Who is in Moldova. Picturesque Moldova on the map. International Agreements and Convention
Moldova On the map Find easy, but this is not the most obvious option when choosing a trip to a passage trip. So far, tourists go to the country quite a little, but this situation is not quite deserved.
For residents of Russia, there are gentlemen of entry into Moldova, besides, there are many attractions in the country, and nature and mild climate make the country with paradise for ecotourism.
Moldova on the map of the world and Europe
Moldova (Republic of Moldova) is a small state that has previously included in the USSR. Area The country is about 34 thousand km².
Rest in the country will cost amazingly cheap, as Moldova is one of the poorest states.
Where is?
Moldova is located in southeastern Europe on the very southwestern edge Eastern European Plain In the Dniester and Prut Members, as well as on a small part of the coast of the left bank of the Dniester in the middle and lower flow (Transnistria).
What countries is bordered by?
Many, when answering a question, with whom Moldova borders, mistakenly believe that the republic has borders with Russia, but this is not the case.
Moldavian Republic borders total with two countries: Ukraine and. There is no way out to the sea at Moldavia. Moldova time zone - UTC +2 (summer - UTC +3). The time difference between Chisinau is 1 hour in winter, in the summer time in the capitals of Russia and Moldova is the same.
General information about the country
Moldova - Unitary Parliamentary Republic, the Head of Government is appointed by the Parliament of the country, which is elected on general elections. The power of the head of state (president) is significantly limited to parliament.
Population Countries according to the authorities are 3.5 million people excluding Transnistria. However, the population currently held in 2014 recorded only 2.9 million people in the Central Government of Moldova areas under control. The population of Transnistria is estimated at about 500 thousand inhabitants. Thus, the total number of residents of Moldova ranges from 3.5 to 4 million people.
Capital of Moldova - Kishinev, the largest city in the country. The state language of the country is Moldavian, the Russian language has the status of an interethnic value. Also in Moldova, Ukrainian, Gagauz and Bulgarian languages \u200b\u200bare common.
In Transnistria, official equal languages \u200b\u200bare Russian, Moldavian and Ukrainian, but de facto, most of the PMR population speaks Russian.
Moldova - almost completely christian country. Almost 95% of the percent of believers - Orthodox, the rest of the residents belong to various Protestant churches. Catholicism, Muslim and Judaism confesses the extremely small part of the country's inhabitants.
Climate
The climate of Moldova refers to the continental variety moderate climate. Winter is soft enough, the average January temperature is -3-5 ° C, the snow cover holds 1-2 months. Usually roast and very sunny, the average temperature of July is + 22 ° C. The amount of precipitation is almost evenly distributed during the year, in general, the climate of Moldova is dry, quite often there are drought in the country.
Entrance to Moldova for Russians
The rules of entry into Moldova for residents of Russia are quite soft and similar The rules of entry to citizens of Moldova in. The term of the continuous finding of Russian citizens in the territory of Moldova is 90 days.
Do you need a visa and passport?
Visa permission to enter Moldova in Russian residents not requiredIf the stay in this country does not exceed 90 days.
To cross the border with Moldova, the Russians require the existence of an existing passport, children It is necessary to have a birth certificate. In the case of entry into the territory of Moldova with one of the parents or third parties, it is necessary to have permission or power of attorney from another parent (parents).
If the planned stay in Moldova exceeds 90 days, then it is necessary to place a visa at the Embassy of the country or the Consular Department.
How to get?
Get to Moldova Avia and rail transport You can only from Moscow or St. Petersburg. From Moscow daily to Chisinau Airport sent 4 flightFrom St. Petersburg airfares are carried out on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The flight time is about two hours.
A plane ticket can be purchased using this search form. Enter departure city and arrival, date and number of passengers.
In Moldova, you can go and rail transport, Daily train Moscow - Chisinau will deliver to the capital of Moldova in 30 hours. From St. Petersburg, a daily train also departs, and the time on the way will be about 40 hours.
Moldova can be reached by busThe bus tickets leave from Moscow, Rostov-na-Donu, Voronezh and some other cities of Russia.
You can also drive to the Republic by carBut due to the need to cross the border with Ukraine and intense Russian-Ukrainian relations, this method of movement has significantly lost its popularity.
Republic with regions and cities
In Moldova, there are 65 cities and about 900 villages, the total population of the country is about 3.5 million people.
Administrative division
Moldova is so small country that is not divided into areas, but to areas. Total administrative division of Moldova highlights 32 district and 5 municipalities - cities with special status, which include the largest settlements of the country - Chisinau and Balti, as well as Comrat (Gagauzia), Tiraspol and Bendera (located in Transnistria).
In addition, in the administrative division of Moldova is separate GagauziaIn which more than 50% of the population is Gagauz - a separate people of Turkic origin, not related to Moldovans.
The left bank of the Dniester takes Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (PMR) is an unrecognized state, proclaimed in 1990.
Transnistrian conflict, whose hot form in 1992 ended with a short civil war, is currently frozen.
The territory of Transnistria is not controlled by the central authorities, the PMR operates its own currency (Transnistrian ruble), and the head of state (PMR president) is selected. Due to the unrecognized status of the PMR between the Transnistria and the rest of Moldova, close economic ties are established, and the movement between the two parts of the country is practically free. Capital of Transnistria - City Tiraspol. The population of Transnistria is about 500 thousand people.
Big cities
Due to the small size of the country and in many respects rural type of settlement of residents of large cities in Moldova a little. The largest city of the country - Kishinevin which 750 thousand people live. To other major cities of Moldova include:
- Tiraspol (150 thousand inhabitants);
- Balti. (140 thousand);
- Bender (about 90 thousand);
- Rybnitsa (50 thousand local residents).
If you are going to take hot drinks on vacation, then read how much alcohol can be taken into the luggage of the aircraft.
The population of the remaining cities of Moldova is significantly less and does not exceed 40 thousand inhabitants.
What is the country famous and what to see?
The first association, which arises in connection with Moldova, is, of course, wine. Indeed, winemaking plays a huge role in the economy and culture of Moldova. Also, Moldova can boast a rich history - in the Moldavian principality, the Moldovan principality was one of the most powerful states of Southeast Europe, and the rules of Moldova built a whole system of fortresses who defended the country from enemies.
Attractions - Photo and Description
Despite the modest sizes of the country and the small population, in Moldova there is something to be surprised and admire. A positive factor is that Moldovans speak well in Russian. The main attractions of the country are more likely to search outside Chisinau in various Moldovan cities.
Nature
The nature of Moldova is quite diverse and different crossed character. Almost all terrain is cut by hills, beams and ravines. In the northern part of the country, forest-steppes are common, and the southern part of Moldova is a steppe, almost completely transformed into agricultural land.
In the northern part of the country, dense forests are preserved - Codreswhich consist of oak, rabid and ash overgrowns, as well as beech groves. Wild fauna of the country is represented by more than 400 species of animals and birds.
The main rivers of Moldova - Dniester and RodAlso, the country has a tiny outlet (less than a kilometer) for the Danube. Large lakes on the territory of Moldova are practically no.
Almost all suitable terrain is widely used in agriculture. Countryside country very picturesque: Moldova is literally littered with gardens in which a variety of fruits are grown, fields are busy planting corn and sunflower, and vineyards are located on the hills.
The content of the article
Moldova,The Republic of Moldova is a state in Southeast Europe. Its area is 33.7 thousand square meters. km, borders in the West with Romania, in the north, east and south - with Ukraine. Capital - Chisinau. Until 1940, most of the territory of the current Republic of Moldova was part of the historical region of Bessarabia, conquered in the 16th century. Turks, and in 1812 widked in Russia. In 1918 after October revolution In Russia, this territory was included in Romania. In 1940 Romania gave way to Bessarabia of the USSR. Bessarabia After some changes, the borders were transformed into the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR), and the last in May 1990 - to the Republic of Moldova. On August 27, 1991, Moldova proclaimed its independence.
NATURE
Moldavia is a flat-horm country. Its average elevation above sea level - 147 m. The most high Point - Balaneshty, it has a mark of 429.5 m. The relief is very variable, due to sharp fluctuations in heights in small spaces. This is due to the fact that Moldova is located on various geological structures: the south-western region of the Russian platform, sedimentary sea rocks, a deep precious defoching deflection, the slope of the Kurudji crystalline massif. Five plain and four elevated areas are distinguished. The "coders" are different, the Central Moldavian hill, or lowland. A wonderful element of the relief - gyrtopa: lowering in the form of amphitherars formed in loose rocks under the influence of long erosion and landslide processes.
Large rivers little, but a lot of small and medium. Only 8 rivers -dnester, Prut, Reut, Ikel, Bull, Batna, Yalpug and the bog, has a length of more than 100 km. Besides Dniester and rods, all rivers food at the expense of local flow. The largest - Dniester (in antiquity - Tiras) - originates in the carpathians at an altitude of 759 m above sea level. In 1954, at Dnieper, G.Dubossar was built a hydroelectric power plant and above the dam was formed a large reservoir in depths of 14-18 m - "Dubossar Sea", which is the largest reservoir in the republic. In the lower reaches of the Dniester there is a large fresh Kuchurgan Liman connecting with him. Prut, also starting in the Carpathians, on the territory of Moldova has a wide produced valley with terraces and developed by the floodplain. Water in the river - fresh, according to old folk beliefs - healing. Unlike the Dniester, the rod is shipped only in a small area. In the wide float of the rod south of Gagula there are many lakes. Domestic rivers of Moldova smallwaves. The bull river, on the shores of which is the Chisinau, bombarded the dam. The emerging reservoir, Chisinau Sea, has an area of \u200b\u200babout 1000 hectares.
