Awards in 1 World War. Awards of the First World War. The most honorable combat award of the Russian army Order of St. George
Internet project "Georgiev Cavalera Great War» - This is a database of the rewarded orders of St. George, St. George's crosses, as well as the St. George weapon during the First World War.
The alphabetic list of the cavaliers of the Order of St. George 2nd and the 3rd degrees and St. George weapons, awarded for the differences during the First World War, and the descriptions of their exploits are given on the highest orders about the ranks of the military for 1914-1917, the orders of the army and a fleet On the ranks of the land department for 1917 and archival documents.
Identification was carried out on documents of federal archives: Russian State Military historical archive (RGVIA), Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) and Russian state archive Navy (RGAVMF).
The following funds and types of documents were studied in RGVIA:
The highest orders about the ranks of the military for 1914-1917. (printed);
Orders of the army and fleet about the ranks of the land department for 1917 (printed);
Orders on the fronts and armies of the period of the First World War (printed and from the composition of the Forms and Army Foundations);
Fp. 400 - "Main Headquarters of the Military Ministry"; Op. 9, 12 - all lists, short notes about the service, premium sheets, lists for seniority in ranks at military units;
F. 408 - "Lists on the seniority of generals, headquarters and obour-officers";
F. 409 - "Author's Office Lists"; Op. 1, 2 - all service lists, brief notes about the service; Op. 3 - certification; Op. 4 - premium sheets;
F. 970 - "Military-hiking office E. And. in. under the imperial main apartment "- correspondence on the award of the generals and officers of the Army of Russia's Allies in the First World War;
F. 2000 - "General Director of the General Staff" - Documents on the service of officers of the General Staff, the lists of officers of aviation units for seniority in ranks, correspondence on the awarding of generals and officers of the Army Allies and premium sheets on them;
Fp. 2003 - "Headquarters of the Supreme Commander (rate)" - premium sheets, correspondence on the award of Russian and foreign military-servings;
FF 2007 - "Field Headquarters cossack troops With the Supreme Commander, the general lists of officers of the Cossack Parts;
Fp. 2008 - "Field Office of Aviation and Aviations at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander" - personal affairs of aviators of the Russian army;
Funds of the Caucasian, Romanian and South-Western Fronts (F. 2100, 2085, 2067) - all the service lists, premium sheets, decisions of St. George Duma;
Army Funds (F. 2122, 2129, 2134, 2148, 2129, 2134, 2148, etc.) - premium sheets, correspondence on awarding, decree of St. George Dumum;
Funds of the Guards Parts (F. 2583, 2584, 2586, 2587, 7773, etc.) - all-service lists, shortcuts about the service, lists for seniority in the ranks of officers, correspondence on awarding;
Individual materials of the funds of other military units and compounds (buildings, divisions, infantry and cavalry regiments, artillery brigades);
Fp. 16180 - "Commission for the Organization and Device of the People's Military Historical Museum of War 1914-1918." - Questionnaires, descriptions of the feats of Georgievsky cavaliers.
Materials from the Foundation 496 were studied in RGIA - "The Kapitula of the Russian Order" - alphabetic lists of persons. Awarded by St. George Cross 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th degrees for 1914-1917.
In RGAVMF studied:
The highest orders about the ranks of the maritime department for 1914-1917. (printed);
Orders for the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet for 1917 (printed);
F. 406 - "Local and Forms Lists of Number of Maritime Agency";
Fp. 417 - "Main Maritime Headquarters" - premium sheets, redemption of awarding;
F. 418 - "Marine General Staff" - premium sheets, correspondence on awarding.
In addition to archival documents, the official bodies of the Military Ministry were attracted - the magazine "Military Collection" and the Russian Disabled Newspaper for 1914-1917. These publications published information about awarded and descriptions of the feats of Georgievsky cavaliers.
The alphabetic list of awarded for the differences between the First World War, by St. George crosses, indicating the number of awards, is given on materials of the RGIA from the Foundation 496 - "The Chapter of Russian Orders"; Op. 3.
The list of Awarded For Differences during the First World War is the Order of St. George and St. George weapons, it is published indicating the names, names, patientities, titles, ranks, posts, names of parts, as part of the feats, types of Georgievsky awards, dates of awards according to the highest orders or other sources. Due to the large number of posthumous awards, the dates of death of the award-died - the dead and died from the Russian Academy of Sciences during the war are also given. The ciphers of archival documents belonging to the biographies of St. George Cavaliers are indicated. These are all service lists, premium sheets, brief notes about the service, lists for seniority in ranks, correspondence on awarding, etc.
In some cases, due to the lack of service and other documents in archives and other documents, some of the data on awarded could not be established. The fate of the majority of St. George Cavaliers of the First World War has developed tragically. Many of these decent officers died in a civil war were destroyed during the Red Terror period or died in exile.
Publication full list Georgievsky cavaliers 1914-1918. is a grade tribute undeservedly forgotten heroes Russia.
The project is prepared:
project management: A.V. Yurasov (Rosarhiv);
project coordination: O.A. Antipova (Rosarhiv);
project Creating, Data Import: N.V. Glyshinskaya (Rantd), BEFORE. Oleinik;
preparation of information about the ordered by the Order of St. George and St. George weapon
AND ABOUT. Garquash, V.M. Shabanov, T.Ya. Burmistrova, N.A. Gavrilova, A.M. Kulchitsky, M.S. Netshkin, V.P. Ponomarev, I.S. Potapeyko, M.R. Ryzhkov, S.A. Kharitonov, N.N. Shabanova (RGVIA)
help in preparing information about the rewarded by the Order of St. George and St. George weapon
E.A. Epifanova, I.V. Kartashov (RGIA),
V.N. Gudkin-Vasilyev (RGAVMF)
specialists of the Storage Center of the Insurance Fund.
computer set of list awarded by St. George crosses: T. Isotova, E.A. Efimova
You can send your comments, suggestions and comments on the database to the address of the technical support of the portal "Archives of Russia" to the address: [Email Protected].
Last year, one hundred years since the beginning of the First World War was fulfilled. Our contemporaries know very little about it, and at that time, the event was called the "Great" and "Second Patriotic". Russian soldiers and officers showed samples of courage and heroism in battles. Many of the servicemen were handed a variety of differences. The main, and the most honorary awards for lower ranks in this bloody war were the St. George Cross and Medal.
Order of St. George
The highest award for military personnel in pre-revolutionary Russia was considered the Order of St. George. He was constructed by Catherine the second at the end of 1769. This sign of distinction was intended for awarding officers, its owner could be exclusively military ranks. In addition, he could see excellent service throughout the quarter of the century in the rank of officer.
After the February events of 1917, General Brusilov allowed the Order to the Order of the soldiers who, replacing the commanders who died in battle took themselves in the battle of their functions. To reward the soldiers, Unter-Officers in the early 19th century was a "Georgievsky Cross", nicknamed by the people of respectful "soldier George" or "Friend".
Due to the fact that Georgy is a holy of Christians, the persons of the other faith were awarded a sign, on the obverse of which, instead, a double-headed eagle was wounded. The Order had four degrees of differences. For all the time, more than 10,000 servicemen became owners of the Order. The first, the highest degree was presented only 25, including A.V. Suvorov, M.I. Kutuzov, Feldmarshalam Blukhuru and Wellington. Among all the only four became full cavaliers, that is, possessors are all degrees. 125 servicemen received a second degree.
