Universal conscription. Introduction of universal military service in Russia: date, year, initiator General military service introduced

UNIVERSAL MILITARY LIABILITY IN THE USSR

law on the basic principles of the military acquisition system. forces of the country and the passage of military. services. In the USSR military. service is compulsory, universal and personal (Articles 132 and 133 of the Constitution of the USSR, Article 3 of the Law on Military Service). The Red Army was created by decree of the Council of People's Commissars on January 15 (28). 1918 as a class army based on volunteerism. March 15, 1918 Extraordinary 4th All-Russian. The Congress of Soviets recognized the need for universal obligation. military training of workers, which was introduced by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 22. 5th All-Russian The Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918 included the first Sov. Constitution Article 19 on universal military service. Based on the decisions of the Xth Party Congress (March 1921), the resolution of the 9th All-Russian. Congress of Soviets (December 27, 1921) and post. The XI Congress of the RCP(b) (March 1922) on strengthening the Red Army was issued: a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on September 28. 1922 "On compulsory military service for all male citizens of the RSFSR", post. Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR August 8 1923 “On the organization of territorial military units and military training of workers” and post. Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR March 21, 1924 "On the terms of service in the Red Army, the Red Army and the OGPU troops." These 3 laws formed the basis of the consolidated “Law on Compulsory Military Service” (September 18, 1925) published at the direction of the 3rd Congress of Soviets of the USSR (May 1925) (Collected Laws of the USSR, 1925, No. 62, Art. 463 ), subsequently reprinted twice (1928 and 1930). in a new edition (Collected laws of the USSR 1928, No. 51, Art. 449; 1930, No. 40, Art. 424). 1 Sep. 1939 extraordinary 4th session Top. The Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation adopted the current Law on V.V. O.

V. in. O. in the USSR: Conscription age: 1918-22 - 18 years; 1922-24 - 20 years by January 1 years of conscription; 1924-25 - 21 years old by July 1 of the year of conscription; 1925-1936 - 21 years old by January 1st. years of conscription; 1936-39 -19 years by January 1 years of conscription; from 1939 - 19 years in the year of conscription (from January 1 to December 31), and for those who graduated Wed. school - 18 years old. Dates valid. (continuous) military services in personnel. Ground forces: 1918-22 - 6 months, 1922-24 - infantry and artillery 1½ years, cavalry, cavalry. artillery and tech. troops - 2½ years; 1924-39 -2 years; from 1939 - 2 years; after Vel. Fatherland war - 3 years. Air Force: 1922-24 - 3½ years, 1924-25 - 3 years (junior specialists only), 1925-28 - 3 years, 1928-39 - 2 years, 1939-41 - 3 years, from 1941 - 4 years, after the war - 3 years. Navy: 1922-24 - 4½ years, 1924-1928 - 4 years, 1928-39 - 3 years (junior specialists - 4 years), from 1939 - 5 years, after the war - 4 years. Age limit for stock: 1918-39 - 40 years incl.; from 1939 - 50 years incl.

Lit.: Frunze M.V., Izbr. proizv., vol. 1-2, M., 1957; Pobezhimov I.F., Legal regulation of construction Sov. Army and Navy, M., 1960; Sinelnikov M., Legislation on the Defense of the USSR, M., 1939; Vishnyakov N. and Arkhipov F., Armament device. Forces of the USSR, 4th ed., M.-L., 1930.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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Last week, Germany's ruling Social Democrats held a party conference to discuss whether universal conscription should be maintained or whether it is time to switch to a professional army. However, it would be hard to even call the conscription that exists today in Germany universal. Only every tenth German youth actually goes to serve in the army - according to the law, for nine months. And not only because the remaining nine of the same year of birth turn out to be unfit for combat - although there are indeed many of them, medical commissions reject even the bad ones. But the main problem is that the German army simply does not need so many soldiers. There are now only two hundred and eighty thousand military personnel in the Bundeswehr, most of them are long-term conscripts and military professionals, so there are only a few new recruits. And upon completion of the military reform, the German army will become even smaller - two hundred and fifty thousand. But even now the chances of getting into the army are not much higher than winning the lottery, only with the opposite sign. The chairman of the youth organization of the Social Democratic Party, Björn Beuning, told at the conference the following episode from his meeting with a group of eighteen-year-old teenagers:

