Primary vocational education. What is primary vocational education? Primary vocational education in Russia. See what “Primary vocational education” is in other dictionaries

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(NGO)- initial level of vocational education. Mainly represented by State Educational Institution NPO (State educational institution of primary vocational education) and NOU NPO (Non-state educational institution of primary vocational education). IN Soviet era consisted of vocational schools (full name - Secondary City Vocational Technical School - SGPTU). Currently, a significant part of Russian vocational schools have been renamed PTL (Vocational-technical lyceums). Some vocational schools have been renamed colleges. Admission is carried out on the basis of 9th and 11th grades. NPO, like SPO, consists of the federal state educational standard of secondary (full) general (11 grades) and vocational education.

NGO and SPO institutions (Secondary vocational education) united under the general term SSUZ (Secondary special educational institution).

RF LAW “ON EDUCATION” dated July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 Article 22. Primary vocational education(edited) Federal Law dated July 18, 2005 N 92-FZ) 1. Primary vocational education is aimed at training skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general (9 classes) and secondary (complete) general (11 classes) 2. Primary vocational education can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education, as well as in educational institutions of secondary vocational and higher vocational education if appropriate licenses are available.

NGOs in the USSR

See also

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See what “Primary vocational education” is in other dictionaries:

Primary vocational education- 1. Primary vocational education is aimed at training skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general and secondary (complete) general education. 2. Initial... ... Official terminology

PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION- aims to train skilled workers (workers, employees) in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education. For certain professions, initial vocational education... ... Dictionary of career guidance and psychological support

Primary vocational education- the first level of vocational education, which is based on basic (general basic) and/or secondary general education; provided by educational institutions of primary vocational education or other educational... ...

PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION- education, the purpose of which is to train skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education, and in certain professions on the basis of secondary (complete) general... ... Vocational education. Dictionary

I Contents: I. Initial public education at all. II. Primary public education abroad: Austria-Hungary, England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Vocational education- a socially and pedagogically organized process of labor socialization of the individual, ensuring orientation and adaptation in the world of professions, mastery of a specific specialty and level of qualifications, continuous growth of competence, skill and... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION- PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. The process of labor training of an individual, ensuring his orientation in the world of professions and mastery of a specific specialty. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, as amended in 1996, fixed the corresponding levels... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

This article needs to be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page. Vocational education (also vocational technical education) system for training qualified workers in professional... ... Wikipedia

Vocational education- a system of knowledge, practical skills and abilities in a certain field of work. According to the level of qualifications of the trained specialists, vocational education is usually divided into primary, secondary and higher... Glossary of terms on general and social pedagogy

- (SPO) intermediate level vocational education. Contents 1 Secondary vocational education in Russia ... Wikipedia

Books

• Mathematics Textbook, Stoilova L.. The textbook was created in accordance with the Federal State General Education Standard in the field of preparation " Teacher education» profile “Primary education” (qualification…
• Mechanical equipment for catering establishments. Series: Primary vocational education. 2nd edition, V.D. Elkhina. 336 pages. The structure, principles of operation and operating rules of mechanical equipment of enterprises are considered catering, as well as the most common malfunctions...

In society, education has always been considered a sign of upbringing and intellectual level. In this sense, it is more valued higher education, and high school graduates strive to get into prestigious universities and institutes for fashionable specialties, while the country lacks highly qualified workers. Primary vocational education, which is now trying to keep up with the times, is responsible for their preparation. About this and we'll talk in the article.

System of educational institutions of vocational education

Educational institutions engaged in professional training of students are divided into three levels. These are primary (technical schools) and higher (universities). SSUZ (secondary specialized educational institutions) are called associations of vocational education institutions at the secondary and primary levels. The primary level includes state educational institutions NGOs and non-state educational institutions - respectively, state and non-state educational institutions primary vocational education. During the USSR, primary vocational education was represented by vocational schools (their full name was: medium-sized urban vocational technical schools, or SGPTU). Modern Russia renamed them vocational lyceums.