After October 1917 Soviet government Order abolished. The sign was restored in 2000 and since then is a military award of the Russian Federation. The rooms did not assign the awards, the lists of those who received it were compiled. Among other sign was distinguished by the Statute, he was received solely for personal courage in battle and great merits.
Rules wearing
1 tbsp. He was a cross with expanding ends, covered with white enamel. At the edges - Golden Cimea. In the central part on a red enamel background - St. George Riding. He strikes the snake spear. On the reverse - Monogram SG. According to the rules put on the tape over the shoulder. A star of gold in the form of rhombus relied to Order.
2 tbsp. - Cross and Star are similar to 1 degree. To be worn on the cervical 5-centimeter ribbon.
3 tbsp. - The cross is the same, but was distinguished by a smaller size. Run on the neck, the ribbon is 3.2 mm.
4 tbsp. - put on the nippers of the uniform, the width of the tape - 22 mm.
St. George Cross
The sign of the distinction of a military order, referred to as the people, simply "George," was constructed by Alexander the first in 1807 for the lower ranks that showed "Fineral courage." Then there was no division into extent and every person could get an unlimited number of awards. Even the generals considered the highest honor to be awarded such a soldier cross, because he was awarded for personal heroism. General Miloradovich, such a sign personally presented Alexander the first.
Since 1855, all awarded allowed to wear a sign on the uniform. Since 1856, four degrees of rewards were introduced. The signs of the first and second degree were the golden, third and fourth - silver. The man was awarded consistently, at first mlading degree, then the eldest. But there were exceptions. Holders of all degrees were called full cavaliers.
Before the war, in 1913 a new statute of awards was adopted, which was different from the previous one. From this point on, their numbering started again, and the sign was officially called the name of the St. George Cross. Senior degrees were not made from pure gold, but with the addition of silver, the cause of this was military difficulties.
For the first time, the fourth degree sign was received on August 1, 1914. Khuchkov K. F. He became the owner of the award, defeating almost 30 German cavalrymen. In the future, hooks received a complete set, being a complete cavalier. "George" received women, and repeatedly. He was presented to foreigners who served in the Russian army. Among them are the French pilot Alfonsou Para, who received four crosses.
For heroism, manifested in the battles of the first world, the sign received:
- 1st degree - 33,000 people;
- 2nd degree - 65,000 people;
- 3rd degree - 289,000 people;
- 4th degree - 1,200,000 people.
After the February events of 1917 it happened that the cross was presented only by political considerations. In June, the status of the sign was changed and the officers were also changed. It happened by the decision of the meeting of the soldiers. According to the statute of 1913, the owners of George relied in lifelong content. The size of the promotion depended on the extent.
On the front side of the awards of all degrees depicted St. George. On the reverse - Monogram St. George. On the back side The sign, on the horizontally located ends, engraved the number, at the bottom end - the name of the degree.
During the civil war, the awards were not produced. The last cross was presented in 1941 this happened in the Russian building, which fought on the side of the fascists in the Yugoslav territory.
Among the awarded a lot of famous persons. Three crosses had Vasily Chapaev, two - Konstantin Rokossovsky. Six people were complete Cavaliers George and at the same time the heroes of the Soviet Union. Among them, Semyon Mikhailovich weekly. In 1992, there was a restoration of this honorary sign.
Georgievskaya Medal
In 1913, Georgievskaya medal was established on the eve of war. She replaced the excellent medal "for courage". She had four degrees, the lower ranks should also be awarded. Got a sign for combat merits, for which the Georgievsky Cross could not be awarded according to the existing statute.
In particular, she could be awarded to civilians who did not belong to the noble class, showing heroism in battles. He was received by Sanitars, Feldscher, who provided the Help of the wounded, risking themselves under the shower bullets. By analogy with the cross, the medal possessed four degrees. The first and the second were made of gold, the third and fourth - from silver. The first and third differed in the presence of a bow.
Since 1916, after the release of a government ruling, prohibiting the use of precious metals for awards, the medals began to make from the "white" and "yellow" metal. The corresponding designations were stood on her reverse - "W M" or "B M".
The person who was awarded a medal was also given the right to annual payments that depended on the degree of award and amounted to 12-36 rubles. The sign of the difference could be awarded a separate soldier for the feat of the feat of the LIBOR's dear.
There was a medal on the uniform to the right of others from the left of Georgievsky crosses. She was attached to the St. George Ribbon. The diameter of the product is 2.8 cm. From 1913, a portrait of Nicholas II was on an obverse of the sign. In 1917, the image of St. George was placed instead. On the reverse it was possible to read the words "for courage". In addition, there were information about the number of award and its degree.
There were also signs without a number. They were intended for the presentation of women, civilians, military personnel from the Caucasian and Central Asian regions. During the first world award, they became truly massive, the medal received employees of all kinds of troops. Quite often awarded awarded nurses.
The medal could see simultaneously with the cross, but the latter was considered award higher. In addition, the latter was given to a specific feat. A medals highlighted a certain amount for the military unit, inside which they were distributed. Although personal awards were provided. Until 1917, 1,685,225 copies of awards were mined.
Other Russian Military Awards
One of the most honorable orders of the Russian Empire - "St. Alexander Nevsky". Another Catherine was established in 1725. In 1725, it existed this award until 1917. The idea of \u200b\u200ba sign institution belonged to Peter the first one who assumed to reward them exclusively for the military for servants. However, the Order was sometimes presented and civilians. At the time of the First World War, he was presented frequently, for example, in 1916 it received 105 people. In 1992 he was restored.
Nikolai second established a large number of Medals. Among them are many memorable, dedicated to certain dates. The last one was configured in 1915 in honor of excellent mobilization. She received persons who took part in the call, carried out military transportation.
The temporary government has left a premium system with almost no change. They only touched the images of some royal symbols.
Foreign awards
In this war, not only Russia took part. It involved most of the world's population. Naturally, other countries also awarded their heroes.
The main English military reward is Victoria Cross. She is received by people who showed courage in battles. The award is awarded servicemen of all the ranks and childbirth of the troops. The holders of the cross become civilians who are in subordinate to the military command.
The emergence of the sign refers to the distant 1856, he was presented with the participants of the Crimean War. The reward is made of bronze. On the obverse - the image of a lion on the crown. On the reverse - the number, month and year of the event, for which the man was awarded. There is a ribbon with the inscription "For Valor". On the uniform, the product is attached by a pin located on the back of the pad. It is all the data of the owner of the award.
It is believed that all Victoria Crosses are made from Russian bronze guns, which fell to the British after the fall of Sevastopol. But experts put this fact questioned, arguing that bronze from other sources went to many specimens.
France handed over to his heroes "Order of the Honorary Legion". The sign was established in 1802 by Napoleon himself by analogy with the awards of the knights. The award is considered to be the highest distinction and respect in this country. Great Master of Compact is the French president, he also produces Members. The current work is carried out by the executive apparatus controlled by the president.
There are several categories of membership. The highest cowallers of a big cross are considered. According to the rules, it is impossible to power the lower level, but for special merits it is allowed. The number of members of the Order is strictly limited, today there are about 93,000 people. This was done so that the prestige of the organization fell. About five thousand people are awarded annually, from them the highest degree - only seven.
Award is awarded to foreign citizens, including many of our compatriots. Among them, the highest degree were awarded some russian emperors. Today this title has V.V. Putin.
Servicemen who opposed Russia and the Allies also received awards. The main German reward is the Iron Cross, which was committed in 1813. It could get all the categories of servicemen. During the First World War there were four degrees of signs: second class. First class, Big Cross, Star.