And I asked them, which of you actually received summonses for military or alternative civilian service? A few people raised their hands, while others laughed at them. How can such a situation be called consistent with social democratic ideas about the justice of universal conscription if this conscription turns into a lottery? Therefore, I believe that it is time to abolish conscription.

Fewer and fewer people are conscripted into the Bundeswehr, but a very developed conscription apparatus continues to exist, numbering almost more full-time and well-paid employees than the number they send to the barracks. The Green Party, the second ruling party, has long and persistently advocated for the abolition of conscription and the transition to a professional army. According to their calculations, such an army of even just two hundred and twenty thousand hired soldiers and officers would be much more economical and effective than the current Bundeswehr with its conscription appendix. At the request of the Greens, a special clause was written into the coalition agreement with the SPD - the issue should be resolved by the end of two thousand and six. But the Social Democrats are still hesitating.

Younger party members with weaker brains, like Björn Boening, are also inclined towards a professional army. But Defense Minister Peter Struck still stubbornly insists on maintaining universal conscription. He makes the following arguments:

Anyone who advocates the abolition of universal conscription must understand that this would involve additional costs for carrying out our tasks abroad. However, there is no extra money. And besides, in no case should we underestimate the role of universal conscription in the integration of the army into society.

Struck stressed that the abolition of conscription would lead to a reduction in the Bundeswehr's foreign peacekeeping missions and thereby weaken Germany's influence on the world stage. The minister's arguments are complemented by the chairman of the Bundestag commission on defense affairs, Reinhold Robbe:

As Peter Struck said, Germany's security is also ensured in the Hindu Kush mountains. This is a statement of the fact that due to completely changed scenarios of potential threats, the need for the defense of our country not only has not decreased, it has increased. And this, in turn, explains the constitutional legitimacy of maintaining universal conscription.

When such arguments are put forward by such important people and in such rich voices, you involuntarily begin to believe them. But it is precisely the constitutional legitimacy of universal conscription that raises the greatest doubts. Former German President Roman Herzog said a few years ago that conscription into the army is such a radical invasion of the individual freedom of a young citizen that a democratic state can only insist on it if it is impossible to ensure the country’s external security without it. SPD Deputy Chairman Uta Vogt:

If we come to the conclusion that there is another way to ensure the defense of our country, then I see no more reasons that could justify forced military service. And this is where we differ from our opponents.

Let me note that even now conscripts are not sent on foreign business trips on peacekeeping missions, which the Minister of Defense and the head of the parliamentary commission are so concerned about, only volunteers and long-term conscripts. And they are paid accordingly for their military work. However, these are still details. Universal conscription in Germany was justified during the Cold War, when it was really the only way, with a massive army, that could protect the borders and territory of the country from an external threat. All other arguments in favor of maintaining conscription - the role of the army in society, political interests, economic calculations - are weighty and convincing, but are not sufficient to justify the restriction of personal freedom, which, without a doubt, is a conscription to the army. The final decision on the fate of universal conscription will be made by the next congress of the SPD next fall.

Another topic.

Germany panicked. If you listen to other speakers, you may get the impression that Europe is on the verge of a new war. Just as the shot in Sarajevo allegedly led to the First World War, so the murder of the Dutch director Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam could become a signal for the start of a new war - a war of two civilizations - Muslim and Christian. Only a few make such global gloomy forecasts, but many here actually fear that a series of religiously motivated incidents in neighboring Holland may well continue in Germany. In Holland, however, the proportion of Muslims is twice as high as in Germany, but their absolute number here is impressive. Three million, in Berlin alone - over two hundred thousand, and Islam is the second largest religion. New mosques are being built throughout the country, Islamic lessons are taught in many schools, and countless Muslim clubs and circles operate.

