What does potassium bicarbonate react with? Food additive E501 (potassium carbonate and bicarbonate) - benefits and harm. Contraindications for use

KHCO 3 Physical properties Molar mass 100.12 g/mol Density 2.17 g/cm³ Thermal properties T. float. decomposition Chemical properties Solubility in water 33.3 20; 68.3 70 g/100 ml Classification Reg. CAS number 298-14-6 Reg. EC number 206-059-0 Data given is based on standard conditions (25 °C, 100 kPa) unless otherwise stated.

Potassium bicarbonate- sour salt alkali metal potassium and carbonic acid with chemical formula KHCO3. White powder.

Receipt

• By passing excess carbon dioxide through a solution of potassium hydroxide:

$\backslash mathsf(KOH\; +\; CO\_2\; \backslash \; \backslash xrightarrow(\backslash \; )\backslash \; KHCO\_3\; )$

• or potassium carbonate solution:

$\backslash mathsf(K\_2CO\_3\; +\; CO\_2\; +\; H\_2O\; \backslash \; \backslash xrightarrow(\backslash \; )\backslash \; 2KHCO\_3\; )$

Physical properties

Potassium bicarbonate- colorless crystals of monoclinic system, space group P 2 1 /n, a= 1.453 nm, b= 0.569 nm, c= 0.368 nm, β = 90.32°, Z = 4. Easily soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.

Chemical properties

• Aqueous solutions of potassium bicarbonate have a slightly alkaline reaction due to hydrolysis at the anion:

$\backslash mathsf(2\backslash \; HCO\_3^-\; +\; H\_2O\; \backslash \; \backslash rightleftarrows\backslash \; H\_2CO\_3\; +\; OH^-\; )$

• When heated, potassium bicarbonate decomposes:

$\backslash mathsf(2\backslash \; KHCO\_3\; \backslash \; \backslash xrightarrow(100^oC)\backslash \; K\_2CO\_3\; +\; CO\_2\backslash uparrow\; +\; H\_2O\; )$

• Interacts with acids like all carbonates:

$\backslash mathsf(KHCO\_3\; +\; HCl\; \backslash \; \backslash xrightarrow(\backslash \; )\backslash \; KCl\; +\; CO\_2\backslash uparrow\; +\; H\_2O\; )$

• Reaction with alkalis leads to the formation medium salt:

$\backslash mathsf(KHCO\_3\; +\; KOH\; \backslash \; \backslash xrightarrow(\backslash \; )\backslash \; K\_2CO\_3\; +\; H\_2O\; )$

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Literature

• Lidin R.A. etc. Chemical properties of inorganic substances: Textbook. manual for universities. - 3rd ed., rev. - M.: Chemistry, 2000. - 480 p. - ISBN 5-7245-1163-0.
• Ripan R., Ceteanu I. Inorganic chemistry. Chemistry of metals. - M.: Mir, 1971. - T. 1. - 561 p.
• Chemist's Handbook / Editorial Board: Nikolsky B.P. and others. - 3rd ed., rev. - L.: Chemistry, 1971. - T. 2. - 1168 p.
• Chemical Encyclopedia / Editorial Board: Knunyants I.L. and others. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990. - T. 2. - 671 p. - ISBN 5-82270-035-5.

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Excerpt characterizing Potassium Bicarbonate