Recruitment is based on ninth and eleventh grades. To be admitted, you need to submit an application and pass a competition. As a rule, NGO institutions are popular among students living in incomplete schools and because primary vocational education is an excellent opportunity to both master a profession and obtain a secondary school certificate.

Popular specialties in vocational education institutions

On modern market labor there is an acute shortage of specialists trained to work in the production sector. This happens because high school graduates consider blue-collar professions to be unprestigious and incorrectly estimate the level of salaries in this area. Institutions providing primary vocational education prepare comprehensively developed graduates, whose training is carried out by real masters and teachers who are constantly concerned about improving their qualifications. Modern training programs in vocational lyceums are close to secondary vocational education. Duration training course depends on the student. In the event that primary vocational education is received on the basis of 9 grades high school, then the duration of training is from two to three years. School graduates from (after 11th grade) study in vocational lyceums from 1 to 2 years. Vocational lyceums offer two day and evening courses.

The list of specialties that NGO institutions prepare has been greatly reduced since Soviet times (one thousand four hundred), and has been significantly revised. Currently, training is underway for integrated two hundred and eighty professions. The most popular professions were from the service sector, food, transport and trade. Of the completely new specialties in demand by society, we can list ecologists, social workers, designers, small business organizers. All this increases the competitiveness of graduates and allows them to be guaranteed to find a job. And the number of specialties related to production and construction has decreased.

To this day, primary vocational education in Russia is classified as secondary specialized education, while abroad it can also be classified as higher education. And at the same time, NGO institutions constitute one of the important parts of the education system, training highly qualified workers from the service sector and industrial production.

1. Procedure for admission of applicants.

Diploma of secondary vocational education

Cheat sheet: Primary vocational education in Russia

Indeed, according to clause 2, part 1, art. 108 of the Federal Law “On Education in Russian Federation» the educational level (educational qualification) of primary vocational education, established under the old Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, is equal to secondary vocational education in training programs for qualified workers (employees). Thus, persons with diplomas of primary vocational education are considered to have secondary vocational education in training programs for skilled workers (employees).

According to Part 3 of Art. 5 of Federal Law No. 273-FZ in the Russian Federation guarantees universal access and free secondary vocational education in accordance with federal state educational standards, if the citizen receives education at this level for the first time. At the same time, a special standard has been established for secondary vocational education.

Thus, persons who have primary vocational education or equivalent secondary vocational education in training programs for skilled workers (employees) have the right to receive free secondary vocational education in training programs for mid-level specialists.

Conclusion: People who have only NPOs must first undergo training for SVE, as specified in the law above, and then they can apply for training under advanced training/retraining programs, subject to the necessary work experience and qualification requirements.

PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Types of educational institutions

Educational is institution, carrying out educational process , that is, implementing one or more educational programs and (or) providing the maintenance and education of students and pupils.

Educational institutions They differ in their organizational and legal forms (state, municipal, non-state - private, educational institutions of public and religious organizations), as well as in their typical affiliation and specific characteristics.

According to current legislation, to educational include institutions the following types:

1) preschool institutions;

2) educational institutions(primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

3) institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education;

4) institutions additional education adults;

5) special institutions (correctional) for students and pupils with developmental disabilities;

6) institutions of additional education;

7) institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

8) institutions of additional education for children;

9) other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Within each of these types there are several different varieties (types) of educational institutions.

Currently, based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2001 No. 224 “ On conducting an experiment to improve the structure and content of general education» an experiment is being carried out step by step to establish new standard deadlines for mastering general education programs levels of general education:

1st stage ( primary general education) - 4 years;

2nd stage ( basic general education) - 5-6 years;

3rd stage ( secondary (complete) general education) - 2 years.

Standard qualifications reflecting educational level stages of vocational education also presented various types professional educational institutions. But it should be noted that vocational training should not be identified with vocational education at the appropriate level.