For example, the head of the Evangelical Church in Germany, Berlin Bishop Wolfgang Huber, is concerned, as some leading figures of Christian parties do not rule out the possibility of religious clashes - following the example of the Dutch. What to do? How to prevent the coming catastrophe? Vice-chairman of the CDU, Minister of Culture of Baden-Württemberg Annette Schavan, who, by the way, was once nominated for federal presidency, found the recipe quite quickly. In her opinion, it is necessary to oblige imams to give sermons in mosques in German. “We cannot continue to allow,” she said, “to preach in mosques in a language that no one understands outside the Islamic community.” End of quote.

And really, what if they call for violence and promote religious intolerance? But who is stopping Annette Shawan herself from learning Arabic? And aren’t there enough Arabists in Germany, including in the ranks of the glorious law enforcement agencies? The Arabic language courses at the Free University of Berlin, for example, have been sold out for several years now; there is no end to those who want to learn it. But that's not even the point. The proposal itself indicates, on the one hand, a deep distrust of everything incomprehensible and unusual, and on the other, a lack of basic knowledge. If we follow the logic of Schavan and her like-minded people, then it is necessary to limit the freedom of some Christian churches in Germany, in particular the Orthodox, where priests conduct services in Russian, Greek, and Serbian. If you really want to, then in the end, sermons and prayers can be translated into German. The chairman of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany, Nadem Elias, said that imams in Germany are ready to take on a voluntary obligation to ensure that their sermons are translated into a language understandable to indigenous people.

This is not the problem, the problem is ignorance or unwillingness to learn the culture, religion and traditions of those with whom you happen to live side by side. Theodore Fontane also warned that ignoring is not tolerance, but dangerous frivolity. Many in Germany equate Islam with Islamism. Here is what Bassam Tibi, an Islamic researcher from the University of Göttingen, said about this:

We in the Arab world make a strict distinction between the Islam of freedom and the Islam of slavery. So the divide is not between Islam and Europe, but between an open society and its opponents. This is a split within the Islamic society itself, in which Islamists have built a nest. Islamists pose a threat not only to Europe, but above all to ourselves, to freedom-loving Muslims.

The second problem is the integration of Muslims settled in Germany into German society. With all the abundance of various integration programs, most of them boil down to learning the German language, which is certainly necessary, but not enough. Bassam Tibi:

Integration is not only about speaking German and having a German passport. Integration is not assimilation; for example, I don’t want to be assimilated. Integration is, first of all, civic consciousness. There is a need for a common denominator of such civic consciousness between indigenous Europeans and us Muslims. Such a denominator is common values. In the process of dialogue, it is necessary to develop common values ​​for all of us, at least their minimum, which should include, for example, the ban on killing an opponent.

There is another problem in multicultural coexistence, perhaps unique to Germany. I would call it “positive discrimination” against representatives of religious and cultural minorities. Let me explain with an example. If a German allows himself to make a public anti-Semitic statement, it becomes the subject of violent public protest, condemnation in the press and often ends in court. But German public opinion is much more lenient towards anti-Simites from among Muslim immigrants.