The soil is very fertile, various black soils are dominated, which are common in all steppe and forest-steppe areas of the republic. The best grades of winter wheat, corn, sugar beet, tobacco, apple and pears, and pear gardens grow on the chernozem of Northern Moldova. Hills in the center of the republic are covered with brown forest soils, there are silent-sulfur forest soils below. These soils, both brown and gray, suitable for fruit trees and grape vine. Another group of soils - floodplain - used for intensive gardening and vegetable growing.
Natural conditions are distinguished by a large variety. Another 1848 geographer K.I. Parsenyev wrote that Besarabia is "a wonderful mixing of dry steppes with fruitful fathers, rich meadows and gardens." Moldova is located in two natural zones: forest-steppe and steppe. However, natural vegetation has been preserved only by separate stains, the virgin steppes are placed at the end of the 19th century. In the Coders, grabovoy-oak forests grow, and beech. The Coders is located and the Lozovo-Kapirovsky Reserve Forest Massif is one of the largest in the republic. In the floodplains, plots of high-private oaks are preserved, the oldest Dubrava - in the floodplain of the rod. Wild grapes are found in the survey forests.
POPULATION
According to 2009, 4,320 thousand people lived in Moldova. Birth rate was 11.12 per 1 thousand inhabitants, mortality - 10.78. The annual population growth is approximately 0.18%. The average life expectancy is slightly higher than 70.8; In men - 67.1, in women - 74.71.
Most of the population (78.2%) - Moldovans. Ukrainians are 8.4%, Russian -5.8%, Gagauz - 4.4%, Bulgarians - 2%, Jews and Gypsies - 1.3%.
The prevailing religion is Orthodoxy. There are also communities of Baptists, the Seventh Day Christian-Adventists, Roman Catholics, Jews.
Religion.
The prevailing religion is Orthodox Christianity. Slavic minorities and Gagauza are also Orthodox Christians.
Cities.
The largest city and the capital of Moldova - Chisinau (734.2 thousand inhabitants in 1995) is located in the center of the country. More than 50% of its population make up Moldovans, 25% - Russians, 13% - Ukrainians. This is the largest industrial center of Moldova.
The second largest city of Tiraspol (203.7 thousand inhabitants in 1995) is located on the left bank of R. Driester. Moldovans make up 18% of the population here, while Russians - 41%, and Ukrainians - 32%. This is an important administrative, transport and industrial center. Among other major cities, Balti stand out (156.7 thousand inhabitants) and Bender (Tyagina, 136.6 thousand). In both cities, Moldovans make up a minority of the population.
State system and politics
The current Constitution of the Republic of Moldova was adopted by Parliament on July 29, 1994, July 19, 1996, and on July 5, 2000 changes were made. According to the Constitution, the Republic of Moldova is a democratic legal StateIn which the dignity of a person, his rights and freedoms, the free development of the human person, justice and political pluralism are proclaimed by the highest values. The Constitution stipulates that in the presence of inconsistencies between the Covenants and Treaties on the Basic Rights of Human Rights, one of the parties of which is the Republic of Moldova, and internal laws, international norms have priority.
According to Art.11 of the Constitution, the armed forces of other states on the territory of Moldova is not allowed. Proclaims its permanent neutrality.
State language - Moldavian based on Latin graphics. At the same time, the right to preserve the Russian language and other languages \u200b\u200bused in the country is recognized.
State device.
Moldova - the Parliamentary Republic, the constitution of which is based on the principle of separation of the authorities. Legislative power is carried out by a unicameral parliament, consisting of 101 deputies elected by free and secret voting on the basis of a proportional representation under the national electoral district. The election code establishes the following barriers (selective centers):
1) for the party, the socio-political organization - 6%,
2) for the electoral block formed from two parties and (or) socio-political organizations - 9%,
3) for the electoral block formed from three parties and (or) socio-political organizations - 12%.
The term of office of parliament is 4 years. Parliament accepts laws and gives their interpretation, appoints referendums, approves the main directions of the internal and foreign policy of the state, carries out parliamentary control over the executive power, approves the state budget and monitors its execution, ratifies international treaties. The sessions of the Parliament are convened twice a year.
Parliament takes constitutional (ie - to revise the Constitution), organic and ordinary laws. Organic laws are accepted by most of the votes of the elected deputies. They are regulated, in particular, the electoral system, the organization and activities of parliament and government, judicial authorities, the organization of local government, the regime of local autonomy, the organization and activities of political parties, the general regime of labor relations, trade unions and social protection, emergency and military regime and Some other areas. Ordinary laws are accepted by a majority of votes of the deputies present. The most important questions of the life of society and the state are made to a referendum.
The legislative initiative belongs to the deputies of parliament, the President and the Government.
Head of State - President, elected by the Parliament with secret voting; The candidate who scores the three fifth votes of deputies is selected. President may be a citizen who has the right to elect, which has reached the age of 40, which lives in the territory of the republic for at least 10 years and owning state language. The term of office of the president - 4 years, the same person cannot take this position more than two times in a row. In the event of acts that violate the provisions of the Constitution, the president can be removed from office by the Parliament with two thirds of the votes of the elected deputies.
The President participates in negotiations, concludes international treaties on behalf of the republic, on the proposal of the government accredit and recalls diplomatic representatives, takes the credentials and response certificates of diplomatic representatives of other states, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, carrying out laws. Other powers of the president include: awarding state awards, assignment military ranks, resolving issues of citizenship, appointment to public positions, the implementation of pardon. When implementing its powers, the president issues decrees, mandatory for execution throughout the state.
The state of the internal and foreign policy of the state is provided by the government, which consists of the Prime Minister, the first deputy and deputy, ministers and other members. The program of activity and the composition of the government are discussed at a meeting of the parliament. Parliament expresses a vote of confidence in the government by a majority of the votes of the elected deputies. Based on the vote confidence, the president appoints the government. In case of impossibility of the formation of the government, the president after consultation with parliamentary factions has the right to dissolve parliament.
Justice
it is carried out by the highest judicial chamber, appeal chambers and courts. The judges are appointed by the President on the submission of the Supreme Council of Master. The position of the judge is incompatible with any other paid activities, with the exception of teaching and scientific activities.
The Chairman, Vice-Chairmen and Judges of the Higher Judicial Chamber are appointed by Parliament on the submission of the Supreme Council of Master. They must have experience in the position of judge at least 10 years. The competence of the Higher Judicial Chamber, among others, includes a trial in the event of initiating parliament accusations against the president.
The Supreme Council of Magistracy consists of 11 magistrates, the term of the powers of which is 5 years. It is rightfully entitled to the Minister of Justice, Chairman of the Higher Judicial Chamber, Chairman of the Appeals Chamber, Chairman of the Economic Court, General Prosecutor, and also - 6 elected members. The Supreme Council of the Magistracy is designed to provide appointment, movement, increasing judges and the use of disciplinary measures to them.
The Constitution consolidates and basic requirements for legal proceedings. In all vessels, court sessions are held openly. The trial in a closed meeting is allowed only in cases established by law, in compliance with all rules of the judicial procedure. The proceedings are conducted in Moldavian language, but persons who do not speak Moldavian language or not talking on it have the right to familiarize themselves with all the documents and materials of the case, express themselves in court through the translator. In accordance with the law, legal proceedings can be conducted in the language, acceptable for most persons participating in the lawsuit. Court decisions may be appealed by stakeholders and competent government agencies in accordance with the law.
The system of the prosecutor's office includes General Prosecutor's Office, territorial and specialized prosecutors. The Prosecutor General and the subordinates of the prosecutors in accordance with the law supervise the exact and uniform execution of laws by public administration authorities, legal entities and individuals and their associations, protect the legality, rights and freedom of citizens, contribute to the implementation of justice. The Attorney General is appointed by Parliament, the following - the general prosecutor and obey him. The term of office of prosecutors is 5 years.
The only authority of the constitutional justice in the republic is the Constitutional Court, which is independent of any other public power and obeys the Constitution only. Constitutional Court:
- performs on request control of the constitutionality of laws, regulations and decisions of the parliament, decrees of the president, decisions and orders of the government,
- gives the interpretation of the Constitution,
- expresses on proposals for the revision of the Constitution,
- confirms the results of republican referendums,
- confirms the results of the election of parliament and the president,
- states the circumstances that are justifying the dissolution of parliament, temporary removal from the presidency or temporary execution of the presidential duties,
- Allows exceptional cases of unconstitutionality of legal acts represented by the highest judicial chamber,
- makes decisions on issues, the subject of which is the constitutionality of the party.
Laws and other regulatory acts or part of them lose the force from the moment of adoption by the Constitutional Court of the relevant decision, and the decision of the Constitutional Court themselves is final and not subject to appeal.
The Constitutional Court consists of six judges appointed for a six-year term, while two judges are appointed by Parliament, two - the president and two - the highest advice of the magistracy. Judges of the Constitutional Court are not exchanged during the term of office.
