noticed a spider on the ceiling, swinging on a web, trying to move from one ceiling beam to another. The insect repeated the attempt six times and failed six times. Then it occurred to Bruce that he himself had lost six battles to the British and their allies. And he wished that if the spider succeeded in climbing the beam on the seventh attempt, then he himself would return to Scotland and make a final attempt to seize the throne, and if unsuccessful, he would leave for Palestine. As soon as Bruce made such a decision, the spider, swinging with all its might, caught onto the beam and attached the web. Bruce also decided to try his luck again. And, just as before that he suffered only failures, so after this incident he knew no defeats.

Robert the Bruce with a small detachment sailed from Rathlin to the Isle of Arran. There he met his friend Douglas, and together they went to Scotland. Having settled in Carrick, Bruce began to make daring forays against the British. Having heard about Bruce's successes, the free Scots began to join him, and gradually the small detachment turned into an army.

Under the onslaught of the Scots, the castles fell one after another: Linlithgow, Dumbarton, Perth. In the spring of 1314, Roxborough and Edinburgh were captured, and Stirling was besieged. Robert even raided the English border territories and captured the Isle of Man. During all this time not a single thing happened major battle with the British. Bruce actually led guerrilla warfare. Edward I, nicknamed "The Hammer of the Scots", died in 1307 and was succeeded by the weak-willed Edward II. He was cowardly, stubborn and subject to the influence of numerous favorites. Having ascended to the throne in the midst of another Scottish campaign, he missed the opportunity to finish off Bruce before he gained strength.

Only in the spring of 1314, having gathered a huge army, Edward II moved to the borders of Scotland. Bruce's men were outnumbered and much worse armed. But Bruce was an experienced military leader, he placed his army perfectly on the battlefield. On one side it was covered by a bog, and on the other by the Bannockburn River with steep banks, and in front of them the Scots had built pit traps.

The famous battle for the liberation of Scotland broke out on June 24 and was called the Battle of Bannockburn.

The British began the battle in a knightly manner - sending forward heavily armed cavalry. But in front of her an insurmountable barrier stood a strip of pits and traps: the horses fell, breaking their legs and throwing clumsy men-at-arms to the ground. But still, some of the knights, happily avoiding such an unexpected obstacle, crashed into the lines of spearmen standing on the hill.

Hand-to-hand combat began. The English archers decided to support their own, but thereby caused damage to their knights, since the opponents were mixed up in the battle. When they attempted to fire at the Scots from the left flank, Bruce ordered his cavalry to attack them. The archers retreated from the hill with considerable losses.

The battle had been in full swing for several hours, but neither side could gain the upper hand over the enemy. Then Robert the Bruce ordered his last reserve to join the battle: a thousand highlanders hiding in ambush behind the hill. They attacked the startled British in a crowd. Unable to withstand such a decisive onslaught, the English army wavered.

At this time, the servants of the English knights, grooms and cooks stationed in the rear, for some reason decided that their masters were about to win and poured out of their hiding place, armed with whatever. However, the British decided that the Scots had attacked them from the rear and fled. Edward ran the fastest and barely managed to reach Dunbar, which was still held by the British. Never before or since Bannockburn had the Scots won such a victory. glorious victory, and the British did not tolerate such a humiliating defeat. So all of Scotland was cleared of the English, and Robert the Bruce became one of the most famous monarchs in history.

Having become King of Scotland, Robert tried to realize the ancient dream of the Scots about a united country of the Gaels (Ireland and Scotland). In 1315 he sent an army to Ireland under the command of his brave but reckless brother Edward. The Ulstermen even elevated him to the throne, but he really lacked the prudence and discretion of his older brother. On next year Robert himself had to stand at the head of the army and go to the aid of Edward. However, in 1318, due to the troubles that began in Scotland, Robert had to return, and Edward was defeated by the English. After this, the Scots abandoned attempts to conquer Ireland.

Failure in Ireland was offset by success in England. In 1317, Berwick was taken, and in 1319, at Mytton, the army of the Archbishop of York was defeated. Subsequently, the Scots made successful raids on Lancashire and Yorkshire more than once. In 1327, after the overthrow of Edward II, the British made a last attempt to return Scotland to submission. But the campaign of Roger Mortimer and the young Edward III ended in failure. In response, Robert I's troops again ravaged Northumberland and landed in Ireland. As a result, England was forced to sign the Treaty of Northampton in 1328, according to which Scotland was recognized as an independent sovereign state, and Robert I was recognized as King of Scotland. The Isle of Man and Berwick were also returned to Scotland.

On June 7, 1329, Robert the Bruce died at Cardross Castle, as is commonly believed, from leprosy, which he contracted during his wild youth. He was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, but according to his will, his heart was to be transported to Palestine. The king's friend James Douglas volunteered to carry out this mission. He set out with the bravest Scottish knights, but along the way he stopped in Spain to help Alfonso IX in the battle against the Emir of Cordoba. The Moors used their favorite tactic: they began to feign retreat, luring into a trap the Scots, unfamiliar with this style of fighting. Very quickly, Douglas and his comrades were surrounded. They say that in the midst of the battle, Douglas took the amulet with Bruce's heart from his neck and threw it into the crowd of Moors, and then began to make his way to the place of the fall, thereby showing his comrades that it was as if King Robert himself had led them into battle. Douglas's body was found lying on an amulet, as if he had covered it with himself in a last effort to protect his friend's heart. After this, the Douglass began to depict a bloody heart topped with a crown on their shields. The few surviving Scots decided to return to their homeland. Sir Simon Lockhart was entrusted with carrying the amulet with Bruce's heart, who after this incident changed his surname Lockhart ("Strong Constipation") to Lockhart ("Locked Heart"). The Scots reached safely native land, and Bruce's heart was buried under the altar of Melrose Abbey.