Over the past two years, in Berlin alone, and only registered, there have been almost fifty anti-Semitic acts committed by Arabs living here - for example, two Jewish tourists were maimed - one who came from the USA, and the second from Lithuania. There was no violent public indignation about this; Arab anti-Semitism, they say, is not deep-rooted racial intolerance, but a consequence of the Middle East conflict. And just the Saturday before last, a demonstration of Islamists on the occasion of “Jerusalem Day” took place in Berlin, permitted by the capital’s authorities. The demonstrators carried politically correct posters: “For peace for Palestine” and “We condemn all terror and violence.” At the final rally, however, anti-Semitic slogans were also heard. And “Jerusalem Day” itself, by the way, proclaimed by Iran in 1979, promotes hatred of Israel. And nothing, neither the organizers nor the participants of the rally were brought to justice. Such increased tolerance may well be interpreted by radical Islamists in their own way - as connivance. Clashes in Germany on interreligious grounds, like in Holland, are unlikely to begin. But, alas, it is impossible to exclude a tragedy like the murder of Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam. This can happen in any country. After all, there are fanatics and people with labile psyches everywhere. And they become more numerous when, as now, religion is increasingly abused for political purposes.

Universal conscription - compulsory military training of citizens for the defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan - is established in order to ensure the recruitment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the training of their reserve.

General military service includes the following types of service:

Preparing citizens for military service;

Conscription (entry) into military service;

Completion of military service (conscription or contract);

Reserve service;

Alternative service;

Compliance with military registration rules;

Measures to protect the population in emergency situations or in the event of military aggression against the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Active military service is military service in the Armed Forces by conscription or contract for the positions of privates, sergeants and officers.

Military service is a special type of public service for the fulfillment by citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan of universal military duty in the Armed Forces.

The following types of military service are established:

Compulsory military service;

Military service in the mobilization conscription reserve;

Military service under contract;

Service of reservists who served military service in the BC of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Compulsory military service is compulsory service in the Armed Forces in the positions of privates and sergeants of citizens of military age, as well as officers who have not previously served in military service, for a period established by law. Duration of compulsory military service: for military personnel undergoing compulsory military service in the positions of privates and sergeants - twelve months (for persons with higher education - nine months), and for officers undergoing compulsory military service upon conscription in officer positions, - nine months.

Military service in the mobilization and conscription reserve. Persons fit for military service and not entitled to a deferment or exemption from it, but not conscripted for another term in the Armed Forces, are subject to enrollment in the mobilization conscription reserve.

Service in the mobilization conscription reserve is organized on a territorial basis in the form of monthly fees and involves conscripts making monetary contributions to a special account of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan. They are enlisted in the mobilization conscription reserve until they reach twenty-seven years of age. Upon reaching this age, citizens who served in the mobilization conscription reserve are enrolled in the reserve of the Armed Forces.

Military service under contract is a type of military service performed by citizens who entered active military service in the Armed Forces on a voluntary basis in accordance with a contract concluded with the state represented by ministries, state committees and departments that provide for military service. The terms and basic conditions of military service are established in the contract. The initial contract for service in the positions of privates and sergeants is concluded for a period of three years, for officer positions - for five years.

Reserve service is a type of military service established on the basis of universal military service for those liable for military service from among the privates, sergeants and officers who have completed active military service, as well as service in the mobilization conscription reserve, for the purpose of recruiting formations, units and subunits of the Armed Forces to wartime levels , as well as the deployment of wartime formations.

Military personnel and those liable for military service are divided into privates, sergeants and officers (Article 9 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On General Military Duty and Military Service”).

Officers are divided into junior, senior and general officers. The highest military rank in the BC of the Republic of Uzbekistan is army general, which is assigned (in wartime) to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Appointment to senior leadership positions in the BC of the Republic of Uzbekistan is carried out by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and to other positions - by the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Military positions are divided into the following categories:

Rank and file positions;

NCO positions;

Warrant officer positions;

Officer positions.

Military positions (staff positions to be filled by military personnel) and the corresponding military ranks are provided for in the states of military units, administrative bodies, ministries, state committees and departments in which military service is provided.

Military ranks are assigned in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Defense” and the Regulations “On Military Service by Citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Each serviceman and person liable for military service is assigned a corresponding military rank. Military ranks in the Armed Forces are divided into military and naval ranks.