Vocational training has the goal of accelerating the student’s acquisition of the skills necessary to perform a specific job or group of jobs.

It can be obtained in various educational institutions: interschool training centers, training and production workshops, training sites(workshops), etc. But vocational training is not accompanied by an increase in the student’s educational level.

Levels of vocational education

Primary vocational education has as its goal the training of skilled workers (workers, employees) in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education and can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education (vocational and other schools of this level).

Secondary vocational education aims to train mid-level specialists, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

Educational institution of secondary vocational education(secondary specialized educational institution) is an educational institution that implements professional educational programs of secondary vocational education.

Educational institutions of this type include the following types of secondary specialized educational institutions: technical school (college, school), college, technical school-enterprise (institution).

Technical school (college, school)- the main type of secondary specialized educational institution that implements professional educational programs of a secondary specialized educational institution.

College- independent educational institution of advanced type (or structural unit university, academy, institute), implementing in-depth professional educational programs of secondary vocational education according to individual curricula for extended training, providing students with an increased level of qualifications.

Higher professional education is aimed at training and retraining specialists of a certain level, meeting human needs in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education.

Postgraduate professional education provides a person with the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific, and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

State status of educational institution(type, type and category of educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and focus of the educational programs it implements) is established when it state accreditation.

Educational institutions, having state accreditation and implementing general education (except for preschool) and professional educational programs, are issued to persons who have passed final certification, state-issued documents on the level of education and (or) qualifications, based on the fact that the following are established in the Russian Federation educational levels(educational qualifications):

Basic general education;

Secondary (complete) general education;

Primary vocational education;

Secondary vocational education;

Higher professional education;

Postgraduate professional education.

State document confirming the appropriate level of education is a necessary condition to continue studying at a state or municipal educational institution of a subsequent level of education.

On forums dedicated to education, you can often come across the question: What is secondary vocational education? In essence, secondary vocational education (abbreviated SPO) is a “modernized” secondary special education, part of the Soviet education system. With the collapse of the USSR, some technical schools were renamed colleges, more than half of which were annexed to various universities as structural divisions.

According to statistics, at least 20 million specialists officially employed in the Russian Federation have received SPO. Approximately half of these professionals are employed in the service and manufacturing sectors. Another 50% are knowledge workers: mid-level staff of business structures, managers, personnel officers, accountants, auditors, etc.

The modern sphere of vocational education is regulated by the new law on education, which came into force on September 1, 2013. Separately, it should be noted that primary and secondary vocational education are not the same thing.

The procedure for obtaining secondary vocational education

Persons with a level of education not lower than basic (9 grades of a general education school) or secondary general education (11 grades) can be admitted to study in vocational education programs. Secondary vocational education programs, implemented on the basis of 9 grades, include disciplines of secondary general education. The development of such programs is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Federal State Standards for secondary vocational and secondary general education and taking into account the professional profile for which students are being prepared for work.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained both in secondary specialized educational institutions (secondary colleges) and at the first educational level of universities.

Types of educational institutions where you can get secondary education:

1. Colleges. These are colleges that implement basic programs of secondary vocational education at the levels of advanced and basic training.
2. Schools and technical schools. These are colleges in which training takes place according to the basic programs of primary vocational education, as well as secondary vocational education, but only at the level of basic training.

Admission to budget-funded training in secondary vocational education programs is publicly available to all categories of citizens. However, there are such nuances:

1. Entrance tests are carried out for applicants if the professions they plan to master require specialists to have certain psychological or physical qualities.
2. Admission to training of citizens is carried out based on the results of their mastery of various disciplines general education program, if the number of people wishing to enroll exceeds the number available in the college budget places in this direction. The level of knowledge of applicants is determined by the grades recorded in the educational documents they provided upon admission. Budget places are awarded to applicants with the highest grades and state exam results.

Additional rules for admitting applicants are annually developed and approved by each individual educational institution independently, but in accordance with the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation and Federal State Standards.