Administrative territorial device.
The new law on the administrative-territorial device was adopted on December 27, 2001. In accordance with it, the country is divided into 32 district, 5 municipalities (Chisinau, Beltsy, Tiraspol, Bender, Comrat), autonomous territorial education Gagauzia and administrative-territorial units of Levobashen Dniester, which Special forms and conditions of autonomy may be provided and at which there is currently an unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (PMR).
Gagauzia - It is an autonomous-territorial education with a special status as a form of self-determination of Gagauz, which independently, within its competence, solves issues of political, economic and cultural nature. The Law on the Special Legal Status of Gagauzia was adopted by the Moldova Parliament on December 23, 1994.
At the beginning of 2002, 1678 settlements were numbered in Moldova, of which urban settlements were 66. The indefinite situation was formed with the Bender's municipality, which, with the exception of the suburban village of Varnit, recognizes the Jurisdiction of the PMR, but at the same time the new law did not include the city in the territory where Created Transnistrian autonomy. There are other territories of controversial jurisdiction.
Political parties.
The leading political party of Moldova after the election of 2001 was the Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova. Forbidden in 1991, the Communist Party in April 1994 was registered under the new title, and in December 1994 it was held at the congress, who accepted the party program. The first secretary of the Central Committee on the organizational plenum, held after the congress, Vladimir Nikolaevich Voronin was elected. In March 1995, the PCRM was adopted in the SCP - CPSU.
In 1998, the party for the first time after the prohibition in 1991 took part in the parliamentary elections, won 40 deputy mandates from 101. A year later, the Communists received over 2,000 mandates in local authorities. At the initiative of the PCRM in the summer of 2000, the parliament made changes to the Constitution of the country, which allowed to go to the parliamentary form of the Board. At the early parliamentary elections, the party won 71 mandates, thus obtaining a qualified majority given the right if necessary to make changes to the Constitution.
Christian Democratic People's Party It was created on May 20, 1989, is the ideological successor of the People's Front of Moldova (1989-1992) and the Christian-Democratic Front of Moldova (1992-1998). Included in the Christian-Democratic International. At the 1998 parliamentary elections, 19.2% of the votes (26 seats) received, in 2001, speaking independently, were 8.3% of the votes (11 seats) in the Parliamentary Election. He is the main opponent of the Communist Party.
Other large parties are the agrarian-democratic part of Moldova (created in 1991), the Socialist Party, the Democratic Party, the Forta Noua socio-political movement, the Social Liberal Party, the socio-political movement "Equality", the Centrist Union of Moldova and some others.
Social Liberal Party - The CenterRist, political party, based on the doctrine of social liberalism. He advocated the construction of a democratic state with a competitive market economy, for integration into the European Union. The party was created on May 9, 2001 (Europe Day), Dr. Oleg Serebryan was elected her first president, the Vice Rector of the Independent University of Moldova.
July 19, 2003 Social Democratic Alliance, the Liberal Party, the Alliance of the Independent and People's Democratic Party united into a new political organization - MOLDOVA NOASTRA. ("Our Moldova"), whose coordinator coordinator became Dmitry Bragish. Social liberalism became unifying doctrine.
Dynamics of political life.
Since 1990, Moldova came across sharp social and political problems. The motley ethnic composition of the country and the political crisis of the end of the Soviet period created an extremely difficult situation. On the part of the radical parties, the requirements of the Union of the country with Romania appeared, which, however, did not meet the support of the majority of the population. In 1991, large-scale combat operations broke out between government troops and forces speaking for the autonomy of Transnistria. This unrecognized Chisinau was formed in September 1990, even during the existence of the USSR, its inhabitants opposed the exit from the Soviet Union along with Moldova. Moldova's authorities tried armed with the territory of the rebellious republic from the end of 1991 to mid-1992, but this attempt failed, autonomy resistant.
In late 1992 - early 1993, there was a rearrangement of political organizations, which was accompanied by a decrease in the influence of nationalist nationalists, and the coalition from the agrarian deputies and former communists (members of the fraction of independent deputies) took the dominant position in parliament.
In February 1994, parliamentary elections took place. ADP scored 43.2% of the votes and received an absolute majority in parliament (56 out of 104 places). The Socialist Block, which included the Alien Alien Party, has achieved support for 22% of the votes and took 28 seats. Moldovan National (Proorumban) Party suffered a serious defeat. More moderate supporters of these parties were better. The block of peasantry and intelligentsia received 9.2% of the votes (11 seats), and HDNF - 7.5% of the votes (9 seats). In early 1994, the Parliament adopted a new Constitution, which entered into force on July 29, 1994. Having come to power, the Agraria took steps to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts. The desire for autonomy by Gagauzians in mid-1994 was satisfied. Significant progress was also achieved in relations with the supporters of the autonomy of Transnistria.
In 1998, at the parliamentary elections, the PCM achieved great success, using the growing discontent with the course of economic reforms conducted by the Government of the ADP.
At the early parliamentary elections in February 2001, the Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova defeated 49.9% of the votes. In second place was the electoral block "Alliance Bragish" (Socialist Party of Moldova, the Social Democracy Party "Furnica", the Centrist Union of Moldova, the movement of professionals "Speranta - Hope", the socio-political movement "New Power") - 13.4% of the votes and 19 seats. On the third, the Christian-Democratic People's Party from 8.3% of the votes (11 seats). The rest of the parties and the electoral blocks did not overcome the necessary electoral barrier.
Police and armed forces.
Police submits to the Ministry of the Interior, the Armed Forces - the Ministry of Defense. There is an armed police corps, consisting of about 4 thousand people. Initially, for a short time, a draft two-year military service for men who have reached 18 years old was put into effect, and later the transition to a small army on a contract basis was envisaged. However, when the fighting between the supporters of National Independence and Transnistria broke out in early 1991, molding was declared mobilization of men aged 18 to 40 years. In 1998, the term of the mandatory military service was reduced to 18 months. The combat-ready armed forces were counted, according to 1997, more than 11 thousand people. The number of reservists that can be called into the ranks of the armed forces is approx. 300 thousand in 1998 more than 1145 thousand people were considered suitable for military service. After the visit in January 1999, the NATO Secretary-General Chisinau decided to reduce the number of the army from 10 thousand to 6.5 thousand.
Foreign policy.
The 1994 Constitution confirmed the status of Moldova as a neutral country. The foreign policy activities of Moldova became complicated due to its geographical position, features historical Development and incessant internal inter-ethnic conflicts. The main diplomatic efforts were sent to the resolution of the conflict in Transnistria and to stabilize relations with regional authorities.
The cease-fire agreement achieved in July 1992 put an end to the war, but did not lead to the final resolution of the conflict. In August 1994, Russian governments and Moldova signed an agreement on the gradual conclusion from the Moldavian territory of the 14th Army warehouses. Moldova pledged to find a political decision of the conflict with Transnistria. This decision was subsequently confirmed by the Memorandum of May 8, 1997. In April 1999, the deadlines for the withdrawal of troops were established.
Romania was the first state recognized by the Republic of Moldova. Close cooperation with Romania was encouraged by the leaders of the Popular Front. However, after some time, especially after the elections 1994, the relationship between countries has worsened. The perspective of the union, unacceptable for Russian and Gagauz minorities, served as the main reason for the exacerbation of an inter-ethnic conflict. Nationalist elements in Romania regarded concessions to supporters of autonomy as evidence of a pro-Russian orientation. Accordingly, the opposition to Romanian intervention in the affairs of Moldova increased, and the dissatisfaction of the Romanian nationalists in connection with the refusal of the union and the desire of Moldova to develop relations with Russia led to the wave of hostile rhetoric in the Romanian parliament.
ECONOMY
In the consistency period, Moldova was a purely agrarian country, in the 1940s its economy was based mainly on agriculture and the production of consumer goods. In the Soviet period, industrialization began, primarily in Chisinau and Transnistria. Along with the food, textile industry, mechanical engineering and electronics appeared. In the early 1990s, the industry has already gave almost 2/5 national income. The economy of Moldova, who did not have almost no mineral resources, was largely dependent on imports. For example, power plants worked exclusively on imported energy carriers (oil, petroleum products and angle).
After the exit of the country from the USSR, and despite the conduct of market reforms, the economic development of Moldova was restrained due to the incessant instability both within the country and abroad. Regional conflicts prevented the establishment of reliable trade relations between Moldova with other former Soviet republics.
According to the World Bank, in 1995, the gross national product (GNP) amounted to approximately $ 3.9 billion, or $ 920. In response per capita. In the first half of the 1990s, the country's GDP was reduced annually and in 2002 was estimated at $ 11.51 billion. In 1996, the Government initiated the introduction of a three-year program focused on accelerating the transition to a market economy. Moldova managed to get loans from the IMF, which provided the possibility of implementing this program.
Agriculture
remains the most significant sphere economic activity. Private ownership of Earth was legalized only in 1991, however, the sale of agricultural land began only after 2001. Agriculture gives more than 2/5 of the national income. Soft climate and fertile soils allow growing big number cultures. Moldova - a large producer of grapes and products of winemaking. Her fruit gardens bring large crops of draining, apricots, cherries and peaches. Fruit cultivation is concentrated in the north, in the central regions and in the Dniester Valley. An important commercial culture is tobacco. Sugar beets are grown everywhere in the country, which gives raw materials for numerous sugar factories. Sunflower is grown to produce vegetable oil. Corn and wheat are sized everywhere; They are consumed in the domestic market, go to the forage and are exported. Meat production is less than half of the total agricultural production. About half of meat products accounts for pork, followed by beef, poultry meat, lamb.