She paused. Everyone was silent, waiting for what would happen, and feeling that there was only a preface.
- Good, nothing to say! good boy!... The father is lying on his bed, and he is amusing himself, putting the policeman on a bear. It's a shame, father, it's a shame! It would be better to go to war.
She turned away and offered her hand to the count, who could hardly restrain himself from laughing.
- Well, come to the table, I have tea, is it time? - said Marya Dmitrievna.
The count walked ahead with Marya Dmitrievna; then the countess, who was led by a hussar colonel, the right person, with whom Nikolai was supposed to catch up with the regiment. Anna Mikhailovna - with Shinshin. Berg shook hands with Vera. A smiling Julie Karagina went with Nikolai to the table. Behind them came other couples, stretching across the entire hall, and behind them, one by one, were children, tutors and governesses. The waiters began to stir, the chairs rattled, music began to play in the choir, and the guests took their seats. The sounds of the count's home music were replaced by the sounds of knives and forks, the chatter of guests, and the quiet steps of waiters.
At one end of the table the countess sat at the head. On the right is Marya Dmitrievna, on the left is Anna Mikhailovna and other guests. At the other end sat the count, on the left the hussar colonel, on the right Shinshin and other male guests. On one side of the long table are older young people: Vera next to Berg, Pierre next to Boris; on the other hand - children, tutors and governesses. From behind the crystal, bottles and vases of fruit, the Count looked at his wife and her tall cap with blue ribbons and diligently poured wine for his neighbors, not forgetting himself. The countess also, from behind the pineapples, not forgetting her duties as a housewife, cast significant glances at her husband, whose bald head and face, it seemed to her, were more sharply different from his gray hair in their redness. There was a steady babble on the ladies' end; in the men's room, voices were heard louder and louder, especially the hussar colonel, who ate and drank so much, blushing more and more, that the count was already setting him up as an example to the other guests. Berg, with a gentle smile, spoke to Vera that love is not an earthly, but a heavenly feeling. Boris named his new friend Pierre the guests at the table and exchanged glances with Natasha, who was sitting opposite him. Pierre spoke little, looked at new faces and ate a lot. Starting from two soups, from which he chose a la tortue, [turtle,] and kulebyaki and to hazel grouse, he did not miss a single dish and not a single wine, which the butler mysteriously stuck out in a bottle wrapped in a napkin from behind his neighbor’s shoulder, saying or “drey Madeira", or "Hungarian", or "Rhine wine". He placed the first of the four crystal glasses with the count's monogram that stood in front of each device, and drank with pleasure, looking at the guests with an increasingly pleasant expression. Natasha, sitting opposite him, looked at Boris the way thirteen-year-old girls look at a boy with whom they had just kissed for the first time and with whom they are in love. This same look of hers sometimes turned to Pierre, and under the gaze of this funny, lively girl he wanted to laugh himself, not knowing why.
Nikolai sat far from Sonya, next to Julie Karagina, and again with the same involuntary smile he spoke to her. Sonya smiled grandly, but apparently was tormented by jealousy: she turned pale, then blushed and listened with all her might to what Nikolai and Julie were saying to each other. The governess looked around restlessly, as if preparing to fight back if anyone decided to offend the children. The German tutor tried to memorize all kinds of dishes, desserts and wines in order to describe everything in detail in a letter to his family in Germany, and was very offended by the fact that the butler, with a bottle wrapped in a napkin, carried him around. The German frowned, tried to show that he did not want to receive this wine, but was offended because no one wanted to understand that he needed the wine not to quench his thirst, not out of greed, but out of conscientious curiosity.

Russian name

Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

Latin name of the substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

Acidum citricum + Kalii hydrocarbonas + Natrii citras ( genus. Acidi citrici + Kalii hydrocarbonatis + Natrii citratis)

Pharmacological group of substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

Characteristics of substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

A treatment for nephrolithiasis.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Dissolves and prevents the formation of uric acid stones by alkalizing urine to pH values ​​of 6.6-6.8 (with a urine pH in the range of 6.6-6.8, the dissolution of uric acid salts significantly increases). In addition, it reduces calcium excretion, improves the solubility of calcium oxalate in urine, inhibits the formation of crystals and, therefore, prevents the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability is about 100%. Excreted by the kidneys.

Application of substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

Dissolution of uric acid and calcium oxalate stones and prevention of their formation; dissolution of mixed uric acid-oxalate stones (with an oxalate content of less than 25%); alkalinization of urine in persons receiving cytostatics or drugs that increase the excretion of uric acid; symptomatic treatment of skin porphyria.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity; acute and chronic renal failure; metabolic alkalosis; urinary tract infections caused by microorganisms that break down urea; Urine pH is above 7; the need to adhere to a strict salt-free diet (for example, in severe forms of arterial hypertension); children under 12 years of age (since there is not enough clinical experience regarding this age group).

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

There is no confirmed data on adverse effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The drug can be taken after consultation with a doctor.

Side effects of substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

Allergic reactions, edema (sodium retention), metabolic alkalosis, dyspepsia.

Interaction

Concomitant use of drugs containing citrates and aluminum may lead to increased absorption of aluminum. The interval between doses of such drugs should be at least 2 hours.

The effect of cardiac glycosides may be weakened when combined with the combination of citric acid + potassium bicarbonate + sodium citrate due to the presence of potassium in the combination.