1. Procedure for admission of applicants.
2. The procedure for admission to training on a paid basis.
3. List of specialties indicating the forms of training for which admission is conducted.
4. Requirements for the level of education of applicants.
5. List entrance examinations indicating the categories of applicants who need to pass these tests, and information on the forms of testing.
6. Information on the procedure for accepting documents and applications for admission to electronic form. If such a possibility is excluded, this is also indicated.
7. Admission procedure for citizens with disabilities.

1. The total number of places for each of the educational programs being implemented, indicating the forms of training.
2. The number of budget places indicating the forms of training.
3. Number of budget places by target areas indicating the forms of training.
4. Number of paid training places for each profile.
5. Rules for reviewing and submitting documents to challenge the results of entrance examinations.
6. Full information about the hostel (if available).
7. Sample agreement for applicants applying for tuition on a paid basis.

Diploma of secondary vocational education

The format of diplomas of secondary vocational education changes periodically in accordance with orders of the Ministry of Education and Science, while the level of protection against counterfeiting is constantly increasing. Soviet-style diplomas are valid.

Modern rules for issuing diplomas and supplements to them:

So, the answer to the question: “What does secondary vocational education mean” is formulated as follows: “This means that a specialist has in-depth training in his field and can occupy all the main middle-level positions in production, in private companies or in government organizations.”

Initial vocational training(NGO)- initial level of vocational education, training of workers. Mainly represented by State Educational Institution NPO (State educational institution of primary vocational education) and NOU NPO (Non-state educational institution of primary vocational education). In Soviet times, it consisted of vocational schools (full name - Secondary City Vocational Technical School - SGPTU). Currently, a significant part of Russian vocational schools have been renamed PTL (Vocational-technical lyceums). Some vocational schools have been renamed colleges, but this does not change the essence. Admission is carried out on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.

NGO and SPO institutions (Secondary vocational education) united under the general term SSUZ (Secondary special educational institution).

RF LAW “ON EDUCATION” dated July 10, 1992 N 3266-1

Article 22. Primary vocational education (as amended by Federal Law dated July 18, 2005 N 92-FZ)

1. Primary vocational education is aimed at training skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general (9 classes) and secondary (complete) general (11 classes).

PRIMARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AS AN EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Primary vocational education can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education, as well as in educational institutions of secondary vocational and higher vocational education if appropriate licenses are available.

According to the 2010 Federal State Educational Standard for NGOs, primary vocational education can be obtained in institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

Since 2013, according to the new law “On Education”, the system of primary vocational education has been included in the structure of secondary vocational education.

Many applicants are interested in the difference between the education that can be acquired at a college and the education at a college or technical school. You will learn about all the subtleties from this material.

Very often on the Internet you can come across questions from puzzled users:

• Technical school, college or school - what is valued more?
• Graduated from technical school. What kind of education is this?
• What kind of education is a technical school?
• After graduating from technical school, what kind of education?
• What is education after technical school called?
• What level of specialist will I become after graduating from college?

The name of the institution, as a rule, does not affect the quality of education. Technical schools, colleges, schools belong to the same branch educational structure, and all have the status of colleges.

Structure of vocational education (excluding higher education)

To understand what kind of education one receives in college, and what kind of education after technical school and to find answers to questions like “College - what kind of education is this?” or “What kind of education does the technical school provide?”, it is necessary to understand the structural model of this segment of professional training.

• SPO, or secondary vocational education. The training process prepares mid-level specialists who have in-depth knowledge in a specific professional field.
• NGO. The abbreviation stands for: primary vocational education. You can enroll in studies on the basis of 9 or 11 grades. Specialists graduate with an entry-level qualification.

Having mastered the programs of the first type, college graduates receive the qualification “specialist”, the second - “specialist” entry level" Technical schools and colleges provide primary and secondary vocational education, and most schools provide only NGOs.

SPO and NGO

VET programs are aimed at training specialists who will have in-depth, high-quality skills and knowledge in their field. As part of the training, basic knowledge of general subjects from the school curriculum is expanded.