Industry.
In Moldova, some industries have been developed, which arose in the Soviet period, as well as the light and food industry. The leading industrial industry - engineering, the main products of which are electric motors, electrical and agricultural equipment. There is a chemical industry (production of plastics, synthetic fibers, paints and varnishes), as well as building materials and cement. Fabrics, clothing, refrigerators, furniture, televisions, radio receivers are released among consumer goods. Of great importance is the food industry. According to IMF estimates, in Moldova (with the exception of Transnistria), the share of food in 1995 was 50% of the total production. The food industry produces a large range of products, including canned vegetables and fruits (jams, jelly, fruit juices), refined sugar and vegetable oil. Moldova is known for its wines, including sparkling and cognacs.
Industry, including mineral mining, construction and production of energy, in the early 1990s was a constantly increasing significant share in the Moldova economy, despite the overall decline in production. In 1995, the industry accounted for 36.4% of the growth of pure material product. In 1994, 19.4% of the country's working age population was employed in the industrial sector. In the second half of the 1990s there was a significant reduction industrial production.
Transport.
Moldavia's fixed assets are iron and highways. Lines railways Connect the main economic centers - Chisinau, Bender, Tiraspol and Balti. They are also followed by Iasam and Galasa in Romania, in Odessa, Kiev and other cities of Ukraine. In 1992, the total length of Moldova Railways was 1328 km. The lower rivers of the rods and the Dniester shipping, but water transport does not have much. In 1996, the length of Moldavia roads reached 12.3 thousand km, of which 10.4 thousand, with a solid coating, the main cities are connected and are the main means of communication within the country. However, most roads are in poor condition, and gasoline deficiency complicates the operation of road transport.
International trade.
In the Soviet period, Moldova was the importer of industrial raw materials, industrial goods and fuel. The main export items were fresh and recycled agricultural products. After finding independence, the volume of foreign trade, oriented to a large extent on the CIS countries, declined sharply, although more than 2/3 of the total foreign trade operations account for trade with these countries. Main trading partners - Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Belarus and Germany. Agricultural products predominate in exports (primarily wine and tobacco), fabric, machinery and chemical products. The main articles of import are oil, natural gas, coal, cars, food. In 1996, Moldova's trade deficit reached $ 254.1 million.
Economic reforms.
After independence, Moldova has achieved great success in reforming the planned economy. In January 1992, the parliament voted for the exit from the ruble zone in order to establish complete control over the economy. In November 1993, Moldovan Lei was introduced as a national currency. Private property legalized, a number of joint-stock companies and joint ventures appeared. In January 1991, a law on privatization was adopted. Privatization is based mainly on the voucher system: every citizen was issued vouchers in accordance with the employment experience, which can be used when purchasing shares of privatized enterprises. It was assumed to transform collective farms to joint stock companies.
The fate of economic reforms became unclear after the victory of the PCM in the 1998 parliamentary elections. Communists opposing market transformations received a sufficient number of votes in Parliament to control certain initiatives of the president.
SOCIETY
Significant changes occurred in the Moldovan society after World War II. It was a predominantly agricultural country, after 1945, the processes of urbanization, industrialization, ability to eliminate illiteracy began. By 1999, 47% of residents were citizens in the country, and 53% lived in rural areas.
Moldovan society in ethnicity is heterogeneous. There are significant differences in the living conditions of the main ethnic groups. Although Moldovans make up a significant proportion of urban population, the overwhelming majority they form only in rural areas. In the 10 largest cities live no more than a quarter Moldovan. On the other hand, Russians are predominantly citizens, and more than 72% of them live in the 10 largest cities. Ukrainians live in old villages and cities (47% of Ukrainians are dispersed by cities). Gagauz and Bulgarians are concentrated in the south, mainly in the countryside, where they initially settled at 19 V. Many gagauz live in southern cities Comrat and Chadir Lunga.
Culture
Many Moldovans know the Romanian literary language, and the Moldovan language (dialect) is widely used in everyday life. In writing Moldovan from the 14th century. Cyrillic was used, which was supplanted by the Latin alphabet between the two world wars of 20 V. In the Soviet period, Cyrillic was again introduced, but after the exit of the country from the USSR, a complete lamination was carried out.
Popular education.
Compared with the beginning of the 20th century, when the literacy rate was extremely low, Moldova made great successes in folk education. Illiteracy was completely eliminated. The education system was based on 10 years of compulsory education, with its continuation in professional collections, technical schools or higher educational institutions. In 1991, there were 13 higher educational institutions with the number of students more than 53 thousand people in Moldova. In Chisinau are Moldavian state University, Independent University, Agricultural, Polytechnic, Pedagogical and Medical Universities, International University of Economics and Academy economic knowledge. Universities also work in Tiraspol, Cagule and Beltsy. Up to 1990 in secondary schools there were parallel learning in Moldavian and Russian languages. In higher educational institutions, teaching was carried out mainly in Russian. Currently, the Moldova government puts the task of preferentially translating teaching to Romanian at all levels of education, which requires the preparation of relevant pedagogical personnel.
Literature.
Roots of Moldavian literature - in Moldavian folklore. Vintage songs (Vozyitsky - Bogatyrs and Gaidutsky songs - poems) talk about the victories of the heroes over the forces of nature, the reflection of the Turkish and Tatar invasions. Such songs are executed by a recitative and are accompanied by a game on national instruments: Kobez, Chimpoe (Volynka), violin. An outstanding monument of Moldavian folklore is a shepherd ballad Miorica.
In 15-18 century. The chronicles develops, which is from 17 V. Become to travel in Moldovan. Chronicles of Grigory Urenke (90s 16th century - 1647), Miron Kostin (1633-1691), I.Nekulche (1672-1746) were denied the tyrannical Board of Ottoman conquerors, the heroic pages of the liberation struggle were resurrected against the Turks. Work m About the tribe Moldovan, from which country their ancestors came out, written in an acutelymic form, marks the beginning of Moldovan historiography.
In 18 V. Fiction is born: lyric poetry (Cantacuzino ion), Allegorical Roman (Dmitry Kantemir), poetic chronicle. Dmitry Kantemir (1673-1723) is an outstanding statesman and a European-scale encyclopedist. He is the author of philosophical, country and historical works, the greatest value among which has Description of Moldova, History of growth and decline Ottoman Empire , Hieroglyphic story.
At 19 in. Moldovan writers began to collect folklore plots and use them in their works. The first publisher of folk songs was Vasile Alexandri, which made a significant contribution to the design of the Moldovan literary language. The classics of Moldavian literature are also M.Emininesca, K.Stamati, A.Donich, I. Kryanga, etc. in 1820-1823, in the link in Bessarabia, A.S. Pushkin, who also showed considerable interest in Moldovan songwriters. Moldavian folk song "Arda Ma, Friege Me" (cut me, burn me) He processed and included in his poem Gypsies.
At the beginning of the 20th century The most notable phenomenon of Moldovan literature was the work of the poet Alexei Mateevich. In the second half of the 20th century. The works of A. Lupan, EM.Bukova, I. DRUCE received wide fame
Media.
In Moldova there are several radio and television stations. The main government daily newspapers - Moldova Suveranoe (sovereign Moldova) and "Independent Moldova". The Union of Writers of Moldova publishes the weekly "literature Shi Art" - the main printed authority, covering the events of culture in the country and abroad.
Music.
The source of Moldavian music - folk songs. A special place among them belongs to the dyunam - the lengthy songs of a lyric-epic nature.
Before the beginning of the 30s 19th century. The leading role in the music belonged to folk musicians - Lautara. Among them was the work of Barba Latuar, who became the legendary figure. Thanks to the touring of European musicians (Shuman, Sheet, etc.), European music penetrated to the edge. On the other hand, Moldovan folklore attracted Russian composers - the Versta, Glinka, Azrich, who used his motives in their works. The Society of Music Lovers "Harmony" was created, in 1900 - Chisinau Music School.
In 1930, Moldovan choral chapel "Doyna" began its activities in Tiraspol, in the 1935- Symphony Orchestra.
First Moldavian Opera - Thunderstorm DG Rhershfeld was written and put on the scene of the State Opera and Ballet Theater.
Moldovan folk dances began to be widely known due to their workshop execution by artists of the dance ensemble "ZhOC".
Customs and holidays.
Main religious holidays In Moldova, the same as other Orthodox peoples - Easter and Christmas. On August 27, the national holiday of Independence Day is celebrated, and on August 31, the National Day "Day of Our Language" (in connection with the adoption of the Language of Romanian as a state in 1989).
HISTORY
State education.
The ancestors of the Moldovan people are whams (magic), the ethnic basis of the formation of which, as involves modern science, there was a novenized Heto-Dacée population, inhabited by both shores of the Danube. Vile in ancient times lived communities. Managed the Community Council from the number of wealthy peasants. The Council included "KNEZ" (Leader), which carried out the initial power in war time. Gradually, the power passed to the needle and became hereditary.