The reward was presented for merit in battles on an order black ribbon with white kart. The big cross could receive exclusively representatives of the highest German officers. There was a sign of distinction.
By the beginning of the First World German Emperor restored the sign of distinction. Iron Cross Servicemen awarded massively. As a result, its highest status was strongly reduced. In just this time, the winners of the Cross of the second degree were approximately five million people. 218,000 people received the first degree reward.
In Austria, the Order of Mary Teresia received distinguished in battles. He appeared in 1757 during the seven-year war. Although the Charter was spelled out that the reward could not be awarded to foreign citizens, there were exceptions. Among them, Suvorov, Kutuzov, awarded the highest degree.
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Trophy awards
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Collectible orders and medals
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"In the rewarding of courage and courage ...":
russian orders and medals on the eve and during World War II
On the eve of the First World War, the Russian Empire had a relatively compact and fairly performed premium system formed for two centuries. At the beginning of 1914, nine orders existed in the country, seven of whom could be handed over military merit, and one was exclusively military in status. Orders could be awarded officers, generals, military officials and military priests.
Immediately, we note that the orders given for military merit, outwardly different from their "peaceful" analogues. From August 5, 1855, Swords and St. Vladimir were "combat" crosses of the Orna and St. Vladimir, and from December 15, 1857 - and a bow from the Order Tape. Such orders were awarded officers and generals. The rule did not apply to military officials and priests - they were given the orders with swords for military merit, but without a bow. But on January 15, 1915, military doctors, and on January 22, 1915 - and military veterinarians received the right to join their combat awards of the bow. In addition, in practice, military priests often honored orders with swords and a bow. If the officer received an order before the war, and then distinguished himself in battle, to his "peaceful" cross swords could add separately as a reward.
In addition, two features for all orders were: from August 9, 1844, at orders, complained to persons not Christian religion, images or monitors were replaced by the image of a double-headed eagle; Crosses and stars of senior degrees of all orders could complain to diamonds, which was a separate award (that is, the cavalier could first receive the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, and in a few years - diamond signs to it).
The youngest Russian Order was the Order of St. Stanislav, established in 1765 in the Commonwealth. In 1831, the decree of Emperor Nikolai I, this reward was ranked Russian. Until 1839, the Order was divided into four degrees, after - three. Ordinance motto: "Awarding, encourages." The cross of the 3rd degree of the Order of St. Stanislav was carried on the left side of the chest, the crosses of the 2nd and 1st degrees - on the neck, the Order of the 1st degree was relying to the left side of the chest. Ribbon Order - red with two white stripes around the edges, relied on the 1st degree and rushed through the right shoulder. For merit shown on the battlefield, the Order complained with crossed swords (and 3rd degree - and with a bow from the Order Tape). According to the Statute, the Orthodox military priests were not presented to the Order of St. Stanislav (since St. Stanislav was a Catholic holy), but exceptions happened.
In peacetime, the 3rd degree of the Order of St. Stanislav was presented to almost any officer for 12 years of impeccable service. It was the very first order that could decorate his uniform a young lieutenant or headquarters-captain. The 2nd degree usually complained by officers in the rank of captain or lieutenant colonel, the 1st degree was the "general" reward.
Nevertheless, the prestige of this Order among the serving class was not very large. This is evidenced by the eloquence of the saying: "There are few glory in Stanislav, the moths of God for Mother Anna."
"Mother Anna" - the Order of St. Anne - was also non-Russian by origin: he was established in 1735 the Duke of Karl-Friedrich Hollytein-Gottorspsky. The Russian Order was made in 1797 grandson of Charles Friedrich, Emperor Paul I. Until 1815, the award had three degrees after - four. Ordinance motto: "Loving truth, piety, loyalty." The cross of the 3rd degree of the Order was rushed on the left side of the chest, the cross of the 2nd degree - on the neck, the 1st - on the red with two yellow cuts of the Order of the left hip. To the 1st grade, also relied on the Order Star, put on the right side of the chest. To the Order, which waged for military merit, attached crossed swords (to the 3rd degree - and the bow from the Order of the Trennaya ribbon).
Established in 1815 the 4th degree of the Order of St. Anna had a special status. The miniature sign of this degree was placed on the Ephesus of Cold Weapons, "For Bravery" was made there for courage (military officials were treated without this inscription; From January 15, 1915, military doctors received the right to inscribe "for courage" on their weapons). This award could only be deserved for the valor shown on the battlefield. The Order of St. Anne 4th degree "for courage", called the "Annena Weapon", in the first world was the dream of every young officer. But they awarded this order and well-deserved generals, especially if it was necessary to encourage the brave, and he had already had all the senior status. In the army, the 4th degree of the Order had its nickname - "Cranberry" (round red order of the Order, attached to Ephesus, outwardly resembled a berry).
In peacetime, the 3rd degree of the Order of St. Anne, an officer usually received after the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd degree. Two of these orders had, as a rule, captains and lieutenant colonels. "Anna on the neck" in peacetime, lieutenant colonels and colonels were received. The Order of St. Anne 1st degree was awarded majilah-General and lieutenant-general.
The Order of St. Anne was different from other things that had a kind of analogue for the lower ranks - Annen medal. From 1888 he was awarded Feldofebeli, Wahmistra and Senior Unter-Officers for the length of service for 10 years. This medal was worn on the uniform and in the event that its owner was produced into the officer rank.
The next to the seniority was the Order of the White Eagle - one of the main orders of Poland, established in 1705 and a counted Russian in 1831. He was worn on the blue moored tape at the right hip, the star was relied on the left side of the chest. Ordinance motto: "For faith, king and law." It was a very high state award - she complained about the faces in the rank not lower than Lieutenant General. Ober and headquarters of the Russian army were not presented to the Order.
The Order of St. Vladimir was established by Catherine II in 1782 in honor of the 20th anniversary of her reign. He was divided into four degrees, to the two first of which the Order of the Stars, who put on the left side of the chest were relying. The cross of the 1st degree was rushed on a dark red with two black kimami tape at the right thigh, the crosses of the 2nd and 3rd degree - on the neck, the cross of the 4th degree - on the left side of the chest. Order motto: "Benefit, honor and glory."
The Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree for military merit complained with crossed swords and a bow from the Order Tape (3rd degree - only with swords). This prestigious reward is only a little inferior to the Higher Military Award of the country - the Order of St. George.
In addition, the Order of St. Vladimir was the "heard" reward of the Russian army. The Order, complained about the length of service, was easily distinguished by the inscription "25 years" (with the participation of at least one military campaign) and "35 years" who were made on the ray of the cross. To the Order For 25 years, a booth without swords was also added. For marine officers who have committed 18 campaigns and visited at least one battle, there was an order with a bow and an inscription on the rays of "18 campaigns", and for those who have committed 20 campaigns and did not participate in the battles - the Order with the bow and the inscription "20 Campaigns.
Thus, on the one hand, the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree for the length of service 25 and 35 years was one of the most common officer awards in the Russian army, on the other, the same order with swords and a bow was the honorable and fairly rare combat award. In the first world war, they were awarded mainly headquarters, although there were a lot of cases when "Vladimir" with swords and a bow were received for the heroic feat of young ensigns and pursuers. In any case, this testified to the outstanding courage of the hero and the uncommonness of his feat.
In peacetime, the Our Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree was a reward for Colonels and Major General. This degree of the order from May 28, 1900 brought him a hereditary nobility (although there was no practical meaning in this, since all the colonels and major generals in the Russian army were so offacarious nobles). The Order of St. Vladimir 2nd and moreover, the 1st degree was very high awards, to which persons in the rank are not lower than the Lieutenant General (Rarely Major General).