Some drugs that lower blood pressure (aldosterone antagonists, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors), as well as NSAIDs and analgesics can reduce potassium excretion. The possibility of simultaneous use of such drugs is determined by the doctor.

Routes of administration

Inside.

Precautionary measures for substances Potassium bicarbonate + Citric acid + Sodium citrate

The average daily dose (12 g of granulated powder or 4 tablets) contains about 1.5 mg of potassium and 0.9 g of sodium (should be taken into account in patients with limited salt intake).

Can be used for chronic renal failure not accompanied by potassium ion retention.

Can be prescribed to patients with diabetes.

When dissolving uric acid stones, the daily dose should not be exceeded, since when the pH increases above 7, phosphates precipitate on the uric acid crystals, which prevents their further dissolution.

Food additive number E501 combines two related compounds of potassium carbonate:

• potassium carbonate directly,
• as well as potassium bicarbonate.

Learn about these substances used in production food products, it is possible from the table that follows.

(i) Potassium carbonate
Organoleptic properties	anhydrous potassium carbonate appears as a hygroscopic powder white, it has no odor, but its taste is alkaline; hydrated potassium carbonate appears as small translucent granules or white crystals
Empirical formula	anhydrous potassium carbonate: K 2 CO 3 ; hydrated potassium carbonate: K 2 CO 3 1.5H 2 O
	allowed
Technological functions	the additive is used as a stabilizer, leavening agent, acidity regulator, drying agent, yeast food, emulsifier
	used in products based on cocoa powder, milk powder; used in chocolate; this emulsifier is also added to pressed baker’s yeast
Alternative uses	The additive is also used in the production of liquid soap, optical glass, and various pigments.
Synonymous names	potassium carbonate; potassium carbonate; dipotassium carbonate; dipotassium carbonate; potash; potassium salt of carbonic acid
(ii) Potassium bicarbonate
Organoleptic properties	Potassium bicarbonate may look like granules or white powder, while the powder and granules are odorless; this substance may also look like completely transparent crystals
Empirical formula
Permission for use in food production	allowed
Technological functions	Potassium bicarbonate is used as a stabilizer, acidity regulator, leavening agent
Food products for which it is used	use food additive E501 in the production of powdered and condensed milk, dry and condensed cream, products using cocoa powder, jelly, marmalade, jam, chocolate
Alternative uses	Potassium bicarbonate is also used for the production of fire extinguishing compounds, as well as detergents
Synonymous names	potassium bicarbonate; potassium bicarbonate; potassium acid carbonate; potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate; potassium salt of carbonic acid; potassium acid carbonate

The food additive that is so widely used in the preparation of certain foods and detergents has been known to man for a very long time. IN Ancient Rome For example, potassium carbonate was used as a washing powder, since its alkaline base helped to perfectly remove various dirt and greasy stains from clothes. This substance was also known in Rus'. It was also used as a detergent. Potassium carbonate was obtained by evaporating a fire with a solution of ash. To do this, the solution was prepared in advance and poured over burning logs, but only so that they did not go out completely. When the fire burned out at the bottom of the hearth in which it burned, potash crystallized, another name for which is potassium carbonate. Pieces of potash were broken off and placed in barrels for storage.

Effect on the body: benefit or harm?

Effect of dietary supplement E501 in food products cannot be called harmful or dangerous. Hygienic norms of norm and excess consumption regarding potassium carbonates are not limited. However, the additive can cause harm in its pure form. Getting on skin or on the mucous membranes, it can cause serious burns and ulcers. The entry of potassium carbonates into the respiratory tract will provoke the development of allergies, and in addition they can provoke an exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases.

Allergy sufferers should be careful when using the E501 food additive, as it can provoke allergic reactions and the appearance of eczema.

Potassium carbonates- food additive E-501. Potassium carbonates obtained by reacting carbon dioxide with solutions of potassium carbonate.

Chemical formula of potassium carbonate: K 2 CO 3

Currently potassium carbonate obtained by reacting a solution of potassium hydroxide and carbon dioxide.

Applications of potassium carbonates

Component of liquid detergents, source of CO2 in fire extinguishing compounds.

IN food industry used as an acidity regulator and stabilizer in the production of soft drinks and as one of the additives in baking soda.