The first political formations of whams arose in the form of "knezates" and voivods, the socio-political prerequisites of Moldavian statehood were in the depths of the ancient Russian state. In the middle of the 13th century. The power over the edge captured the Mongols, in the 14th century. - Hungaries. In 1359, Voivod Bogdan with a part of the MoWrai moved to the territory called in the sources of Moldavian Earth (the center of the Moldovan River Basin) and established his power over most of the Eastern Vicarpathia, and in 1365 he achieved recognition of the independence of the state. So an independent Moldovan Principality arose with the capital in the city of Siesta.
The first gentlemen.
The first Moldovan rulers had the title of "Voevoda", and from the beginning of the 15th century. - "Lord". The first of this title began to wear Alexander Good (1400-1432). His power was formally unlimited: he issued diplomas, signed agreements with foreign states, was the Supreme Commander and the Judge. However, a big role in the state was played by the boyars who were in the Boyar Rada: no question of the internal and foreign policy was not solved without their participation.
Lord Peter III Aaron in the fall of 1455 was forced to agree to pay Dani Turkish Sultan, but Stephen III Great (1457-1504), which shifted Arona and built a network of fortresses and border fortifications, in 1473 refused to pay Dani. Sultan, who decided to subordinate Stephen by force, suffered in January 1475 defeat from R. Kasluya. During the reign of Stephen, the foreign policy connections of Moldova with Russia strengthened. The union was supplemented with related relations: the son of the Grand Duke Ivan III was married to Elena, Stephen III daughter.
Under the rule of Turkey.
However, at the beginning of the 16th century. The Moldovan Principality fell into a vassal dependence on Turkey. Sultan paid an annual tribute - Harazh. The Moldovan Lord was approved on the throne of Sultan, as a sign of loyalty to whom the Lords were obliged to send sons to Istanbul or close relatives who were there practically in the position of hostages. Within 16-17 centuries. Almost 50 gentlemen changed in the Moldovan throne. The central government was weak, the country actually managed the boyars oligarchy - representatives of 75 most influential surnames. The class of feudalists and "servants" were "servants" - Moldovan nobles who served in the army of the Lord and received for their service land possessions On the right estate.
Peasants who are 15 in. It was considered formally free, from the second half of the 17th century. Began to get into the fortress dependence on the boyars. According to a new order, a peasant who lived in the boyars of 12 years, became serf. Such peasants (called vein) were implemented in the farm of the feudal the established number of days, paid natural and monetary missions to their Mr. and delivered him products of domestic fishery; They could be inherited, lay, sell together with the Earth. In another worst position there were fortress gypsies.
During the reign of Vasily Lupu (1634-1653) The first arch of Moldovan laws was drawn up - the Code (1646). The norms of criminal law, which were reflected in the deposition, operated until the middle of the 18th century, and civilian - up to the distribution of communional legislation in the first half of the 19th century.
In February 1654, Lord, George Stefan sent his representative Ivan Grigoriev to Moscow with a request to adopt Moldova to Russian citizenship; In March 1656, Russian-Moldovan negotiations began on this issue. Because of the complicated international relations (Russian-Swedish war, etc. Events), negotiations were left without consequences, but their very fact caused a negative reaction turkish Sultana: In March 1658 George Stefan was shifted from the throne.
In 1711, the Lord Dmitry Kantemir concluded a treaty with Peter I, according to which he became Vassal Peter, and the latter was obliged to restore Moldova in her previous borders. The Moldovan army fought together with Russian against the Turks, however, the failure of the Prut's campaign of Peter I prevented realizing this contract. Dmitry Kantemir himself moved to Russia with his associates, where he wrote most of his works.
From 1711 Moldovan boyars, depriving the right to elect the Lord, and the Turkish government every three years began to appoint the people of the Alien Moldavia from among the Greek aristocracy, who passed to the service to Sultan. These representatives of Greek nobility (called fanarithov) managed Moldova over 100 years. Person-Fanariot did not have the right to keep their army and lead foreign Policy, And they should have been collecting and sending tribute to Sultan.
In the course of the Russian-Turkish wars 18 V. The Russian army liberated Moldova from the Turks three times. According to Kychuk-Kainardji world, 1774 with Turkey Russia received patronage over Moldova. Turkey was obliged to return Moldovans taken from her land, to free the approach of the total population from taxes for two years and not to require him to tax debt in the years russian-Turkish war 1768-1774. The result was the weakening of the Turkish oppression and the strengthening of economic relations with Russia, where Moldavia exported wine and fruit and where they imported fur, iron products, canvas and ropes.
As a result of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791, the territory between Bug and the Dniester was annexed to Russia, and in the Bucharest Peace Treaty, which summarizes the Russian-Turkish war 1806-1812, is the territory between the Dniester and Prut (Bessarabia).
As part of Russia.
The inclusion of Moldovan lands to the Russian Empire did not mean the recreation of Moldovan statehood. Moldovan lands were divided between various administrative units. Only Bessarabia received a special legal status, where the compact majority of Moldovan lived.
In the early years after joining, the old edge control system, favorable Moldovan boyars, as well as the former loamal relationships, laws and customs was preserved. In accordance with those accepted in 1813 The rules of the temporary rule of the Bessarabian region Bessarabia's management was carried out by the governor (they became the boyar Scarlat Sturdza) and the temporary regional government. The area was divided into 9 cinuts, in each of which corrections from Moldovan boyars were appointed the governor. Faumns were subordinate to the chains (volost elders).
In 1816, the position of the governor was established in Bessarabia, and in 1818, the Supreme Council from 11 people and the regional court as part of the criminal and civil chambers. The criminal court was guided by Russian, civil - Moldovan laws. In 1828 with adoption Institutions for the management of the Bessarab region,on the territory of Bessarabia, the All-Russian Administrative Management System was introduced. The office work in Moldavian language was discontinued, in 1873 the Bessarabian region was turned into province.
The flow of immigrants rushed to the attached territory: both from abroad (Bulgarians, Gagauz, Germans, etc.), and from the central and Ukrainian provinces. Military-economic settlements from retired soldiers, Cossacks, military personnel were created here. Less heavy feudal oppression and favorable natural conditions attracted the peasants who fled from serfdom. Moldovan land continued to remain agricultural, but the ratio between animal husbandry and agriculture has changed, the last in the middle of 19 century. It became the prevailing industry. Industry developed slowly, in the pre-reform time, specific industries prevailed - salt and fisheries with fishing.
In 1818, local boyars were equalized in the rights and privileges with the Russian nobility, the lower layers of the dominant class (Bornishi) in the 40s received the rights to the personal nobility. However, the main category of peasants - the karan - was not equated to the serfs in Russia. They were announced by the "free farmers", but for the use of landlord and monastic grounds had to serve the barbecia and pay the lifts. Small landowners are tokens - less depended on the feudalists and were mainly on the position of the filled peasants.
In 1820, Chisinau became one of the centers of the revolutionary movement of Russia. The Decembrists created the Chisinau Governance here, at the head of which MF Reorov, who commanded the 16th Division. Chisinau Decembrists launched propaganda among the soldiers, preparing them for an armed performance. For the training of Junkers and soldiers, Lancaster schools were created, the head of the Patriotic War of 1812 Poet V.F. Raevsky was appointed. To expand its influence, the Decembrists used and created in 1821 in Chisinau Masonic Loop "Ovidi". There was also a close relationship with the secret political society of Greek rebels "Filkcoming Eteriya" on the territory of Bessarabia.
The revolutionary propaganda of the Decembrists led to the fact that at the end of 1821, in four of the six regiments of the 16th division, excitement occurred. After their suppression, M.F. Oorlova was removed from the command of the division, and V.F. Raevsky was arrested and concluded in the Tiraspol fortress.
Peasant reform in Moldovan lands were carried out at different times. In the left-bank areas of Transnistria, which was part of the Kherson and Podolsk province, it was conducted on the basis of Provisions on peasants who came out of the fortress dependence On February 19, 1861. For the Kherson province, the liberation of peasants was envisaged and putting their land in the amount of from 3 to 7 tens for redemption.
In Bessarabia Regulations They concerned only a minor part of the peasants, as the serfs constituted here only one percent of the population. For the majority of peasants, a quaran, the reform was carried out on the basis of the law of July 14, 1868. Puting (on average 2.9 decishes) was transferred here to family use. For state peasants And the colonists were held special reforms 1869 and 1871, according to which they received from 8 to 11 tents of the Earth for the soul, and for less redemption.
In South Bessarabia, the reform was carried out in 1864. The peasants received land here in hereditary family use, but they were less than in the Novorossiysk provinces. In the south of the region, where the main part of the land was in the use of state peasants and colonists, the peasants received land on preferential terms in their property, respectively, 30 and 50 tents on the head of the family. The current accumulator was maintained here and after the return of these areas to Russia in 1878.
The peasant reform contributed to the development of capitalist forms of production, farming, lease. Bessarabia became one of the provinces of commercial grain farms, viticulture, gardening, tobacco-growing began to develop a faster pace. The trade was played a major role in the economy of the province, the share of industry continued to remain insignificant.