NGO provides more low level training and provides graduates with modest career opportunities, despite the fact that those who have completed the program primary education acquire certain competencies and are considered qualified workers. For example, a holder of a medical special education qualification can work as a nurse or paramedic, and the “ceiling” for those who only have a professional qualification is working as a nanny.

So, what kind of education is college? What kind of education after college? And what kind of education do you receive at the technical school? Find the answers below.

More about colleges

1. College (what kind of education, what are its features, what is the learning process). Institutions of this type are more promising, are more highly valued by employers and offer a wide range of specialties. The quality of education there is close to university level. Often, colleges are administrative divisions of universities or institutes, which allows graduates to enter the second or third year of the university to which their college is “attached.”

College education is structured like an institute or university. The percentage of college graduates who entered universities is significantly higher than those who graduated from a technical school or college. This is not least due to the (sometimes unspoken) benefits and priority given to applicants who have completed their college education.

To enroll in college, you must provide a certificate of completion of 11th or 9th grade, as well as, if available, a diploma in secondary vocational education or non-governmental education. Training lasts on average three years, but on the basis of 9 grades - at least 4 years, and in some specialties even more.

What kind of education does college provide and what is the name of education after college? Colleges provide quality education average professional level.

1. College (level of education, nuances and specifics). The technical school provides specialized secondary education. Technical schools are divided into:

• for state ones - GOU SPO;
• non-state (private) - NOU SPO;
• autonomous non-profit - ANOO SPO.

You can enter a technical school on the basis of completing the 9th and 11th grades of a comprehensive school on the basis of sufficient high results GIA and Unified State Exam. Training takes about 3 years, some specialties can be mastered in two. Recently, technical school students have been granted a deferment from the army. The educational process in technical schools takes place in a format close to school.

1. Vocational school. Schools usually run NGO programs. They enter the school on the basis of the 11th or 9th grade of a comprehensive school. Training at the school lasts from 6 to 36 months. The period depends on the specialty that the student receives. As part of the educational reform, vocational schools are being massively reorganized into VPU, PL and PU (lyceums and types of schools). The renaming of institutions does not have much impact on the quality of education and the learning process.

What to choose: school, technical school or college?

Depends on your plans for the future. If, after receiving your education, you are going to enroll in a specific university, a college at that university is most suitable. Studying at such a college will provide an opportunity, under simplified conditions, to enter a university whose administrative structure includes a college, which is, in business language, a “subsidiary” of the university. Thus, you will be able, while already working in your specialty, to continue receiving a higher level of education.

If you plan to master a skilled working specialty and limit yourself to it, getting a job, for example, as a high-grade welder, a master builder or an auto mechanic, it is best to go to a technical school. Technical schools also provide training in the humanities, accounting, auditing and other educational programs aimed at training moderately qualified intellectual workers.

If your plans do not include high career achievements or obtaining a more significant education is postponed until later, the best option would be a college and an NGO diploma.

A profession is not only an opportunity for employment and material security, but also a creative fulfillment of personality. A person who has correctly chosen a profession in accordance with his inclinations and capabilities, and who loves it, is able to make a great creative contribution to the development of society.