In the old days potash used to make gingerbread.

Other uses of potassium carbonates:

• in the agricultural industry, as fertilizer;
• in glass production, for the production of optical glass, crystal;
• in construction, as an additive to mortar, to reduce the freezing point;
• in photography, as one of the reagents for developing photographs;
• in fire extinguishing compositions as a source of CO2;
• in the production of liquid detergents;
• in soap making.

Historical background

In Rus' potash mined since the 16th century, it was considered a fairly valuable substance. Once, in 1660, under the threat of an attack by the Tatars, boyar Morozov even wrote a decree that all peasants would hide and bury potash, but only in such pits, “wherever there is water, on high places"what would be good soluble salt did not go into the soil. Made potash in the following way: wood ash was processed hot water in wooden troughs, and the resulting solution was poured over the burning fire, but in such a way that it would not be extinguished. The fire evaporated and crystallized in a large layer at the bottom potash, which was then hollowed out with crowbars and sealed in barrels. To obtain a kilogram of potash, about two cubic meters of wood were required, so in those days the forest was often burned in entire plantings. To obtain potash, only certain types of wood were used: maple, pine, birch, since they have the highest content of potassium carbonate.

Formula: KHCO3, chemical name: potassium bicarbonate.
Pharmacological group: metabolism/macro- and microelements.
Pharmacological action: replenishes potassium deficiency.

Pharmacological properties

Potassium bicarbonate replenishes potassium deficiency in the body. Helps in maintaining the required extra- and intracellular concentrations of potassium ions. Potassium is a major intracellular ion that plays an important role in the functioning of the body. Takes part in the regulation of osmotic pressure inside the cell, in the contraction of skeletal muscles, in the processes of transmission and conduction nerve impulse on innervated organs, as well as some biochemical processes. Reduces conductivity and excitability of the myocardium, inhibits automatism (in high doses).

Indications

Hypokalemia of various origins, including hypokalemia caused by diarrhea, vomiting, polyuria in chronic renal failure, hyperaldosteronism, taking certain medicines; paroxysmal myoplegia (hypokalemic form); arrhythmias, including during intoxication with glycosides; chronic hyperchloremic acidosis, which is associated with potassium deficiency.

Method of use of potassium bicarbonate and dose

For oral administration, the daily dose is 50 - 100 mEq of potassium, a single dose is 25 - 50 mEq of potassium; Duration of use and frequency of use depend on indications.
During therapy, it is necessary to monitor the electrocardiogram and potassium levels in the blood, and when treating hypokalemia, careful monitoring of acid-base balance is necessary.

Contraindications for use

Hypersensitivity, complete heart block, impaired renal excretory function, hyperkalemia of various origins, age under 18 years (safety and effectiveness of use have not been established).

Restrictions on use

Disturbances of atrioventricular conduction, pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (for oral administration).
Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding
If it is necessary to use potassium bicarbonate during pregnancy, it is necessary to assess the expected benefit of treatment for the mother and the possible risk to the fetus. During breastfeeding, if it is necessary to use potassium bicarbonate, it is necessary to resolve the issue of stopping it (breastfeeding).

Side effects of potassium bicarbonate

Digestive system: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting; water and electrolyte balance: hyperkalemia (muscle weakness, paresthesia in the lower and upper extremities, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, heart block, confusion).

Interaction of potassium bicarbonate with other substances

When using potassium bicarbonate together with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics, the risk of developing hyperkalemia increases ( this combination not recommended; if there is a need to prescribe it, then monitoring the concentration of potassium in the blood serum is necessary). Under the influence of potassium preparations, the effect of quinidine on the heart is enhanced, side reactions that can develop when taking cardiac glycosides are reduced, and the undesirable effect of disopyramide on the circulatory system is also enhanced.

Overdose

In case of an overdose of potassium bicarbonate, hyperkalemia develops (paresthesia, muscle hypotonicity, arrhythmia, slowing of atrioventricular conduction, cardiac arrest). Early clinical signs of hyperkalemia (when the content of potassium ions in plasma is more than 6 mEq/l) are widening of the QRS complex, sharpening of the T wave; more severe symptoms of hyperkalemia (at a plasma potassium ion concentration of 9–10 mEq/L) are cardiac arrest and muscle paralysis. Required: intravenously or orally - sodium chloride solution; if necessary, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.