During the Russian-Turkish war, 1877-1878 on the territory of Moldova, voluntary detachments for the struggle against Turkey were formed, including the formation of the Bulgarian militia. In Chisina, the Red Cross society prepared for Bulgaria Brothers Mercy. As a result of the war, the southern part of Bessarabia with ports on the Danube again entered into Russia.
Revolution 1905-1907. russia has spread to Moldovan lands. On August 21, 1905, a general political strike, which took place on another day, began in Chisinau, and led to the armed clash workers with troops and police. In October, the railway workers of Chisinau, Belts, Tiraspol, as well as printers and workers of many workshops included in the All-Russian political strike. The unrest covered the peasants, the army and the fleet. In January 1906, the peasant rebellion broke out in the S. Comet of the Bendendsky County, which had to suppress with the help of troops. The national liberation movement increased, the requirement of learning children in his native language was put forward, newspapers began to be published in Moldovan.
Agricultural reform of Stolypin touched and Bessarabia. For 1907-1913, 11,810 peasant farms of the Bessarabian province were stated from the community and consolidated 130 thousand decisions of the Earth. About 60 thousand peasants moved to Siberia and Kazakhstan.
During the First World War in Moldova, railway construction caused by the needs of the front developed accelerated pace. At the same time, a decline has begun in agriculture caused by the mobilization of able-bodied male population into the army and economic devastation and expressed in reducing the seeds and gross grain harvesting. Almost with the beginning of the war in the region, the peasant movement was activated. In connection with the appeal to the army, the peasantry refused to pay state and Zemstvo taxes, resisted livestock props.
In the first days February Revolution 1917 In Moldova, the provisional government bodies were formed. On March 6, the Chairman of the Zemskaya Government of the Bessarabian province was appointed to the provincial commissioner. In Chisinau, Bendars, Beltsy and other major cities, the advice of workers and soldiers' deputies arose.
In October 1917, Sfatul Caryry was established ("Council of the country") and the autonomy of Moldova was declared, decided to establish the Moldovan National Army. On December 2, 1917, the Council proclaimed Bessarabia Moldavian Democratic Republic, and on January 24, 1918 announced its independence. In coordination with Sfatul Tseri, Romanian troops entered the territory of Bessarabia. At the same time, held on December 10-23, 1917 in Odessa II, the Congress of the Rumching (executive committee of the Soviets of the Romanian Front, the Black Sea Fleet and the Odessa region) proclaimed the course for the establishment of the Soviets in Moldova. In response to the promotion of Romanian troops, the Council of Russia ripped diplomatic relations with Romania and sent part of the Red Army to Bessarabia.
The conflict led to the division of Moldovan lands. On April 9, 1918, Sfatul Tsery, a small majority of votes decided to combine the MDR with Romania, and the Soviet power was established on the territory of the left-bank fencing during 1919-1921. In the fall of 1924, the III session of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the VIII convocation was adopted by the Law on Education as part of the Ukrainian Socialist Republic of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic (Massar). The republic included 11 areas of the left bank of the Dniester, the capital became Galta, from 1929 - Tiraspol.
I All Daving Congress of Soviets (April 19-23, 1925) adopted a constitution that determined the state structure of the Republic, Manifesto To the peoples of Moldova and elected the CEC Moldavian ASSR. The Chairman of the CEC Presidium at the first session of the CEC was elected G.I. Stary, the head of the government became the head of the government. Moldavian ASSR was included in the system government agencies Soviet Union.
The republic began the creation of a large industry, primarily food and building materials. In 1935, Tiraspol CHP came into account. Private enterprises were nationalized, in 1929-1931 a solid collectivization of peasant farms was carried out.
In the second half of the 30th management of Massar, as well as many ordinary people were subjected to stalinist repression. In May 1937, a number of government members were exempted and repressed, and a number of government members were arrested (including the chairman of the SNK Massar G.I. Stariy), party, Komsomol and Soviet workers. They all accused of treasoning their homeland and espionage "in favor of the Royal Romania."
On June 26 and 27, 1940, the USSR government sent two notes to the Romanian government, which contained the requirements of the return of Bessarabia and the transfer of the USSR North Bukovina As a means of "compensation for huge damage, which was inflicted by the Soviet Union and the population of Bessarabia, the 22-year dominance of Romania in Bessarabia." On June 28, Romania brought his troops and administration from Bessarabia and North Bukovina.
Moldavian SSR.
August 2, 1940 The Supreme Council of the USSR adopted the law About the formation of the Moldovan SSR. 6 of the 9 Bessarabian counties and 6 of the 14 districts of the former Massar were part of the new Allied Republic. Northern part Bukovina, Hotinsky, Akkerman and Izmail district of Bessarabia were included in the Ukrainian SSR. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 4, 1940, 8 districts of Massar were also transferred.
In cities, villages and settlements of Moldova, new authorities were created: the executive committees of the Soviets and the local Soviet governments. In January 1941, elections were held in the Supreme Council of the Moldavian SSR, at the first session of which the Constitution of the Republic was approved, similar to the cons conspiracy.
In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 15, 1940, banks and credit institutions, loan and savings cash regulations, railway and water transport, trams and buses, and buses, communications, main industrial enterprises, power plants, large trade facilities were nationalized in Bessarabia Reservoirs, medical and socio-cultural institutions, large residential buildings. About 500 industrial enterprises were nationalized on the territory of 6 counties of the former Massar.
At the end of July - early August 1941 the territory of the Moldavian SSR was completely occupied by the fascist troops. Right-bank areas have become part of the so-called Governor of "Bessarabia", the left-bank - in the so-called Governor of Tsusnishria ("Zadrestrovier"). Unlike "Tsusniria", transmitted by the Nazis Romanian kingdom in temporary "administration and economic operation", the Governor of "Bessarabia" and "Bukovina" were declared an integral part of Romania. In the period 1941-1944, about 80 anti-fascist underground organizations and groups operated on the territory of Moldova, by the beginning of 1944 almost all of them were defeated. Activated partisan traffic Only in the summer of 1944 during the preparation of the Yaskovo-Chisheven operation.
On March 17, 1944, the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front went to the Dniester and the border of the Moldovan SSR, and by March 25, the Soviet troops had already taken over 100 settlements of Right-Bank Moldova. The troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front on April 12, 1944 mastered the Tiraspole.
On August 20, 1944, the Yaskovine-Chisinau operation began, in which the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts, Black Sea Fleet and Danube Military Flotilla. August 21 was taken by G. Yassy, \u200b\u200bAugust 24, Chisinau was released. In just 10 days, 22 German divisions were surrounded and liquidated.
After the war, 245 thousand hectares of farmland were transferred to the hands of small-earth and landless peasants, a seed and fuzzy loans were allocated, loans for the purchase of livestock. Some of the peasant farms was released from taxes. In 1946-1947, the territory of Moldova underwent a terrible drought, which led to the extremely low yield of spicy crops and herbs. However, the Stalinist system of mandatory payments, common to the republic, forced local party and Soviet bodies to continue the fulfillment of state-owned. This led to mass hunger and even mortality of the population. The Union Government urgently rendered a republic for food and grain assistance that the situation did not improve, since the bumps, who deprived the peasants of the food insurance inventory, were not canceled. "The situation has developed a situation in the republic," modern Moldovan historians say. - Moldavian village in the autumn months has become a place of counter transportation of bread. One stream is help from the district items "Zagotserno" went to the village, and the other - bakery - was in the opposite direction for the same items. "According to different estimates, from hunger in the republic, during these years from 150 to 300 thousand people died. .
In 1949, a massive collectivization of agriculture was carried out, accompanied by the expulsion of the wealthy part of the peasantry.
In 1988 there were two opposition groups: a democratic movement in support of restructuring and musical-literary club name. Alksa Mateevich. On May 20, 1989, the People's Front of Moldova, who advocated the autonomy of the republic. With the direct participation of these organizations in the summer of 1989, numerous demonstrations under the slogan were held in Chisinau: "Moldova - Moldovans!" The demonstrators demanded the political and economic independence of Moldova, revocation of the consequences of the German-Soviet agreement 1939, recognition for the Moldovan language of the status of the official language of the republic. In response to this, on July 8, the constituent congress of the interduction "Unitate Unity" took place.
On August 31, 1989, the Supreme Council of the MSSR proclaimed Moldovan official language in the "political, economic, social and cultural spheres", Russian - the language of interethnic communication. The law was adopted On the return of the Moldavian language of Latin graphics. The chairman of the Supreme Council, with the support of the Popular Front, was elected Mircea Snowyore.
On February 25, 1990, elections were held in the Supreme Council of the Moldavian SSR. Most seats received supporters of the folk front. On April 27, the country has changed the state symbolism, as a state flag, a reminder of the Romanian blue-yellow-red tricolor was introduced. Deputies, opposition folk front, on May 24 came out of parliament.
On August 2, at the II Extreme Congress of the Workers of Transnistria, who did not want to leave the Council of the USSR, it was decided to form the Transnistrian Moldavian SSR, and on November 22-25, elections were held in the Supreme Council of the Republic. However, the Supreme Council of the MSSR, these elections were invalid.
On March 6, 2005, parliamentary elections were held in Moldova, in which 64.84% of voters took part. For the "Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova" (PCRM), 45.98% of voters voted, for the Democratic Moldova block (BDM) - 28.53%, and for the "Christian Democratic Folk Party" (HDNP) - 9.07%. There were 747 observers from the OSCE, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and the European Union, as well as 2.5 thousand local observers. Russian observers on the eve of the elections from Moldova were expelled.