Primary vocational education
Primary vocational education institutions produce qualified workers and employees. Admission to government and municipal institutions Primary vocational education is carried out based on applications from applicants on a competitive basis in the manner established by the founder and the Charter of the educational institution. The duration of training at this level depends on the level of education of the accepted student. Students entering after the 9th grade of school undergo two or three years of training. Students entering after 11th grade undergo one or two years of training. However, in some initial professional institutions There is a shift towards the profile of technical schools. This is manifested in the extension of the duration of education to 3 or 4 years, depending on the student’s level of education. Forms of education are daytime and evening. Traditional types of educational institutions at this level of education are vocational schools (vocational schools (vocational schools)). IN recent years a network of educational institutions of primary vocational education of a new type has been formed - professional lyceums that train workers highly qualified The activities of these institutions are regulated by the Standard Regulations on the Establishment of Primary Vocational Education, adopted on June 5, 1994. In the last years of the existence of the USSR, the list of professions for which vocational schools were trained reached 1,400 items. At the beginning of 1999, in accordance with accepted federal standards this list was sharply reduced. Despite the fact that over the last 10 years there has been a clear downward trend in the total number of students, primary vocational institutions still remain an important link in the education system, which involves obtaining a profession before graduating from high school. As a rule, such education is in demand by young people from single-parent or disadvantaged families when an additional source of income is required. For children of this social stratum, when the prospect of obtaining a certificate of secondary education is closed, there is a chance to continue their studies. In a short period of time, the system of primary vocational education has experienced significant changes in specialization. In accordance with the needs of the labor market, a new, integrated list of professions has been introduced (in present moment training is provided in more than 280 integrated professions). Professions in the service sector, transport, food and trade came to the fore. Completely new, socially demanded professions of social workers, small business organizers, ecologists, and designers have appeared, which have increased the competitiveness of graduates of these educational institutions in the labor market. At the same time specific gravity industry and construction professions has decreased. State educational standards for primary vocational education, basic curriculum. The continuity of educational programs at this level with secondary vocational education programs has significantly increased.

Secondary vocational education
Secondary vocational education is a qualitatively defined level of the vocational education system, occupying a significant place in satisfaction educational needs individuals and society. Currently, 22% of the Russian population has this education. About 20 million specialists with secondary vocational education are employed in the economics and social sphere, which is 33% of the total number of employed or 62% of the number of employed specialists.
In accordance with the UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education, secondary vocational education is equated to practice-oriented higher or pre-university higher education. Secondary vocational education in Russia is implemented according to two main educational programs - basic level and higher level. After completing the basic level program, the graduate is awarded the qualification “technician”. An increased level of secondary vocational education provides deepening or expansion of training compared to the basic level (in this case, the duration of training is increased by 1 year). A graduate with in-depth training is awarded the qualification “senior technician”, and with expanded training - “technician with additional training in the field ..." (indicating a specific field - management, economics, computer science, etc.). Students in a secondary specialized educational institution - students (cadets), listeners and other categories of students. The content of educational programs of secondary vocational education is regulated by the State educational standard secondary vocational education (GOS SPO), which consists of 2 parts: federal component, which defines national requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates, and the national-regional component. In connection with the expiration of its validity in 2001, a new State educational standard for secondary vocational education was developed - Classification of specialties of secondary vocational education. Secondary vocational education is implemented in various forms: full-time, full-time and part-time (evening), correspondence, external studies on the basis of basic general education (9 classes of general education school) or secondary (complete) general education (11 classes of general education school). Admission to secondary vocational education institutions is carried out on a competitive basis based on the results of entrance examinations. Every year, about 11% of graduates of basic educational institutions become students of secondary specialized educational institutions. secondary schools and about 23% of secondary (complete) school graduates. Duration of training in the basic level secondary vocational education program full-time on the basis of secondary (complete) general education is 2-3 years, depending on the profile of training. The duration of study in full-time and part-time forms is increased by 1 year compared to the period of study in full-time form. When implementing secondary vocational education on the basis of basic general education, the period of study increases by 1 year compared to the period of study on the basis of secondary (complete) general education. There are two main types of secondary specialized educational institutions: technical school (school) and college. Technical school (school) implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education at the basic level; College - basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic and advanced levels. The implementation of educational programs of secondary vocational education can also be carried out in higher educational institutions. The activities of educational institutions at this level are regulated by the Model Regulations on the educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution), adopted on March 3, 2001. Secondary vocational education is provided in more than 300 specialties . During the 1990s, several dozen new specialties were introduced, mainly in the areas social sphere, service, new information technologies. Persons with secondary vocational education in the relevant profile can receive higher vocational education in shortened accelerated programs. At the same time, the reduction in the period of study at a university is, as a rule, 1 year if you have a basic level of secondary vocational education, 1-2 years if you have an advanced level of secondary vocational education. The secondary vocational education system includes 2.6 thousand state and municipal secondary specialized educational institutions and departments of universities implementing educational programs of secondary vocational education. Currently in the Russian Federation there are more than 2,650 state and municipal secondary specialized educational institutions and departments of universities implementing educational programs of secondary vocational education. The number of students is 2.1 million people, the educational process is provided by 123 thousand full-time teachers. The non-state sector of secondary vocational education is actively developing, including more than 130 secondary specialized educational institutions, in which more than 20 thousand students study. In 2005, the transfer was carried out institutions of primary and secondary vocational education from federal to regional level. This made it possible to begin creating integrated educational institutions that implement programs at different levels. Colleges are state educational institutions of secondary vocational education, implementing continuous and integrated educational programs of basic general, secondary (full) general, primary vocational (basic and advanced levels) and secondary vocational (basic and advanced levels) education, providing students with the opportunity to consistently improve their general education and professional levels and increased competitiveness of graduates in the labor market. Colleges are organized according to the program-industry principle, which provides for the organization of training in professions and specialties that meet the needs of one branch of production or the urban economy as a whole for the city; and according to the territorial-sectoral principle, which provides for the organization of training in professions and specialties that meet the needs of the urban economy in a specific territory