As an exclusively military award was conceived by Peter the Great Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, established in 1725. However, Peter's widow, Empress Ekaterina I, expanded the status of awards, they began to present it for achievements on civil appendi. The cross was the only degree of the Order on the neck, the star was assumed to him on the right side of the chest (for military merit - with swords) and the Red Order of the Renta. The motto of the Order: "For Works and Fatherland." At the beginning of the 20th century, the commanders of St. Alexander Nevsky were awarded the warlords in the rank not lower than the lieutenant-general, and more often - a complete general.
And finally, the Higher Order of the Russian Empire from 1698 was the Order of St. Andrew First Called. He had the only degree in the form of the Andreevsky Cross (the blue cross in the form of the letter X), which was carrying on the Order Chain, and the Order of the Star, worn on the left side of the chest. Ribbon Order - Blue, Ordinance motto - "For faith and loyalty." Crossing the combat merit, crossed swords were added.
Naturally, the Higher Order of the Empire complained only to her higher dignitaries. In the army, it could only receive a full-General or Field Marshal General. During World War I, there were only four awards with this order, but no relation to the army had a relationship. On July 1, 1998, the Order of St. Andrew the First Called was revived as a higher state award. Russian Federation.
We deliberately did not touch the most honorable combat awards. russian army - Georgievsky. And it is not surprising, because they can be devoted to a separate book. And besides, the Order of St. George was not included in general System The seniority of the Russian awards - the awarding was dependent solely on the importance of the female committed by Kavaler, and therefore this order could become the very first reward of the valiant officer.
The Order of the Holy Martyr and Victorious George was established by Catherine II in 1769. Empress, according to the right founder, and became the first cavalier of the Order. He immediately conceived as an exclusively combat award and was divided into four degrees. The motto of the Order: "For the service and bravery." The lowest, 4th degree, was a modest cross from White Enamel with the image of St. George, hitting the dragon's spear (an image of Holy since 1844 was replaced with a double-headed eagle image). The cross was worn on the left side of the chest, right all the other awards, on a black and orange tape, symbolizing the color of smoke and flame. The cross of the 3rd degree was somewhat larger in size and rushed on the neck, above all other our orders. There was also a cross of a 2nd degree, even greater in size than previous ones, but it was already relying the Order of the Star - quadrangular in shape, which dramatically allocated it against the background of other Russian order stars. The cross of the 1st degree, the largest in size, was worn on the left hover, the Order of the Ribbon was relying through the right shoulder and the star. Unlike all other orders, the younger degrees of "Georgy" were not shot in the presence of elders (this rule was introduced in 1856) and generally worn under any circumstances.
The Order could be awarded generals, officers and military priests. In fact, Georgii became the first Russian order, which in theory could receive any officer, regardless of the rank and service life. Awarding any degree of Order brought it to the owner of an offacarious nobility and considerable benefits in chin-production; For example, if "George" has received an ensign, it was produced in pursuers. Ober and headquarters, as a rule, were honored with the 4th degree of Order, the 3rd and 2nd degrees were the "general" awards, and the 1st - "Feldmarsh".
Immediately note that the eldest degrees of the Order of St. George were extremely rare even among the highest military leaders. Thus, the 1st degree in the history of the order received only 25 people, 2 - 125. The emperor was awarded by these degrees. Full cavaliers of the Order were only four people: Feld Marshal General Prince M.I. Glenchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, Prince M.B. Barclay de Tolly, Count I.I. Dibic-baroon and graph I.F. Passevich-Erivansky, the brilliant prince Warsaw.
The Order of St. George immediately after the establishment became the honorary combat award of the country. It is not surprising that the owners of a modest white cross on the uniform enjoyed in the army with great respect. Since 1849, their names were entered into marble boards on the walls of the St. George Hall in the Greater Kremlin Palace.
For the sake of justice, it should be noted that in the history of the Order of St. George there were also their unsightly moments. The 1st degree of "George" sometimes awarded the "necessary people" exclusively for political reasons - so, they did not have any attitude towards the Russian army Austrian commander I. Radetsky and Ersgertzog Albrecht, King of Sweden Karl XIV Yuhan, Emperor Germany Wilhelm I, French Duke Louis Angulele. The 2nd degree "George" had Emperor Germany Friedrich III, King Romania Karol I, the King of Montenegro Nicholas I, 3rd degree - the future English king Edward VIII, King of Serbia Peter I, King Romania Ferdinand 1. In 1877, the 1st The degrees of the Order were awarded two Russian great princes - the Alexander II brothers II Mikhail and Nikolai Nikolayevichi, although their military merit did not correspond to such a high award.
During the First World War, the Statute of the Order of St. George, approved on August 10, 1913, was operating. It has described in detail all the cases for which an officer could be awarded "Georgy". IN ground forces Such cases numbered 72, on the fleet - 42. We give several points of the statute as examples. So, "George" awarded the one who:
"... he will select our weapon or machine gun, the enemy captured;
Who in battle will captivate the commander of the army, the cabinet commander or chief of the Division of the Enemy Troops;
Who, being in full surroundings, to the offer of the delivery will be responsible for a solid and unshakable refusal, without stopping the battle, the report consciousness will not change him;
Who, driving an aeronautic device, will destroy an aeronautic device from the battle or with a battle will master them. "
Such a clearly painted structure of exploits made it possible to avoid "backwards" under representations, especially in the conditions of war. Appeared in the Statute of 1913 and another important point - from now on "George" for brilliant exploits began to reward and posthumously (it was not practiced before).
During World War I, the Order of St. George retained its exclusively high status. He was still awarded only for bright feats on the battlefield and for the management of outstanding military operations. 1st degree of Order For four years of war, no one was honored, the 2nd was awarded to four military leaders who, who, ironically, wore the name "Nikolai", - Generals N.I. Ivanov, N.V. Ruzsky (in 1914), Great Prince Nikolai Nikolayevich and N.N. Yudenich (in 1915), as well as two foreigners: Marshals of France J. Joffru (in 1914) and F. Fuchu (in 1916). The 3rd degree received 60 people, from them in 1914 - 12, in 1915 - 33, in 1916 - 15. The number of cavaliers of the 4th degree is calculated by several thousand.
During the First World War, several unique cases were noted related to the award of the Order of St. George. First, the second time for the history of the Order of his 3rd degree was awarded an officer in the rank of captain - S.G. Leontyev (awarded posthumously July 9, 1916 with simultaneous production in Lieutenant Colonels for a brilliant partisan operation on the liberation of the foil Nevel; the previous cavalier was Captain I.I. Byshev, who received the Order in 1770). Secondly, the 4th degree of Order was first posthumously awarded a woman, who also did not have any military title or rank (sister of the Mercy of the 105th Infantry Orenburg Regiment R.M. Ivanova, whose fate in this book is devoted to a separate essay). And, finally, the same degree "George" in the first and last time was awarded twice - the headquarters captain of the 73rd infantry Crimean regiment S.P. Avdeev (first award - February 20, 1916, the second - June 5 of the same year).
After the 1917 coup of 1917, the Order of St. George was preserved in a premium system of the country. Awards were not made by two higher degrees, and the 3rd degree of the Order From February to October 1917 seven people were awarded: Colonel K.I. Gopper, Major General N.N. Dukhonin, A.E. Snesarev, A.S. Karnitsky, ppm Udovichenko, N.A. Lochwitsky and Lieutenant General V.I. Sokolov, and the first five received their orders for the exploits committed back in 1916.