On April 4, 2005, the Parliament re-elected the current president Vladimir Nikolayevich Voronin for a new term (75 deputies voted for him). The second candidate, Georgy Duku (head of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic, also a candidate from the Communist Party) received one voice. The inauguration of Voronina took place on April 7, 2005.
The Republic of Moldova.
On May 23, 1991, the Moldavian SSR was renamed to the Republic of Moldova, and on August 27, on the basis of the decision of the Great National Assembly, which took place in Chisinau, the Parliament of the Republic adopted the Declaration on its independence.
From the end of 1991 to the middle of 1992, pro-government armed formations were unsuccessfully tried to take control of the territory of the Transnistria speaking for the autonomy, which turned almost into civil war. By the end of the summer, 1992 the number of those who died in it exceeded several hundred people. Most of the city of Bender, who became the main center of conflict, was destroyed by pro-troops, thousands of refugees left this area. After establishing a truce began negotiations on the country.
The conflict in Transnistria strengthened the polarization of the Moldavian society and led to a decrease in the popularity of the folk front. The growth of hostility to the deputies of the folk front, the number of which was constantly decreased by the transition to opposition parties, led to the fact that the parliament voted for Samorem and holding new elections on February 27, 1994.
These elections were noted by a sharp change in the political course - a refusal to the association policy with Romania, conducted in the early stages of independent development. The pro-Moruman nationalist parties have largely lost their political influence, they have replaced by parties who defended national independence. The agrarian Democratic Party (ARP) acquired the greatest popularity, for which 43.2% of the electorate was given; She got 56 out of 104 seats in parliament. The socialist unit, the ally of the Agrarians, received 28 seats. The pro-Moruman parties scored only 17% of votes.
The final election results immediately affected the political life of Moldova. The Government of Agrarian, having most places in parliament, has reached a political consensus and immediately began to reorient the external and domestic policy. The authorities signed an agreement with Gagauzia, thereby resolving the critical situation dictated by the desire of Gagauz to autonomy. On December 23, 1994, the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopted a law on the territorial autonomy of Gagauzia (Gagauz Yeri). Since 1992, larger autonomy achieves southern, inhabited mainly by Bulgarians, Taracli district. Steps were taken to resolve relations with the Transnistria authorities. July 29, 1994 A new Constitution was put into effect. This document reflected the "Moldavian" orientation of the new political majority. Links to Romanian and Romanian people who characterized the main provisions of early draft constitution, were withdrawn and replaced by references to Moldovan and Moldovan people, while national independence remained as the main principle of Moldavian statehood.
The disappointment in these add-ons to the Constitution caused a protest from student groups in March-April 1995. To curb the manifestations of discontent, the president of the Snegoran introduced a six-month moratorium on the discussion of the question of language and created a special commission for its consideration. At the same time, Parliament twice - in 1994 and 1995 - rejected the proposal to recognize Romanian as a state language.
In June 1995, the president of the Snegoe departed from the leadership of the ADP, without agreeing with its requirement to approve Romanian as a state. Study conflicts with the management of the ADP did not stop. When he in 1996 he tried to retire the Minister of Defense Pavel Kdition, the parliament recognized this decision unconstitutional.
In the presidential election in November 1996, none of the candidates scored the necessary 50% of the vote. The repeated elections took place in December, in the first round of the Snegoran received 39% of the votes, and the candidate from ADP Peter Lucin - 28%. However, Lucinsky won the second round with 54% of the votes and in January 1997 joined the position of president.
In the first year of the presidency, Lucinsky persistently supported economic reforms. The main opponent of market reforms was PCM. At the parliamentary elections in March 1998, the Communists won 30% of votes (40 seats) in parliament. Since none of the parties received a decisive majority of places, a coalition government was formed with the participation of a democratic and prosperous Moldova, the Democratic Convention of Moldova and the Party of Democratic Forces. The new parliament recognized the Romanian state language of Moldova.
The 1994 Constitution confirmed the neutrality of the Republic of Moldova in international relations. Transnistria's status was not specifically stipulated, but it was stated that the settlements of the left bank of the Dniester could be provided with special forms and conditions of autonomy. Detailed negotiations on the status of Transnistria were conducted in 1995. In the middle of 1996, the Moldova and Transnistria governments came to an agreement on the autonomous status of Transnistria. The negotiating move was restrained due to the incessant disputes on the conditions of the withdrawal of Russian troops and military equipment from Transnistria. The eastern part of the former Moldavian SSR, the so-called Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (PMR) with the capital in Tiraspol de facto is not part of the Republic of Moldova. The legislative and executive branches of the PMR authorities ignore the laws of Moldova. PMR has all the statehood attributes (flag, capital, president, parliament, customs, police, finance).
In contrast to the PMR, Gagauzian leaders at the end of 1994 reached an agreement with the Government of Moldova on the conditions of autonomy. Gagauzia guaranteed local government, and the Gagauz language became one of three official languages \u200b\u200b- along with Moldovan and Russians. The National Assembly of Gagauzia (Hulk Toploch) received limited legislative powers. The highest official of Gagauzia is its chapter (Bashkan), which is elected for a period of four years on the basis of universal, equal, direct election law during a secret and free voting on an alternative basis. At the regional referendum, held in March 1995, the official borders of Gagauzia were identified. By the end of 1998, the republic was faced with the strongest crisis over the years of independence. In the economy, it was due to a sharp drop in trading turnover with Russia after default on August 17, 1998, a further decrease in industrial production and a reduction in GDP (in 1998 compared with 1997, respectively, by 10% and 7%), the devaluation of leu by 50%, the increase in prices for products by 20-40%. The budget adopted on December 12, 1998 (revenue part - 2.25 billion lei, or $ 300 million, consumable - 2.45 billion lei, or $ 330 million) was taken with the calculation of IMF loans, which in 1999 came With delays. In January 1999, prices for utilities and some goods rose by 70%.
Moldova 21 c.
The way out of the crisis, Moldova, sees the tightening of financial discipline and reorienting trade relations to the CIS countries, the Middle East and China. In the domestic policy, President Lucinsky at a consultative referendum on May 23, 1999 during the elections to local authorities raised the issue of the introduction of the presidential rule, thereby changing the provisions of the 1994 Constitution. This proposal did not receive support for the majority. At the early elections to Parliament on February 25, 2001, the Communist Party won. On April 4, 2001, their leader Vladimir Voronin was elected president. After the parliamentary elections, 2005, the new composition of the Parliament re-elected the current Voronin president for a new term. Over 700 observers from the OSCE, PACE and the EU, as well as 2500 local observers have followed the course of these elections. Russian observers were sent from the country on the eve of the elections. April 5, 2009 Parliamentary elections were held. According to the results of counting the bulletins, the Moldovan CEC announced the victory of the ruling party of the Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which scored 49.91% of votes. Thus, the Communists received 62-63 places in parliament (out of 101).
Another three opposition parties were also held in Parliament: the Liberal Party (12.91%), the Liberal Democratic Party (12.23%) and the Alliance "Our Moldova" (ANM) (9.88%). Opposition Parties declared elections on falsified and stated that they organize mass protests. On April 7, a protest rally was held in Chisinau against the outcome of the parliamentary elections. The protesters also demanded the unification of Moldova with Romania. According to different estimates, 10-20 thousand people took part in protest. The action turned into riots. Protesters defeated the buildings of the parliament and the presidential administration. By evening, the unrest stopped. Dozens of people suffered in riots. Police detained about 200 people.
On April 7, a meeting took place between opposition leaders and representatives of the country's leadership. However, it did not bring results. The opposition demanded at least the recalculation of votes, and as the maximum resignation of President Vladimir Voronin and new elections. V.Voronin accused of the occurrence of opposition leaders, as well as some forces in Romania. In this regard, the Romanian ambassador was declared non-grants person, and Moldavia introduced a visa regime with Romania. However, opposition parties have not taken responsibility for mass riots and stated that they are not related to pogroms.
On April 8, a protest was again held a protest, this time several thousand people gathered at the government's building. They demanded them to access Tener, as well as release detainee opposition supporters. Their requirements were not fulfilled, although they threatened to capture government buildings. Police, stated that in the case of new riots force apply. By evening, the protesters were separated.
On April 11, the final results of the parliamentary elections were approved at the meeting of the Central Election Commission on April 5. The Communist Party received 60 seats in Parliament, Liberals and Liberal Democrats of 15, "Our Moldova" -11.
On April 12, V.Voronin appealed to the Constitutional Court of Moldova with a request for the full and transparent recalculation of the results of the parliamentary elections. The court decided to recalculate the voices and appointed recalculation on April 15th. The results were published on April 21. They did not reveal substantial discrepancies with the initial data. The alignment of mandates in parliament remained the same.
On May 12, Parliament approved Voronina Speaker. However, parliament was unable to elect a new head of state with two attempts to elect a new term of state, and on June 15, Voronin dismissed the parliament.
