История англии на английском языке. Великобритания - страна будущего. Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании

Topic: Great Britain

Тема: Великобритания

Другая вещь, которая привлекает большое количество туристов - особая политическая система, которая существует в этой стране, как вы знаете, Великобритания имеет королеву - Елизавету II. Система называется конституционной монархией. Кроме того, есть одна особенность этой страны - здесь нет такого документа, как конституция, вместо этого существует особый набор правил, которые должен соблюдать каждый гражданин Великобритании. Парламент в стране состоит из трех частей. Это Монархи, Палата Лордов и Объединённая Палата.

Great Britain has many places of interest, that is why the country attracts a big number of tourists. situated in the London city, where you can also find many interesting places. In my opinion, every person who is travelling to Great Britain should visit the London city. There are some interesting facts about London. London is built on the river Thames. , that span the river. The first bridge was wooden and the Romans built it. London is divided of the government.

Великобритания имеет много интересных мест, поэтому страна привлекает большое количество туристов. Среди наиболее известных достопримечательностей, есть Биг-Бен, Вестминстерское аббатство, которое находится в городе Лондон, где вы также можете найти много интересных мест. На мой взгляд, каждый человек, который путешествует в Великобританию должны посетить город Лондон. Вот некоторые интересные факты о Лондоне. Лондон построен на реке Темзе. В городе есть 15 мостов, которые охватывают реку. Первый мост был деревянным и построили его римляне. Лондон делится на отдельные локальные единицы правительства.

Among the special things, concerning Great Britain, it is necessary to mention the famous red double decker buses and the unique red British telephone boxes. Every person who takes big interest in Britishness will also mention the two famous characters – Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson. There is also the museum of Sherlock Holmes , where you will get a chance to feel the special atmosphere of the detective stories.

Среди особенных вещей, которые касаются Великобритании, необходимо отметить, знаменитые красные двухэтажные автобусы и уникальные красные британские телефонные будки. Каждый человек, который очень интересуется британистикой, также вспомнит о двух знаменитых персонажах - Шерлоке Холмсе и докторе Ватсоне. Существует также музей Шерлока Холмса на знаменитой Бейкер-стрит, где вы получите возможность почувствовать особую атмосферу детективов.

Another special feature of Great Britain is its climate. As you know, very often the country is called – . There is a real reason for it. Usually,

Topic: The History of Great Britain"s Wars

Тема: История войн Великобритании

Though the involvement in wars is not the best characteristic of the country, it shows its greatness and strength to the others. The UK has a long history of wars having been involved in numerous conflicts on all but one continents of the world. It is difficult to imagine, but Great Britain was in the state of war with more than one hundred countries. The greatest rivals of the Kingdom were France, the USA and others. Nowadays and for many decades its military forces have been and still are the ones of the best prepared armies in the world. And despite the fact that the military history of the UK started only in the many dramatic wars had happened on the territory of the modern country before that.

Хотя участие в войнах - это не лучшая характеристика страны, она показывает свое величие и силу другим. Великобритания имеет долгую историю войн, участвуя в многочисленных конфликтах на всех континентах в мире, кроме одного. Трудно представить, но Великобритания была в состоянии войны с более чем ста странами. Величайшими соперниками Королевства были Франция, США и другие. Сегодня и в течение многих десятилетий ее вооруженные силы были и остаются одними из наиболее подготовленных армий в мире. И несмотря на то, что военная история Великобритании началась только в 18 веке после объединения всех ее частей, много драматических войн произошло на территории современной страны до этого.

The Hundred Years" War was the longest millitary conflict of the country and lasted 116 years. It was the war against France and usually historians divide it into four distinct periods. The Kingdom of England fought for the control over the territory of the Kingdom of France. First it was a dynastic conflict, but later it turned out to be a real war, which resulted in the appearance of the first standing armies in Europe. England did not manage to return its continental possessions, and it was the leading factor for the beginning of the civil wars there.

Столетняя война была самым длинным военным конфликтом страны и длилась 116 лет. Это была война против Франции, и как правило, историки делят ее на четыре различных периода. Королевство Англия боролось за территорию Королевства Франции. Сначала это был династический конфликт, но позже оказалось настоящей войной, которая привела к появлению первых постоянных армий в Европе. Англии не удалось вернуть ее континентальных владений, и это стало главным фактором для начала гражданской войны там.