Military personnel and those liable for military service at training camps wear military uniforms with insignia according to military rank and branch of service. The rules for wearing them are approved by the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the military uniform and insignia itself are approved by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Alternative service is a type of fulfillment by citizens of general military duty in return for conscription military service, associated with the performance of low-skilled (auxiliary) work in various sectors of the economy, social sphere, as well as work to eliminate the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and other emergency situations (Art. 37 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On General Military Duty and Military Service”).

Citizens between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven who are registered with the military and are subject to conscription have the right to alternative service if they are members of registered religious organizations whose creed does not allow the use of weapons and service in the Armed Forces.

The term of alternative service is twenty-four months, and for citizens with higher education - eighteen months.

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1. RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CITIZEN TO SOCIETY AND THE STATE. RELATIONSHIP OF THE CONCEPTS “DEBT”, “LEGAL OBLIGATION”, “CONSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATION”

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Military service- The obligation to personally defend one’s homeland has existed at all times and in all states, although its very fulfillment was subject to various fluctuations and distortions. At first right personally speaking in defense of the fatherland was the privilege of only full (free) citizens; subsequently it turned to duty all citizens; then the privileged classes of society began to be freed from this obligation, and finally, in the last years of the 19th century, universal conscription, obligatory for everyone and not allowing any privileges. In the states of ancient Greece, only free citizens had the right to bear arms; slaves armed themselves only in moments of extreme danger. In ancient Rome, the right to bear arms was a privilege of free citizens of the first 5 classes; but then, as the belligerence of the Romans decreased, the upper classes began to shirk military service, and the army began to be replenished with mercenaries. Among the ancient Germanic peoples, a noble youth had to learn to wield weapons from an early age, and only after learning this art and receiving weapons at a solemn meeting of the people, he became a full citizen; participation in offensive campaigns was mandatory for him if they were decided at a general people's meeting, but for the defense of the fatherland (Landwehre) he was always obliged to take up arms. Here we can already see not only the right to serve in the army, but also the duty of military service, the latter being different in an offensive war and in a defensive one. The right to decide on the conduct of offensive wars, which formerly belonged to the assembly of all free citizens, gradually passed to the powerful vassals of the crown; they did not always appear when the king called, so, although V. duty ( Heerbann) was not abolished in Germany, but in fact the king could not force all his subjects to obey it. A similar order of things prevailed in the Middle Ages and in France. The armies of the time were composed almost exclusively of mounted knights; Only the nobility performed service, while the rest of the population was called upon to serve military service mainly in moments of danger, for defense countries. The exception was the English army, which during the 100 Years' War included numerous and skilled foot archers. The idea of ​​calling the entire people to perform military duties belonged to Charles V of France, but all attempts to implement it, made by him and his successors, turned out to be more or less unsuccessful. In acquisition the main role began to play recruitment(cm.); natural V. duty was replaced by money; The nobility finally began to evade military service, and recruitment began in the middle of the 17th century. almost always carried out by force. This order of things, hated by the people, continued until the first French Revolution. In the city, the French National Assembly decided that the army should be staffed exclusively by hunters; but the very next year they turned out to be insufficient, and then it was announced requisition all citizens 18-25 years old, that is, it has actually been introduced universal V. conscription, which in the city was finally legalized by the introduction conscriptions. According to the new law, citizens aged 20-25 were subject to military service, and those younger in age were called up for service (without drawing lots); but already the next year some withdrawals were allowed, and from this year substitution was allowed; At the same time, during the conscription, the lot was introduced. Universal military conscription provided the means to field armies of unprecedented size: within eight years (1792-1800) France provided 1,703,300 recruits, and during Napoleon’s 15-year reign - 2,674,000 (not counting foreigners who served in Napoleonic armies). With the restoration of the Bourbons (), the conscription was abolished; The army was replenished with hunters, but in the city, due to a shortage of hunters, conscription by lot was allowed again, and, however, substitution was allowed. The various changes that followed in the method of recruiting the army had an unfavorable effect on the composition of the troops, and only after the defeats of 1870-71. reintroduced in France universal And personal B. duty that does not allow for redemption or substitution; but the wealthy classes were given a benefit in the form of the right to serve only 1 year as volunteers (see this word) subject