Higher professional education

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on education and depending on the number of areas of study for students, the following types of universities are established: universities, academies and institutes. A university of any type and its branches can implement educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary (full) general, primary and secondary vocational education, as well as additional vocational education if they have the appropriate license. All 3 types of higher educational institutions, in addition to the above educational programs, as a rule, also implement educational programs of postgraduate vocational education and carry out training, retraining and (or) advanced training of workers highly qualified scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers, conduct fundamental and (or) applied scientific research. The content of educational programs, the volume of teaching load and the requirements for the level of training of graduates are determined by the state educational standards of higher professional education. Training is carried out on full-time, part-time and part-time (evening) , by correspondence, in the form of an external study. For all forms, including in the case of their combination within a specific educational program, a single state educational standard applies. University graduates can have the qualifications: bachelor, diploma, master in the relevant areas of training (specialties), and the corresponding educational programs can be implemented both continuously and in stages. A graduate who has passed the final state certification according to an accredited educational program the university issues a state-issued document (diploma) on the level of education and (or) its qualifications. The general management of the university is carried out by an elected representative body— scientific council. The term of office of the academic council is 5 years. The academic council includes the rector (chairman), vice-rectors, and also, by decision of the academic council of the university, deans of faculties. Other members of the academic council are elected by the general meeting (conference) of the university. The rector directly manages the activities of the university. His position is elective, term of office is 5 years. Volume and structure of admission of students to the first year state university dictated check digits admissions, which are established annually by the relevant federal executive body under whose jurisdiction the university is located. In addition to assignments for admitting students, the university has the right to train specialists under relevant contracts with payment of the cost of training by individuals and (or) legal entities. The activities of a higher educational institution are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” dated 08/22/96 and the Standard Regulations on an Educational Institution higher professional education (higher educational institution) of the Russian Federation, adopted on April 5, 2001. Changed public consciousness youth. Now most applicants understand that their career and, in general, their whole life depends on their choice of university. Competition in the labor market has increased sharply. Senior students prefer to start labor activity even before graduation, in order to be provided with jobs upon receipt of the diploma. The employer takes into account not only the specialty of the diploma, but also grades in the main disciplines. Qualitative changes also include the appearance of diplomas for different qualifications, the emergence of new specialties and new forms of education. For example, the number of new academic disciplines (not on the state list) exceeded 200 - from computer technology before tax, clinical psychology and international corporate finance. However, in the future, the number of people wishing to obtain higher education will begin to decline. This will not be caused by the outflow of applicants to other levels of education, but demographic situation in the country. The peak birth rate ended in 1986-1987. Therefore, by 2010, according to the fund “ Public opinion“There will be a maximum of 759 thousand applicants against the current 1.3 million people. This may mean that the number of higher education institutions will also begin to decline