From June 24, 1917, the soldiers and sailors could also be awarded the Order of St. George, but only if at the time of the commitment they were awarded the responsibility of the officer. At the same time, a white metal laurel twig was mounted on the Order Tape. True, only two people became the owners of such awards - the subword of the 71st artillery brigade Joseph Firsov and the subpenser of the Ossetian equestrian regiment Konstantin Sokaev.
The Order of St. George was abolished by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on December 16, 1917, together with all other awards of the Russian Empire. However, at the fronts for some time the award was still continued to hand. Colonel PN became the most recent Georgievsky cavalier. Shatilov, who was awarded "George" of the 3rd degree on March 27, 1918 per feat, perfect in February 1916. On August 8, 2000, the Order of St. George was restored in the award system of the Russian Federation.
Very close in the status for the Order of St. George was also considered golden weapons with the inscription "For courage". Awarding with cold weapons was practiced in the Russian army since the time of Peter the Great, but this reward acquired its final appearance in early XIX. century. It was a sword (later - a saber, a checker, in the sailors - a corter) with a Drake of Georgievsky colors and gilded Ephesus, on which the inscription "For courage" was made. Since 1869, cavaliers of such weapons were ranked in Georgievsky, and according to the statute of 1913, the reward itself received the official name of Georgiev weapons. From this time, Ephesus was depicted the cross of the Order of St. George. The headquarters and those obur-officers who have already had an Annen weapon or the Order of St. George could be awarded by Georgiev weapons.
The George weapon was valued somewhat lower than the Order of St. George, but it was considered to be very honorable combat award. The statute of 1913 determined 30 cases in the ground forces and 32 - on the fleet, which attracted rewarding with such a weapon. So, the Georgievsk checker or the cortk could get the one who:
"... with a danger to life, will save the banner or the standard and deliver them from the captivity;
Who, during the battle, with a detachment, not over battalion or a squadron breaks through the strongest enemy;
Who, commanding reconnaissance, traveling or another command, captures the number of people equal to the drive or team;
Who, with a clear danger to life, will destroy on the front, flank or in the rear of the enemy necessary for him to cross and the topics will help our troops to win over the enemy. "
A separate type of this award was the St. George weapon decorated with diamonds. It complained only for the most outstanding victories. His cavaliers in 1914-1916 were eight people - grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, generals from artillery V.A. Irmanov and S. Mehmandarov, generals from infanteria P.A. Lechitsky and p.p. Kalitin, General from Cavalry A.A. Brusilov and lieutenant-general S.F. Doblotin and A.I. Denikin.
Finally, in 1917, a third, very specific Georgievsky award for officers appeared. We are talking about the St. George Cross with a laurel branch. This award was established on June 29, 1917 and was the soldier's Georgievsky cross, on top of the tape of which from August 19, 1917, a metal laurel twig was attached (on the crosses of the 3rd and 4th degrees of white metal, on the crosses of the 2nd and 1- th degrees - from yellow). Awarded such a cross "for the exploits of personal courage" officers "to meet the General Assembly" of the soldiers of the part and rushed on the left side of the breast above all other orders, excluding the Order of St. George. From July 25, 1917, such crosses were awarded to the fleet officers "to meet the general meeting of the personnel of the ship".
The most honored Georgievsky cavalier among the entire Russian officers of the First World War is considered to be the leaving of the peasants of the village of Pavlovsky Barnaul County of Tomsk Province, headquarters-captain, who fought in the 23rd Siberian Riflery and the 504th Infantry Verkhnyaralsky regions, Alexander Abramovich Alyabyev (1878-1921 ). He began military service in 1900, five years later fired in stock. The first world is intended in the rank of curtaire-ensign and for courage on the battlefield is made in ensigns. He was awarded by the St. George medals of four degrees, familiar with the difference between the Military Order of the 4th and 3rd degrees, the St. George Cross 2nd and 1st degrees, the 4th degree St. George Cross (September 18, 1917) and the Order of the Holy George 4th degree (September 18, 1916). Interestingly, the description of the feat, for which he received this order: "For being in the rank of ensign, in the battle of the 13th and 14th of July 1916 near the line of the village of Klekotow - opamps Commander 6th Rota, incoming In the composition of the 2nd battalion, when the named battalion, moving into the attack and being encountered at the wire barriers to a murderous fire, could not stand and filmed back to his position, the Lieutenant of Alyabyev with a rifle in his hands rushed with the cry of "Hurray" on a wire barrage 6th Rota; Rota, fascinated by the valiant commander, stood the wire and broke into the trenches, the Austrians fled, but after recovering the counterattack, covering the 6th Road on the right; About 30-35 people were left in the company and Lieutenant Alyabyev took the tagged trenches, but it was located with the remnants of the company (10-15 people), in front of wire barriers, swallowed, beat off the fire attempting to surround him. Lieutenant Alyabyev sent shooters with reports, but sent, rolling a few steps, destroyed by the enemy's fire. Another day, the enemy's artillery opened fire on the 6th company, our artillery, not knowing the fate of the remains of the 6th company, opened fire at its location, having the goal of destroying wire bodies. For repeated proposals to rent the lieutenant Alyabyev, while remaining just with three arrows, he answered silently, and attempting to approach the fire. In this position, he stayed until 22 hours on July 14th, while the 22nd and 23rd Siberian Rifle Shelves were rushed into the attack and did not release this handful of valiant heroes. " In addition to the ten St. George awards, Alyabyev also had the Order of St. Anne 4th degree "for courage", St. Stanislav 3rd and 2nd degrees with swords, St. Anne 3rd and 2nd degrees with swords, St. Vladimir 4- th degree with swords and bow, two medals. During the Civil War, the hero in the rank of captain served in the 1st Protection Brigade railways In Barnaul, then lived in the village of Barnaul county in the village. In February 1920, the Altai CC was arrested and on June 8, 1921 sentenced to shooting for participation in the counter-revolutionary organization "Peasant Union". According to the family legend, he was not shot, he managed to hide and ran abroad. October 8, 1997 was posthumously rehabilitated.
Low inferior A.A. Alyabyev in the number of George awards His peer, a native of the city of Ilimsk Irkutsk Province Captain Joseph Andreevich Kozlov (1878-1963). He started the service in 1900 in 1900, on November 10, 1915, he was performed in the ensign, served in the 82nd Oboy battalion and the 657th Infantry Prut Regiment. For courage in battle I.A. Kozlov was awarded the St. George Crosses of the 4th, 3rd and 2nd degrees, the Order of St. George 4th degree "... For the fact that in the battle at the city of Augustov, on the night of August 4 to August 5, 1915, personally brought The commander of the company to the bayonet strike and took the acting German machine gun, and he himself was injured "(September 27, 1916), Georgievsky weapons" ... For the fact that in the battle on July 16, 1917, the village of Zullya, commanding the school team, held a position on Islands of the river Cheremosh. When the neighboring parts of the 660th Chernivtsi regiment under the Nachis of the enemy moved away and the front of the 165th infantry Division I threatened the breakthrough, the podoruk of Kozlov, quickly appreciating the situation, rushed at the head of the team in a counterattack, knocked out the enemy from those employed by the trenches, capturing 2 machine guns and up to one hundred prisoners. Prior to the restoration of the combat line, 6 enemy attacks "(September 2, 1917) and the St. George Cross of the 4th degree with a laurel branch (September 13, 1917). In addition, I.A. Kozlov was awarded the Order St. Stanislav 3rd degree with swords and a bow and four medals. After the war, the hero lived in Tomsk, Ilimsk and Sverdlovsk, in 1937 he was arrested, but soon dismissed thanks to the promotion of the former single-slang who served in the NKVD. During the Great Patriotic War Cavalier of six St. George awards taught fire training in the Sverdlovsk regional military registration and enlistment office, then worked in Hsek. The grave of the outstanding hero of Russia, the fearless officer of the First World War is located in the Ivanovo cemetery of Yekaterinburg.