to passing an exam and a one-time contribution of 1 1/3 thousand francs. According to the new law of July 15, military service is mandatory for all French. All citizens fit for service (except those subjected to ignominious punishments or deprived of civil honor) belong to the armed forces from 20 to 45 years of age. There are no substitutions, and exemptions are allowed only in the form of temporary or conditional layoffs. Duration of service: 3 years in the active army, 7 years in its reserve, 6 years in the territorial army and 9 years in its reserve. The duration of service periods established by law cannot be reduced except due to illness or, in cases provided for by law, after those dismissed have previously served a full year under the banner. Before serving this period, lower ranks cannot be placed on leave. The new French military law, establishing the universality of military service, allows only a strictly limited number of exceptions ( exemptions), exemptions ( dispenses) and delays to protect both family and public interests. Regardless of the staffing of the army, the troops are replenished with annual conscription and lower ranks with volunteer and long-term service. Volunteers who meet the conditions established by law are accepted for a 3-, 4- and 5-year term. In wartime, the law allows, in addition, the reception of volunteers during the war. In long-term service (rengagés) in the active troops for a period of 2 to 5 years (and in the cavalry - for 1 year), lower ranks of good behavior are allowed to remain with the consent of the unit commanders, not older than 29 years, and non-commissioned officers. officers - no older than 35 years. IN medieval Germany V. conscription was universal at first, but then 1 householder out of 10 began to demand it, and the other 9 helped him equip himself; the people's calls for service intensified as the nobility (with the decline of knighthood) began to shy away from military service. From to 1 householder out of 5 was taken into service. But this V. service of the people applied only to service in the militia, convened from time to time to defend the homeland; recruitment of the army itself was carried out through recruitment, which was far from voluntary; for example, in Austria in the city it was prescribed at night with the help of soldiers to catch people fit for service. A peasant up to 40 and even up to 50 years of age risked daily being captured and sent to military service for life. Subsequently, various measures were taken in Austria to streamline military conscription, but recruitment continued to be the main method for recruiting the army. From Mr. V. conscription was extended to the nobles, and, however, substitution was allowed, so that V. conscription, although it became general, was not yet personal; It became personal only after the defeats suffered by the Austrians in the war. In Brandenburg in the 17th century, troops were first recruited for service by calling up a certain part of householders, but then, due to the failure of this method, by recruitment, usually by force. As a result of the displeasure it caused, and to relieve the local population, the recruitment of foreigners was introduced in Prussia; Of the Prussian subjects, only people of bad behavior were forcibly taken into the troops. To streamline recruitment in the country, a cantonal system Moreover, each regiment is given its own recruiting district (canton). Along with this, the recruitment of foreigners has also been preserved. Under Frederick the Great, the number of the latter, due to frequent wars, greatly decreased, so that by the end of the Seven Years' War the army consisted mainly of the so-called cantonists, that is, Prussian subjects. Then, during the period of peace, the number of foreigners increased again: in the army moved against France, out of 122 thousand there were only 60 thousand Prussians. Both at this time and earlier, although military conscription in Prussia approached universal, it was not generally obligatory: nobles, sons of officers, officials, rich people, etc. were exempt from it, so that military conscription lay only on the black people . This order changed only after the unfortunate war for Prussia. The law of the city stopped the recruitment of foreigners, and the army became purely national. In the city, to assist the army in expelling the enemy from the borders of the fatherland, it was formed Landwehr, had the character of a people's militia. For the duration of the upcoming war, all class exemptions from military service were abolished. With general enthusiasm, the nobility was ready to join the ranks of the army, to refuse for a while this war from their privileges and serve in the Landwehr, formed to expel the enemy. But the Landwehr () crossed the border to pursue the enemy and actually became part of the army, and the compulsory military service became so popular in the country that it was finally established by the law of the year for service not only in the Landwehr, but also in the active army. Since then universal And personal Military conscription served as the basis for recruiting the Prussian army, and after the emergence of the North German Confederation and the German Empire, this law was extended to other German states. IN Italy general and personal conscription was introduced in the city. United Kingdom due to its geographical position and strong fleet, it is protected from external attacks, and therefore does not need the same development of armed forces as the continental powers; As a result, the method of recruiting its army is different from that of other great powers. In modern times, no one there is obliged to serve in the army: it is replenished by recruiting hunters. The militia was first supplied by landowners, but then also began to be replenished through recruitment. According to the law of the city, all citizens can be called up by lot to serve in the police; but in fact it is still staffed by recruitment, and V. conscription actually does not exist.