The civil wars in England are known as the Wars of Roses. the throne between the supporters of the rival branches and one more reason for their beginning . Henry Tudor defeated the last king of the House of York, and his dynasty ruled the country until 1603.

Гражданские войны в Англии известны как войны роз. Это были войны за престол между сторонниками соперничающих ветвей и еще одним поводом для их начала были социальные и финансовые проблемы. Генрих Тюдор победил последнего короля из дома йорков, получил победу и его династия правила страной до 1603.

Another Civil War dates back to 1641, when a series of conflicts took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists, who were not satisfied with the policy of the government. There were three wars, and the Battle of Worcester was the final one giving the victory to the supporters of the parliament. The monarchy was replaced by the Commonwealth of England and later the Protectorate.

Очередная Гражданская война датируется 1641, когда серия конфликтов произошла между парламентариями и Роялистами, которые были не довольны политикой правительства. Три войны произошли там, и сражение Вустера было последним и подарило победу сторонникам парламента. Монархия была заменена Содружеством Англии и позже Протекторатом.

The series of wars between the English and the Dutch taking place in the 17-18th centuries are known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. aimed at gaining control over the trade routes and the seas. There were four wars between them and numerous causes for starting them. of the English towards the Dutch, several more reasons appeared as both of the countries to grab the newly-gained possessions of Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also supported the American rebels and this could not but made England angry. So there were numerous battles both in the sea and on the land. The Dutch colonies were given back and both countries started to develop their fleets and armies. Later, Britain took control over the Dutch colonies, but it was only after the Napoleonic Wars.

Серии войн между англичанами и голландцами, происходящие в 17-18 веках, известны как англо-голландские войны. Обе страны желали получить контроль над торговыми путями и морями. Четыре войны имели место между ними и существуют многочисленные причины для их начала. Кроме воинственного настроения англичан к голландцам, еще несколько причин появилось, так как обе страны хотели захватить вновь приобретенные владения Испании и Португалии. Голландцы также поддержали американские повстанцев, и это не могло не разозлить Англичан. Так появились многочисленные сражения, как на море. так и на суше. Голландские колонии были возвращены, и обе страны начали развивать их флот и армии. Позже, Британия взяла под свой контроль голландские колонии, но это произошло только после наполеоновских войн.

Several more wars before the invasion of Napoleon had taken place in Great Britain including the War of the Austrian Succession, King George’s War, the Seven Years’ War and others. All of them were partially connected with the North American colonies and as the result of the last one Britain gained control over the majority of the American colonies.

Несколько войн до вторжения Наполеона имели место в Великобритании, в том числе Война за австрийское наследство, войны Короля Георга, семилетняя война и другие. Все они были частично связаны с североамериканскими колониями и, в результате последней, Британия получила контроль над большинством из американских колоний.

Great Britain was a part of the coalition in the wars against France and despite those ones, who sued for peace, continued to fight against Napoleonic France in the Anglo-French War and the War of the Seventh Coalition.

Великобритания была частью коалиции в войнах против Франции и, несмотря на тех, кто просил мира, продолжала борьбу против наполеоновской Франции в англо-французской войне и войне седьмой коалиции.

The Second war of Great Britain and the USA was in 1812-1815. It was declared by the Americans, but their military forces were unprepared for the war with the most powerful empire in the world. So the union with the Canadian forces beat back the invasion of the US army.

Вторая война Великобритании и США был в 1812-1815. Ее объявили американцы, но их вооруженные силы оказались неподготовленными к войне с самой мощной империей в мире. Поэтому союз с Канадскими силами отбил вторжение армии США.

Gradually the British Empire took interest in the Asian and African countries in order to expand the territory of its colonies. As a result such wars as the Anglo-Afghan, the Opium (against the Chinese), the Boer, Somali ones took place.

Постепенно Британская империя заинтересовалась в азиатских и африканских странах для того, чтобы расширить территорию своих колоний. В результате произошли такие войны, как англо-афганские, Опиум (против китайцев), войны бура, Сомали.