But back to St. George award signs. Once a unique reward became George Ribbon. For a brilliant mobilization of 1914, she was granted Lieutenant General A.S. Lukomsky to His order of St. Vladimir 4th degree already had. Thus, he became the owner of the only award in the history of the Award - "Vladimir" in St. George Ribe. Speaks gave this ordinance nickname "Vladimir Georgievich".
For military clergymen existed a special reward - a golden cross in St. George Ribe. It was the second George award, which appeared after the Order of St. George. Her institution is associated with the heroic assault of the Turkish fortress Ishmael in 1790, then all officers of the Polotsky Infantry Regiment were killed in the fastest of battle, the attack was on the verge of a breakdown. And here, the head of the column appeared the regimental priest Father Trofim (Kutsinsky), who headed the assault with the cross in his hand. Inspired by the view of the beloved shepherd soldiers rushed into an attack ... After the capture of Izmail A.V. Suvorov reported P.A. Potemkin: "Today we will have a thanksgiving prayer. He will sing Polotsky pop, former with a cross in front of the sim brave regiment. " Father Trofim and became the first cavalier of the Golden Inspection Cross in St. George Ribbon. The award was not only honorable, but also very rare - until 1903, it was awarded only 194 of the Army priest. During the First World War, the golden cross in St. George Ribe was awarded to military shepherds 248 times (11 people honored him posthumously). Also twice was awarded Panagia in St. George Ribbon (Icon of the Mother of God for wearing on the chest). On February 26, 1915, her bishop of Dmitrovsky Trifon (Turkestan) was awarded, and on July 1, 1916 - Bishop Kremenetsky Dionysius (Vyenoinsky).
With the Order of St. George is inextricably linked and the honorable reward for Russian soldiers - the St. George Cross. His prototype was established on February 13, 1807 by Emperor Alexander I called the "Sign of the Difference of the Military Order." They were awarded for courage in battle the most distinguished ordinary and non-commissioned officers. The first cavalier of the sign was the Unter-Officer of the Life Guard Cavallerge Regiment Egor Mitrokhin. The appearance of this sign repeated the Cross of the Order of St. George, the tape was also Georgievskaya, but the sign was made of silver, and not from white enamel. On the back of the sign since 1809 its serial number was knocked out. In addition, the sign in no way was regarded as an order, and the officers did not seem to him. The only exception is the general of Infanteria Count MA Miloradovich, who was awarded personally by Alexander I for courage in the battle near Leipzig (1813).
Nevertheless, in the soldier's environment, the sign immediately acquired as high status as in the officers - the Order of St. George. Moreover, in everyday life, he began to call "Soldier George" or "St. George Cross", and were awarded were called Georgievsky cavaliers. How high the status of the awards is indicated by the fact that the cross himself was awarded, but did not have the opportunity to get the cross itself due to hostilities (for example, during the Defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855), they wore on the form only the St. George ribbon, And it was regarded as a complete analogue of award.
Like the Order of St. George, the sign of the distinction of the military order was worn on the form always and in all circumstances. In the event that the sign holder was made to the officers, he continued to wear his reward (she was placed to the left of all orders, but the right of medals). Since 1844, the image of Saint George on the sign was replaced by a double-headed eagle for Inoverts.
In 1856, the statute of the sign of the Military Order was changed. Now he was divided into four degrees. The first two were made of gold, the third and fourth - from silver. At the same time, the Bantian from Georgievskaya tape was added to the 1st and 3rd degrees. Always rushed on the left side of the chest. If there are all the four degrees of the sign, only the 1st and 3rd, with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th and 3rd and 3rd, with the 3rd and 4th, in the presence of the 3rd and 4th -I.
The next statute change occurred on August 10, 1913. From this time, the sign of the distinction of a military order was called the St. George Cross, and they were also officially called Georgievsky Cavaliers - as well as the Cavalers of the Order of St. George, who were only awarded officers and generals.
Externally, the St. George Cross of the 1913 sample was practically not different from the previous signs of the Military Order. The difference was that now on the turnover before the ordinal number there was a sign "No.", and the crosses themselves due to improved processing and the quality of stamping became lighter and elegant.
There were still four degrees. Awarding, as a rule, was produced from the younger degree to the eldest. Since 1913, the St. George Cross could also be awarded to posthumously.
The statute of 1913 scrupulously listed the cases for which the Lower Chin could be presented to the St. George Cross. In the land forces such cases, there were 46, on the Fleet -11. For example, the St. George Cross could be awarded the one who:
"... as a lifroception of all officers, accepting the team during the battle, keep or restore order in the company, squadron, hundred, battery or team;
Who, when storming a fortified enemy seat, the first will go to it;
Who, being an intelligence, with obviously a personal danger, will achieve and will deliver an important reduction in the opponent;
Who in battle will take in captivity of the headquarters or general. "
Awarded the cross and for loyalty to the oath shown outside the battle. So, on May 25, 1915, the George Cross 3rd degree No. 224 was awarded the ordinary 150th infantry Taman regiment Vasily Terentievich Waterman. On April 27, during exploration under the city of Shavly (now Siauliai, Lithuania, he was captured by the Germans and during the interrogation refused to inform them about the location of his part. The German Unter-Officer Tesacian cut off the Vasilya both ear and half of the language, but the courageous soldier did not give up military mystery.
Awarding by the St. George Cross entailed and an increase in the rank. An ordinary, who received "Georgy" 4th degree became an efreitor, and the 3rd degree is the younger university officer.
Unlike the sign of the distinction of the military order, the numbering of St. George crosses began again, from No. 1. The St. George Cross 4th degree No. 1 was presented in person by Emperor Nikolai II on September 20, 1914 by the ordinary 41th infantry selengine regiment Peter Chernechuk, who in battle captured Austrian banner.
Unlike the orders, the female servicemen were also awarded to St. George Cross. So, on March 18, 1916, the 17-year-old volunteer from the 3rd Siberian was posthumously by St. George Kavaler rifle regiment Ekaterina Vorontsova. In the presentation it is said that during the offensive under the lake of Naroch, she "his example inspired the entire regiment, led him, infecting his enthusiasm, in the attack." Became George Cavaliers and children. So, the crosses of the 4th degree received 10-year-old Stepan Kravchenko and 12-year-old Nikolai Smirnov. Among the foreigners who fought on the side of Russia and received St. George awards, the French pilot, the Lieutenant of the Russian Army and Lieutenant of the French Alphonse Parae (1883-1922), awarded by St. George weapons and St. George Cross of four degrees, and the Czech of the Queen's volunteer Lieutenant (for 1918 - Colonel) Karel Vashatka (1882-1919), which had a truly unique set of awards - Georgievic medals 4th, 3rd and 2nd degrees, Georgiev crosses of four degrees, St. George Cross 4th degree with a laurel branch, the Order of St. George 4th degrees and Georgievic weapons.