IN Russia Before Peter the Great, the army was replenished mainly by persons allocated land under the condition of lifelong and universal service for themselves and their descendants (nobles, boyar children). Sagittarius, city ​​Cossacks And gunners they were recruited from free, willing people who were not subject to taxation, and for this they received land, grain and cash salaries, and benefits in trade and crafts. In wartime, horseback and foot soldiers also gathered date people, exhibited either from a certain plot of land, or from a certain number of yards. Soldier's And Reitarskie the shelves were replenished first with willing people, and later with the transfer of children of boyars, datochny people, and so on. Thus, only nobles and boyar children without exception were obliged to V. for service; From other classes, willing people entered the troops, and as needed, they were required. Peter I, having abolished the Streltsy regiments (), based the recruitment of the army on the compulsory service of nobles and on the collection of datochny people, called from the city. recruits. The nature of military service has completely changed: before, almost the entire army was settled and gathered only in wartime and for short periods of time.

The Crimean War revealed the glaring shortcomings of the Nikolaev army and the entire military organization of Russia. The army was replenished by conscription, which fell with all its weight on the lower classes of the population, because the nobility was free from compulsory military service (since 1762), and rich people could pay off the conscription. Soldiers' service lasted 25 years and was associated, in addition to military dangers, with such hardships, hardships and deprivations that the population, handing over their youth as recruits, said goodbye to them, in most cases, forever. Conscription into military service was viewed as a severe punishment: landowners sought to recruit the most vicious (or rebellious) element from their villages as recruits, and the criminal law directly provided for conscription as a soldier among the punishments, on a par with exile to Siberia or imprisonment in prison companies.

The replenishment of the army with officers was also in a very unsatisfactory situation. Military schools were far from sufficient to replenish the army with the necessary officers; Most of the officers (from the noble “juniors” or from well-established non-commissioned officers) were of a very low level. Mobilizing the army in wartime was difficult due to the lack of trained reserves, both officers and soldiers.

At the very beginning of the reign of Alexander II, the most glaring hardships and injustices of the previous era were eliminated: the stick schools of the “cantonists” - soldiers' children - were closed and the cantonists were dismissed from the military class.

(1805 -1856 - Cantonists (“Canton” - from German) called minor sons of soldiers who were registered with the military department from birth, as well as children of schismatics, Polish rebels, gypsies and Jews (children of Jews) who were forcibly sent to prepare for service taken from 1827 - under Nicholas I, before that there was a cash tax) - ldn-knigi)

Military settlements were abolished. In 1859, the period of compulsory military service for newly entering lower ranks was established in the army - 15 years, in the navy - 14.

With the entry into control of the War Ministry

D. A. Milyutin, in 1861, began energetic and systematic work in order to fundamentally and comprehensively {244} reforms of the army and the entire military department. In the 60s, Milyutin transformed the central military administration. In 1864, the “Regulations” on military district administration introduced local bodies of military administrative administration. All of Russia was divided into several military districts (in 1871 there were 14: 10 in European Russia, three in Asian and the Caucasian district) with “commanders” at the head, and thus the central military administration in St. Petersburg was relieved of many small matters and , on the other hand, conditions were created for faster and more organized mobilization in certain parts of the state.