Additional professional education

Additional professional pedagogical education is an independent direction in pedagogical science and practice. It is a system object that contains the following interconnected structural elements: educational institutions advanced training of specialists, educational and methodological centers and classrooms, educational institutions of vocational education, advanced training courses, scientific institutions, social, cultural and information institutes, vocational education management bodies, public organizations. The advanced training system performs narrower functions than the system discussed above, namely, increasing professional competence and general employee culture. She is integral part system of additional vocational education, is relatively independent and has elements of any pedagogical system (goal, content and teaching methods, teachers, students, teaching aids, etc.). The professional development of engineering and pedagogical workers proceeds both in the process of educational and methodological activities at various levels professional development systems, and through self-education. Both of these processes are interdependent and complement each other, although the role of each of them in the process of professional growth is different. Course training serves as a stimulus for self-education and orients it in the right direction. In turn, self-education significantly complements the knowledge that teachers acquired in courses. Currently, self-education occupies the main place in advanced training, and it is necessary to make this process continuous, systematic, and manageable. The latter becomes one of the main goals of the advanced training system: using all possible forms of training - full-time (usually short-term and episodic), part-time, part-time, part-time, to familiarize the engineering and pedagogical worker with the methods and techniques of self-education, to show him the right path to self-improvement, to equip its corresponding methodological recommendations and teaching aids. This allows us to formulate the requirements that the system of additional professional education for engineering and teaching staff must satisfy. The system of additional professional education must predict and monitor what is happening in vocational school changes, to adequately respond to these changes when determining the goals, content and methods of training. The purpose of training in the system of additional vocational education is to master knowledge, skills and abilities, and solve practical problems at a high professional level. In order to achieve this, the teacher must master new principles and methods of managing the process of teaching and educating young people. In the context of changing the status and role of the teacher in the new conditions, expanding and complicating his functions, the system of additional vocational education must be mobile and sufficiently take into account individual characteristics each individual. The use of the principle of multifunctionality and multi-level implies a serious restructuring educational process, its content, forms and methods of teaching. Two special mention should be made important points V new system additional vocational education: structural and content. The core of the content side of a multifunctional multi-level education system is new pedagogical technologies. In the system of additional vocational education, the main thing is a thoughtful formulation of a sequence of tasks, the solution of which should lead to deeper learning professional sphere activities as a teacher. Solving a problem, which previously served as a means of testing knowledge and the degree of its assimilation, now becomes the goal of learning, and the assimilation of knowledge is a means of achieving it. The motivation for acquiring knowledge is the very need for this knowledge and the result of its application. This is possible only if the need for knowledge is directly linked to the results of its application. This overcomes the alienation of the specialist raising his qualifications from the educational process: a task that was previously solved using external means of motivation is now solved using internal motivation for learning. When teaching in the traditional education system, the amount of knowledge of the teacher was set a priori, in addition to his experience, as something subject to assimilation, in addition to his experience, as something subject to assimilation, due to the fact that he chose a given profession, then when studying in a new pedagogical system- in the system of continuous professional development, the amount of knowledge is set on the basis of the expanding work experience of a specialist - as what he needs in solving emerging problems. Analysis of real educational system Russia confirms that it is a fusion of elements of traditional and emerging lifelong education. There is a process of gradual death of elements traditional education and the increasing adoption of problem-based learning ideas and methods. Continuing Education becomes a priority and central direction in the educational policy strategy. Education is given a new quality, the core idea is the development of the personality of a schoolchild, student, specialist in any field of professional and labor activity. Continuing education is not a level, stage, form or type of education, it is a system that has a specific structure and organization, new content, based based on its own ideas and principles, which approved new functions and, in general, solved many old problems in a new way.