On May 26, 1915, according to the Imperial Decree, Georgievsky crosses of the 1st and 2nd degrees began to produce a reduced sample from gold - now they contained only 60 percent of gold. Silver crosses remained the same. But since October 10, 1915, all "Georgia" began to be minted from alloys, externally repeating precious metals. And from June 1916, due to the fact that the number of awarded cross exceeded a million, the numbering system was changed: the "1 / m" sign was affixed on the top ray (1 million), and other numbers were knocked out on transverse rays.
After the February 1917 coup in 1917, Georgievsky crosses continued. However, now they were given far from not only for fighting. For example, the leader of the temporary government A.F. Kerensky, who did not have the slightest attitude towards the army, became Georgievsky cavalier than two times. The cross of the 4th degree to him, "as a fearless hero of the Russian Revolution, which threw the banner of tsarism," he presented in May 1917, a delegation of the 8th Border Camurry Infantry Regiment, and the cross of the 2nd degree - the delegation of the 3rd Caucasus Army Corps. Of course, such cases have sharply lowered the status of an honorary soldier's award.
In just the years of the First World War, 33,000 awards were produced by the Görgiyevsky Cross 1st degree, 65 thousand - 2nd degrees, 289 thousand - 3rd degrees, and the 4th degree received more than 1 million 200 thousand fighters. The most honored Georgievsky cavalier of the first world among the lower ranks was the subwrinkler of the Life Guard of the 3rd Rifle Regiment Grigory Ivanovich Salamatin - Kavalel of Georgievskiy medals of all degrees (1st degree - twice), two Georgievsky crosses of the 4th degree, two Georgievsky crosses 3 "The degree, the George Cross of the 2nd degree and the two George crosses of the 1st degree. Total 12 Georgievsky awards! ..
The St. George Cross was abolished with all the signs of Russia's difference on December 16, 1917. In April 1944, a draft decision of the USSR SCC, which was allowed by the wearing of St. George crosses to Soviet military form. The project was reading: "In order to create the continuity of combat traditions of Russian warriors and take due respect to the heroes, which are thickened by the German imperialists in the war of 1914-1917, SNK of the USSR decides: 1. to equate b. Georgievsky cavaliers who received St. George crosses for the fighting feats committed in battles against the Germans in the war of 1914-1917, to the cavaliers of the Order of Glory with all the benefits of this. 2. Allow b. St. George Cavalerars Wearing pads on the chest with an ordinar tape of set colors. 3. Persons to be the subject of this resolution are issued an ordinance book of the Order of Glory marked "b. The St. George Cavalier ", which is drawn up by the headquarters of military districts or fronts based on the submission of the relevant documents (genuine orders or service lists of that time)." Officially, this ruling is not entered into force, but at the end of the Great Patriotic War, many St. George Cavalers wore their awards next to Soviet.
Until 1917, there was another soldiers' award - the George Medal, divided into four degrees. It was established in 1878 entitled "For courage". However, since the medal was worn on the St. George tape, in everyday life it was most often called "Georgievskaya". This name officially legalized the Statute on August 10, 1913. The two first degrees of the medals were golden, the 3rd and 4th - silver, to the 1st and 3rd degrees left the bow. A profile image of Nicholas II was placed on the front side, on a turnover - the inscription "For courage" and the sequence number. Medal is broken on the form under all circumstances. Its cavaliers produced in officers also continued to wear a medal (left of all orders and the St. George Cross, but the right to all other medals).
Unlike the St. George Cross, Georgievskaya Medal could have been presented with persons not military serviceAnd besides, she was awarded in peacetime. For example, a medal could be obtained for saving the life of the commander in a skirmish with armed gangsters, the seizure of the ship with smugglers, courageous defense of the post.
After the February 1917 coup, the St. George Medal changed its appearance. From April 24, 1917, the image of Nicholas II was replaced by the image of St. George, hitting the Snake speaking. Old, pre-revolutionary medals with a portrait of the emperor were allowed to wear only the back of the outside. In total, more than 1.5 million awards were produced by a medal.
At the end of our story, we note that formally "full St. George Kavaler"Only the soldier who was awarded four degrees of St. George Medals and the St. George Cross could be called the owner of the" full bow ". However, in fact, the full cavaliers were often called those who had four degrees only medals and only the cross.
On August 8, 2000, the St. George Cross as the highest award for soldiers, sergeants, seniters and junior officers was revived in the award system of the Russian Federation. Unlike pre-revolutionary analogues, it is the official name of the "Difference Sign - St. George Cross" and has the order.
Separately, it is worth mentioning another interesting awardthat appeared in Russia on the eve of the First World War. This is a female sign of the honors from St. Olga, established in honor of the 300th anniversary of the house of Romanov on February 21, 1913. (The statute was approved on July 11, 1915.) In many sources, this sign is mistakenly referred to as the Order. I must say that a similar disorder reigned during the existence of a sign: so, in the table of contents of the official reference book N.N. Trofimova "The Highest Awards" (Petrograd, 1916) speaks of the "order sign", and in the text of the same book - already about the "Difference Sign".
Such a difference was caused by the fact that the sign of the distinction of St. Olga was very close to orders and in appearance, and for purpose. In essence, it was a "popular analogue" of the female Order of St. Catherine, which existed in Russia from 1714: Unlike this order, only the highest court ladies were presented (only 724 awards took place), the sign of the honors from St. Olga Designed for massive hand. Women could be awarded to them for "merits, testifying to selfless devotion to the church, the throne and Fatherland, the exploits of personal selflessness, conjugate with obvious to life danger, serving the cause of help to the neighbors," merit in the field of public education, agriculture, science and art. Clause 8 of the Statute stated that the signs "may also be complained by the mothers of the heroes who had feats worthy of perpetuations in the chronicles of the Fatherland."
The sign consisted of three degrees. All three were worn on a white bow on the left shoulder. Motto: "To favor the Middle."
Unfortunately, the story of the sign turned out to be very short, and his cavalier was one-only woman - Vera Nikolaevna Panayev, who lost on the front of the first world sons-officers: Boris, Lion and Guria. The heroes of the Panayev brothers in this book dedicated to a separate essay.
It is also worth mentioning the role in the award system of the Russian Empire of the early XX century medals. As a rule, they were divided into two types: established in memory of wars or specific combat episodes and established in memory of events. The medals were made of silver, bright bronze or copper, were rushed on her neck or on the chest and quoted much lower than the youngest order of the Order.
We have already told about the two most honorable medals of Russia - this is the Georgievskaya and Annena medals who were considered a kind of addition to the corresponding orders. In addition, one of the most common Russian medals was "for diligence", divided into many varieties. Awarding the Medal "For Diligence" took place in such a sequence: Silver breast on Stanislavovskaya tape; Chest silver on Annen Ribbon; Chest gold on Stanislavovskaya ribbon; Chest golden on Annena Ribbon; cervical silver on Stanislavovskaya ribbon; cervical silver on the Annen ribbon; cervical silver on Vladimir tape; cervical silver on the Alexandrovskaya ribbon; cervical gold on Stanislavovskaya tape; cervical gold on Annena Ribbon; cervical gold on Vladimir tape; cervical gold on the Alexandrovskaya ribbon; Cervical Golden on Andrei Ribbon. Such medals could be awarded by many categories of servicemen - the postpowers who served 7 years, Unter-Officers, who served 20 years, of which 15 are in the Unter-Officer's rank, retired military personnel, awarded the sign of the distinction of a military order, and some others.