In his concern for the training of army officers, Milyutin completely reorganized the military education system. The former few cadet corps (consisting of general education and special classes) were transformed into “military gymnasiums” with a general education course of real gymnasiums, and their senior classes were separated for special military training of future officers and formed special “military schools.” Due to the insufficient number of existing military schools, “military gymnasiums” (with a 4-year general education course) and “cadet schools” (with a 2-year course) were created. In 1880 in Russia there were 9 military schools (including special ones), 16 cadet schools; 23 military gymnasiums, 8 pro-gymnasiums. For higher military education there were academies: general staff, engineering, artillery and military medical; The Military Law Academy was again created.

But Milyutin’s main reform and his main merit is the introduction of universal military service in Russia. The project developed by Milyutin met with strong opposition in the State Council and in the “special presence on conscription.” Hardened conservatives and supporters of noble privileges objected to the reform and frightened the tsar with the future “democratization” of the army, but with the support of the sovereign he led. Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich, {245} presiding over the State Council, Milyutin managed to carry out his project.

(December 3, 1873, the Tsar told Milyutin: “There is strong opposition to the new law..., and the women are shouting most of all” (Milyutin’s Diary). Of course, these were not village women, but the countesses and princesses surrounding the Tsar, who in no way they did not want to come to terms with the idea that their Zhorzhiki would have to join the ranks of soldiers along with the village Mishkas and Grishkas. In his diary for 1873, Milyutin notes about the progress of the project: “it’s going slowly, there’s a lot of controversy,” or: “a heated meeting,” or. : “Count D. A. Tolstoy appears on the stage again, and again there are irritable, bilious, persistent bickering.” Minister of Public Education Count Tolstoy most of all argued against those benefits for education, which he insisted on minister of war Milyutin.) .

On January 1, 1874, the Manifesto on the introduction of universal conscription was published. On the same day, the Charter on Military Service was published, the first article of which read: “Defense of the throne and fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject. The male population, regardless of condition, is subject to military service.” According to the new law, every year (in November) a call is made to serve military service.

All young people who turned 20 years old by January 1 of this year must report for conscription; then, from those who are recognized as fit for military service, the number of “recruits” required in the current year to replenish the personnel of the army and navy is selected by lot; the rest are enlisted in the “militia” (which is called up for service only in case of war). The period of active service in the army was set at 6 years; those who served this term were enlisted in the army reserve for 9 years (in the navy, the terms were 7 years and 3 years, respectively).

Thus, for the first time, Milyutin’s law created trained reserves for the Russian army in case of mobilization. - When serving military service, a number of benefits were provided based on marital status and education. Young people who were the sole breadwinners of their families were exempt from conscription for active service. {246} (the only son had the 1st category benefit), and for those who received an education, the period of active service was significantly reduced, to varying degrees depending on the level of education. Persons who had a certain educational qualification could (upon reaching the age of 17) serve military service as “volunteers”, and the period of active service for them was further reduced, and upon completion of service and upon passing the established exam, they were promoted to the first officer rank and formed a cadre of reserve officers.

Under the influence of the “spirit of the times” and thanks to the cares and efforts

YES. Milyutin in the 60s and 70s completely changed the entire structure and character of life of the Russian army. Severe drilling and cane discipline with cruel corporal punishment were expelled from her.

(Corporal punishment was retained only for those who had been fined," that is, those who had seriously offended and were transferred to the "disciplinary battalions" of the lower ranks.) Their place was taken by the reasonable and humane education and training of soldiers; on the one hand, combat training was increased: instead of “ceremonial marches”, they were trained in target shooting, fencing and gymnastics; the army's weapons were improved; at the same time, the soldiers were taught to read and write, so that Milyutin’s army, to some extent, compensated for the lack of school education in the Russian village.