Great Britain took part in both World Wars, but one of the most contradictory conflicts, the results of which even now influence the population of the country,

The History of Britain - История Великобритании

Two thousand years ago the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe, mixed with the peoples who were already in Britain Isles. The Roman province of Britannia covered most of the territory of present day England and Wales. The Romans imposed their own way of living, culture, and language. But inspite of their long occupation of Britain, there isn"t much they left behind. Even most of temples, roads and cities were later destroyed. But such place names
like Chester, Lancaster, Gloucester remind us of the Romans.
The Romans influenced mainly the towns. In the country (where most people lived) Celtic speech dominated. The farming methods remained there unchanged. We can"t speak about Roman"s occupation as a large-scale settlement.
Later (during the 5th century) two tribes (the Angles and the Saxons) settled in Britain. They settled on a very vast territory. Only in the west of the country King Arthur and his army halted the tribes. But in the 6th century the way of life of these tribes predominated in England. The Celtic Britons" culture and language survived in Southwest
Scotland, Wales and Cornwall.
If the Romans had great influence on towns, the Anglo-Saxons influenced the countryside. There new methods of farming were introduced and a number of villages were founded.
The Anglo-Saxons were pagans, when they arrived in Britain. Christianity came from Rome in 597.
In the 8th century Britain was invaded by the Vikings, who came from Scandinavia. They settled in the North and West of Scotland and in some regions of Ireland. Later they were defeated by King Alfred.
Normans invaded Britain in the 11th century (1066). But this invasion wasn"t a large-scale one. Still this invasion influenced the life of Britain greatly.
At that time a feudal system was imposed. Lords and barons were French-speaking Normans. The peasants were the English-speaking Saxons.
Barons were responsible to the king, lords - to a baron. Under them were peasants. That was the beginning of the English class system. The Anglo-Norman kingdom was the most powerful political force at that time. In this period the Germanic language (Middle English) dominated in England. As Northern and Central Wales was never settled by Saxons and Normans, the Welsh language and culture dominated there.
In the 13th century Parliament included elected representatives from urban and rural areas.
During the 16th century the power of the English monarch increased. The Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) established a system of government which strongly depended on the monarch. Parliament was split into two Houses. The House of Lords consisted of the aristocracy and the leaders of the Church. The House of Commons consisted
of representatives from the towns.
During the 17th century Parliament established its supremacy over the monarchy in Britain. The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to the Civil Wars, which ended with the victory of Parliament. The leader of the parliamentary army was Oliver Cromwell. But after his death his system of government became unpopular. The son of the executed king was asked to take the throne.
In the 18th century the Scottish Parliament joined with the English and the Welsh Parliaments.
In that century the increased trade led to the Industrial Revolution. People from rural areas moved to towns. The population of London was close to a million at that time.
In the 19th century Britain controlled the biggest Empire in the world. The Empire was made up of Ireland, Canada, Australia, India and large parts of Africa. These countries had internal self-government, but recognized the authority of the British government. Britain was the greatest economic power. The British spread their culture and
civilization around the world.
The beginning of the 20th century can"t be called stable. Women struggled for their rights. The situation in Ulster wasn"t stable. At the beginning of this century the working class became stronger. In Parliament, the Labour party replaced the Liberals. Trade unions organized themselves. Until 1980s the Trades Union Congress was the most powerful political force outside the institutions of government.

Упражнения

I. Answer the questions.
1. What reminds people of the Romans?
2. How did the Anglo-Saxons effect the countryside?
3. Who invaded Britain in the 8th century?
4. When was a feudal system imposed?
5. When was Parliament split into two Houses?
6. Who was the leader of the parliamentary army in the Civil Wars?
7. In what century was the Britain the greatest economic power?

II. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions.
1. a large-scale settlement
2. to halt the tribes
3. pagan
4. to be responsible to the king
5. internal self-government

III. Fill in the gaps.*
1. The Roman province of Britannia covered the territory of present-day . . . and . . . .
2. During the 5th century the tribes of . . . settled in Britain.
3. In the . . . century Britain was invaded by the Vikings.
4. Lords were responsible to . . . .
5. The . . . dynasty established a system of government, which depended on the . . . .
6. The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to . . . .
7. In the . . . century the increased trade led to . . . .
8. The beginning of the 20th century can"t be called . . . .
9. The British empire was made up of . . . .
10. The . . . party replaced the Liberals.

Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and above five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 315 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively.

The British isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, center and southeast - is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain. (1343 m.)

There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.

The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The population of the country is over 87 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. The UK is constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen, but in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Liberal party is the ruling party nowadays.

[ перевод ]

Великобритания
Соединенное королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах. Британские острова состоят из двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и более пяти тысяч маленьких островов. Их общая площадь - более 315 000 квадратных километров. Великобритания состоит из четырех стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. Их столицы - Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст соответственно.

Британские острова отделены от Европейского континента Северным морем и проливом Ла-Манш. Западное побережье Великобритании омывается Атлантическим океаном и Ирландским морем. Поверхность Британских островов очень разнообразна. Север Шотландии горист и называется Высокогорьем, в то время как юг, на котором находятся красивые долины и равнины, называется Среднешотландской низменностью. Север и запад Англии горист, но все остальное - восток, центр и юго-восток - является обширной равниной. Горы - не очень высоки. Бен-Невис - самая высокая гора. (1343 м)

В Великобритании есть много рек, но они не очень длинные. Северн - самая длинная река, в то время как Темза самая глубокая и наиболее важная.

Великобритания - одна из самых маленьких стран в мире. Население страны - более 87 миллионов человек и приблизительно 80% из них живут в городах. Великобритания высоко индустриально развитая страна. Она известна как один из самых крупных в мире производителей и экспортеров машин, электроники, ткани, самолетов и навигационного оборудования. Великобритания - конституционная монархия. По закону, глава государства - Королева, но практически, Королева правит, но не управляет. Страна управляется избранным правительством с премьер-министром во главе. Британский Парламент состоит из двух палат: Палаты лордов и Палаты общин.

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The first Celtic tribes (племена) are believed to have come to the British Isles between 800 and 700 BC. Two centuries later they were followed by the Brythons or ancient Britons after whom the country was called Britain.

The first Roman invasion (завоевание) was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC. But Britain was not conquered until some 90 years later, under Emperor Claudius, in 43 AD. Although the Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years, its effects were few. The people did not adopt the Latin language and so Latin did not displace Celtic.

In the middle of the 5th century, three Germanic tribes - The Angles, Saxons and Jute"s invaded Britain from the continent. From the 8th century the Anglo-Saxons had to face Scandinavian invaders - the Danes and the Norsemen sometimes refereed to as Vikings - who occupied parts of Britain and made some permanent settlements. The Scandinavian invasions continued till the 11th century.

The period of feudalism started around 1066 and lasted to the 15th century. In this period the modern English nation and language came into being. It was a period of struggle for power between kings and between powerful nobles, a period of frequent wars. But it was also a period in which the development of the wool trade and the early decline of feudalism prepared the way for England"s rise as a world power.

The first 40 years of the 17th century can be characterised as a period of growing conflict between the King and parliament, representing the interests of the bourgeoisie. The conflict led to the civil war in 1640 which resulted in the abolition (отмена, упразднение, уничтожение, ликвидация,аннулирование) of the monarchy and in Cromwell"s military rule in the middle of the century. This period ended in the Glorious Revolution ("Славная революция" (1688-89 - государственный переворот, завершившийся свержением Якова II (James II) и утверждением на престоле Вильгельма III Оранского (William III of Orange) и его супруги Марии (Mary). Привёл к установлению господства землевладельческой знати и крупной буржуазии, а к установлению конституционной парламентской монархии)) which marked the end of the English bourgeois revolution.

In the period of 1688 to 1760 England definitely took the lead in European commerce. During the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1850) Britain became the first industrial power in the world, "the workshop of the world." The Anglo - French rivalry for world domination which had started in the previous period continued and culminated in the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815).

The Victorian era which comprised the second half of the 19th century, called after Queen Victoria, was a period in which Britain became the strongest world power: besides being the greatest financial and commercial power, the greatest sea power and the greatest colonial power. In was the era of the greatest colonial expansion.

The 20th century is a period of the decline of Britain as a world power a period of crises of the two world wars, from which Britain emerged as a victor, but greatly weakened. It is characterised by the disintegration of Britain"s colonial empire and the effort to adjust Britain to the new situation by joining the other developed capitalist countries of Western Europe in EEC (ЕЭС, Европейское экономическое сообщество).