In addition to these medals, on the eve of the First World War on the uniforms of the Russian servicemen could see the following jubilee medals: "For a trip to China in 1900-1901", "For the fight" Varyag "and Korean", "In memory of the 50th anniversary of the Defense of Sevastopol," "For the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905," for activities In the Red Cross in the Russian-Japanese War, "" In memory of the 200th anniversary of Poltava Victory, "" In memory of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, "" In memory of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov "," In memory of the 200th anniversary of the battle with Ganguta. The latest medal of the Russian Empire, established during the war, has become a medal "For works on the excellent implementation of the universal mobilization of 1914."
... The slim premium system described above is clearly acted only before World War II. In peacetime, the Order could be awarded an officer in the rank not lower than the lieutenant, and he could not be submitted to the next Order earlier than three years after awarding the previous one (to the orders of St. Anne 1st degree and St. Vladimir 2nd degree - after four years, to the orders of the White Eagle and St. Alexander Nevsky - after 5 years). The Order was presented in the following sequence: the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd Degree, St. Anne 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 2nd degree, St. Anne 2nd degree, St. Vladimir 4th degree for long service. Very often, everything was limited. Even the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree had not all colonels. Well, then there was already a "general set" - the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree, St. Anne 1st degree, St. Vladimir 2nd degree, White Eagle, St. Vladimir 1st degree, Saint Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called, Moreover, for the usual brigade general, the team commander or chief of the division, he was limited, as a rule, the first two. And the generals met and at all without the "stars", that is, who did not have a 1st degree of a single order. To such, no matter how surprisingly, one of the most legendary commanders of the First World War, the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army L.G. Cornilov.
Russian officers are well distributed quite widespread and the rewarding of Russian officers by foreign orders. On their wearing, it was necessary to seek the highest permission. Most often, French, Serbian, Chernogorsk, Bulgarian, Romanian, Italian and German orders could be seen on the uniforms of Russian officers, and exotic awards were also common - Persian, Japanese, Bukhara. All foreign orders were run below the youngest Russian status.
The rules of wearing awards in the form in Russia were very complex and depended on the set of circumstances. But one rule always acted: the youngest degree of the Order did not wear in the presence of an older. The exception was made for the orders with swords. Let's say if the officer had the Order of St. Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degrees, he wore only the cross of the 2nd degree, but if the 3rd degree was with swords, then she was worn. The Order of St. George to any extent, Georgievsky crosses and St. George medals were put on all types of clothing always and under any circumstances.
Such an approach made it possible not to clutter the uniform of the "iconostasis" awards, the form even on a well-deserved officer looked simply and modestly: two or three, a maximum of four orders.
In addition, by the beginning of World War II, the service consisted of a relatively small number of officers who managed to participate in hostilities and distinguish between Russian-Japanese war The country has already separated for 10 years, from the Russian-Turkish - and at all 36. So the absolute majority of officers were overlooking the "peaceful" orders.
In general, the premium system of the Russian Empire by 1914 was arranged in such a way that in fact no one consisting on public service, including military, could not be coincided by one or another award. On the one hand, this made it possible to encourage distinguished without unnecessary bureaucratic red tapes, on the other hand, the attitude towards orders, especially for the younger, as something ordinary, of course, spoken.
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Description:
Expert conclusion.
Military British medal "For participation in the war of 1914-1918". Great Britain. British Empire. The medal was established on July 26, 1919, the King of Great Britain Georg V (1910 - 1936). British servicemen were awarded for participation in World War (July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918). Release 1919-1920 Belonged to the ordinary army corps of service G.S. Burgessu.
British military medal 1914 - 1918 (general plan, obverse side) 
British Medal of the First World War (General Plan, Reverse Party)
Material and machinery manufacturing: Silver (925 test - British standard sterling), casting, stamp (production of the Royal Mint), polishing, rolling, fabric, wool.
Condition: Good.
Description: A round medal, with a bilateral relief pattern, subscription gurt and suspension. Diameter in a circle of 35 mm. Gurta width 3 mm.
AVERS: Image of King Great Britain George V (1910-1936) in profile left, inscription on Latin Georgivs V Britt: OMN: Rex et Ind: IMP: (Full Latin text Georgivs V Britanniarum Omnium Rex Et Indiae Imperator; Rus. Georg V translation of all British and Emperor India), BM production marking - initials of the famous master-medaler Bertram McKennela (Bertram Mackennal, 1863-1931).
Avers Medals Reverse: Image of St. George on horseback, with a naked sword (the symbol of the victory of the fair war) and the thrown shield with the image of the German Imperial Eagle (Germany capitulated in time of World War) and the skull with bones (defeated, failed winners). A quiet water surface symbolizes the inviolability and eternity of the borders of the British Empire, and the luminous sun is a ray of light after darkness. Production Marking W MC M. - Master-Medaller Master Macmillan initials).
Reverse medals Gurt: inscription (abbreviations with Latin letters on the english language, Roman numbers) M2 - 114651 (service number) PTE. (Private - Private) G. S. Burgess.. (Name, surname - G.S. Burgess) AS.C. ARMY SERVICE CORPS - Army Service Corps).
Inscription on the head (initial) 
Inscription on the head (terminal part) Suspension: The fastening suspension is a three-storey part made of silver (925 sample). The upper part of the suspension is designed to connect it with a ribbon, the middle part is for fastener with a fixed hinge. Bottom part - Hinge itself - for connecting to the medal.
Ribbon: rectangular shape with seven-band four-color decoration. Made by machine sewing from genuine silk thread. With the external and inside of the tape traces from two mounting holes. The long ribbon is 100 mm, width - 32 mm. Tape colors - blue, denotes water borders of the British Empire, red-yellow or fiery - attack of the enemy, white - hope for a bright future, black - the death of the enemy.
For more information about awarding:
Medal was handed over 28 days of service in the period I World War, military personnel British army, The Royal Air Force, the Royal Fleet and the Royal Reserve Fleet of the British Empire, as well as to all other persons who provided the United Kingdom military assistance services in the period I World War (1918 - 1918) from August 5, 1914 to November 11, 1918. (including citizens of foreign states.
In the future, the time period established to obtain military British medals for participation in the war of 1914-1918. was extended, a period of 1919-1920. The medals were presented to persons participating in maritime mine clearance, as well as military personnel held at the British Expeditionary Corps in the south and north of the European part of Russia, in Siberia, on the Black and Caspian seas.
The total circulation of the Silver version of the British medal of the First World War was 6.390,000 copies (110,000 copies were released from bronze for Chinese, Indian and Maltese labor battalions).
Results of expert work:
On the external signs and their aggregate, and on the basis of sources of reliable information, the medal can be attributed as genuine, original military british medal "For participation in the war of 1914-1918.", Established on July 26, 1919, release 1919 - 1920.
Expert study was performed on the basis of the visual survey of the subject.
The expert opinion of the subject carried out a certified expert by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Kornienko Alexander Alexandrovich.
On the basis of the law "On the export and import of cultural values" of April 15, 1993, No. 4804-1 and the result of this expert work, this subject of research - British Medal of the First World War, 1914-1918. - represents cultural value.
Buy British Medal of the First World War, 1914-1918 . - It means learn and understand the causes of the I World War, the meaning of its start, and the meaning of her ending, its cruelty and unjustiness. Military medals Great Britain Interesting in terms of studying the history of the British Empire, its start, her dawn and its sunset. Buy Order Orders and Medals of Great Britain To my collection - this means approaching the past of this country. United Kingdom awards - This is a whole layer in the study of the award system of the United Kingdom! In our military antiques store, you can also order or buy other English awards: the Royal Victorian Order, the Order of St. Michael and St. George, Order Bani, the British cross "For outstanding flights", Baltic Medal, Crimean Medal (United Kingdom) and others. Items !
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