July 29, new elections were held. Although the Communists ranked first, they received not enough mandates in order to approve their presidential candidate. The remaining opposition parties who passed to the parliament were united in a coalition. But this alliance also did not have enough votes for the approval of his candidacy of the head of state. On September 2, Voronin announced the rest of the president. On September 10, Voronin appointed the acting premiere of the Minister of Justice Vitaly Porloga, since on September 9, the head of the Government of L.Grechansky declared his resignation. On September 11, Voronin officially resigned. At a meeting of September 11, the deputies were made by a majority vote that the executing president would be a new speaker of the Parliament, the leader of the liberal party of Mihai Ghimpu.
On September 17, the Moldova Parliament took the resignation of the current Cabinet of Ministers. On the same day, Ghimpu appointed the position of Prime Minister of the Chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party of Vlad Filat.
On June 24, 2010, Ghimpu signed a decree, according to which day on June 28, 1940 was recognized in Moldova "Day of Soviet occupation". This decree split Moldavian society. The Constitutional Court of Moldova July 12, 2010 recognized as unconstitutional this decree and canceled it.
The Moldovan Parliament twice (November 10 and December 7, 2009) could not elect the head of state. The only candidate for the presidency both times was nominated by Mirian Lupu from the ruling coalition "Alliance for European Integration". According to the Constitution, the president in Moldova is elected by Parliament, so after June 16, 2010 he had to be dissolved. However, temporarily performing did not want to dissolve parliament. The leadership of the country decided to hold a referendum in order to make changes to the current Constitution.
On September 5, 2010, a referendum was held, at which the question was raised: should changes to the Constitution of the Republic, allowing to conduct national presidential elections. But the referendum was recognized as invalid, since a low voter turnout was recorded (29.7% of voters with no less than 33%).
On September 21, 2010, the Constitutional Court of the Republic ruled that it is necessary to re-election parliament. In this situation, under pressure from the COP of Moldova, Ghimpu was forced to declare re-election. September 28, he announced the dissolution of the parliament and appointed the date of new early elections.
On November 28, 2010, the opposition Communist Party won the victory at the parliamentary elections. The OSCE recognized the voting with relevant international standards. As a result, the Communists received 42 seats in parliament. Liberal Democrats - 32 Places, Democrats - 15 and Liberals - 12. The Communists have tried unsuccessfully to create a coalition with democrats. Although the Alliance for European Integration (AEI) did not receive the necessary number of votes for the election of the president, the leaders of the three parties (Liberal Democrats, Democrats and Liberals) announced the creation of a coalition on December 30, 2010. Negotiations on the creation of the coalition lasted more than a month.
According to the agreement, the highest posts should be distributed as follows: Prime Minister - Liberal Democrat Vladimir Filat, President - Democrat Mirian Lupu, Speaker - Liberal Mihai Ghimpu. The Lupu will temporarily fulfill the duties of the Chairman of the Parliament before the election of his head of state.
January 14, 2011 Parliamentarians by a majority vote from the Alliance approved the composition of the new government headed by Vladimir Filat.
To control the activities of the government and coordination of the position of the Alliance in the new coalition, the Alliance Council was created, and the Government created the Bureau and introduced the position of the Secretary-General of the Government and his deputies, which should coordinate the work of the Cabinet.
On March 16, 2012, the President of the country was elected Parliament of the Republic. They became Nicolae Timifty, he received 62 votes ( minimal amount Votes needed for election - 61). He was nominated from the "Alliance for European Integration" coalition.
In early March 2013, the government was sent to resign, which was headed by V. Filat. For a vote of distrust, 54 deputies, communists, members of the Democratic Party and several independent deputies voted.
Literature:
Soviet Union. Geographical description. Moldova. M., 1970.
History of the Moldavian SSR from ancient times to the present day. Chisinau, 1982.
Soviet Moldova: Encyclopedia. Chisinau, 1982.
Pages of the history of Soviet Moldova. Chisinau, 1990.
To the question of the Gagauz autonomy. Chisinau, 1990.
Nelchuk V. The Republic of Moldova. Chisinau, 1992.
Republic of Moldova in 1989-1991 View from the outside. Chisinau, 1992.
Bessarabian question and education of the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Collection of official documents. Tiraspol, 1993.
Ostapenko L.V., Subbotina I.A. Russians in Moldova: Problems employment and migration. M., 1996.
Bessarabia at the crossroads of European diplomacy. Documents I. materials. M., 1996.
Unrecognized republic. Essays. Documentation. Chronicle, TT. 1-2. M., 1997.
Moldova, The Republic of Moldova (Mold. Republica Moldova) is a state in the south-east of Europe. It borders with Ukraine in the north, east and south and Romania in the West. Part of the territory of Moldova is controlled by the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Capital - Chisinau. From 1940 to 1991 - Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. On August 27, 1991, Moldova proclaimed its independence.
Geographical position
Moldova is located on the extreme south-west of the Eastern European Plain, in the second time zone, and occupies most of the interfold of the Dniester and the rod, as well as the narrow band of the left bank of the Dniester in its middle and lower current. Without leaving the sea, the country geographically, to the Black Sea region, while Moldova has access to the Danube (the length of the coastline is 600 m).
In the north, east and south, Moldova bordered with Ukraine, in the West - with Romania. The country area is 33.7 thousand km². The territory of Moldova extends from north to south by 350 km, from west to east - 150 km. Extreme Points Countries: in the north - the village of Naslavich (48 ° 29 s. sh.), in the south - the village of Jurjuleshta (45 ° 28 s. sh.), in the West - the village of Kriva (26 ° 30 V.), in the east - Palaank village (30 ° 05 V.).
The surface of Moldova is a hilly plain, dissected by river valleys. The average height above sea level is 147 m, the maximum is 429.5 m (Mount Balaneshty). Minerals: limestone, gypsum, clay, glass sand, gravel, small oil and gas fields.
The climate is moderately continental. Winter soft, short, summer roast, long. The average temperature of January -4 ° C, July +21 ° C. Absolute minimum -36 ° C, maximum +42 ° C. The average annual rainfall varies within 380-550 mm.
All Rivers Moldova belong to the Black Sea pool. Most large rivers - Dniester and Prut. In the river valleys, many floodplain lakes. The soil is predominantly chernozem (75%). Most of the territory of Moldova is rapping. Steppe vegetation has been preserved only in small areas. Forests occupy 6% of the territory. Natural Areas: North-Moldavian forest-steppe, Central forest forest (coders), South Moldavian steppe.
Population
According to the estimates of January 1, 2008, the population of the Republic of Moldova amounted to 3572.7 thousand people. (without the PMR and the Bender municipality). In 2007, 3576.90 thousand people lived in Moldova
The population of the Republic of Moldova according to the 2004 census amounted to 3395.6 thousand people (census data do not take into account the population of the territories administered by the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic). Of these, 3158.0 thousand or 93.3% of the population are Orthodox. The population density is 111.4 people. At km². The population of the Republic of Moldova is multinational and policulturally. The main part of the population or 75.8% (according to the 2004 census) - Moldovans. Also also live: Ukrainians - 8.4%, Russians - 5.9%, Gagauz - 4.4%, Romanians - 2.2%, Armenians - 0.8%, Jews - 0.7%, etc.
During the same period, the share of the population of Gagauz nationality increased by 0.3%, Romanian - by 2.1%, and residents of these nationalities occupy, respectively, the 4th and 5th place in the total population.
At the same time, the proportion of Bulgarians by 0.1% decreased, as well as other nationalities by 1.7%.
At the 2004 census, 78.8% of the population of the country's native language (the first language that was learned in early childhood) indicated the language of their nationality, and 20.8% indicated other languages \u200b\u200bthat do not coincide with their nationality. Among Moldovan 78.4%, Moldovan language, 18.8% - Romanian, 2.5% - Russian and 0.3% other languages \u200b\u200bwere indicated by the native language. Among Ukrainians 64.1% native language indicated ukrainian language, and 31.8% - Russian. Among the Russians, 97.2% native language indicated the language of their nationality. Gagauza, as well as Russians, for the most familiar native language indicated the language of their nationality - 92.3%, and 5.8% - Russian. Bulgarians with their native language Bulgarian amounted to 81.0%, and 13.9% of the native language indicated Russian.
Despite the fact that most of the Ukrainians, Gagauzians, Bulgarian natively indicated the language of their nationality, each second Ukrainian, every third Bulgarian and every fourth Gagauz usually speak Russian. Moldovans, which usually talk in Russian, make up 5.0% of their total numbers.
Among national minorities are 6.2% of Ukrainians, 4.4% of Russians, 1.9% of Gagauz, 2.2% of Romanians and 7.1% Bulgarians speak Moldavian language.
Among the citizens of the Republic of Moldova, 12705 people indicated dual citizenship. Did not indicate citizenship of 390 people.
The distribution of the population in the territorial section showed that 21% of residents (every fifth) live in Chisinau, 4.6% in ATO Gagauzia, 3.8% in Beltsy. Large areas with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants - Kagulsky, Hinchestsky, Orheievsky, Unghensky. Small regions - Bessarabian (29 thousand), Dubossarsky (34 thousand), Sheoldanesht (42 thousand) and Taraclical (43 thousand).
The data of the last two censuses show that for the period 1989-2004. The population of the country decreased by 274 thousand people, with an average annual pace of decline of 0.5%. Reducing the number for this period is due to a decrease in fertility and a negative balance of external migration.
The 2004 census confirmed the predominance of the share of the rural population in the total number, which was 61.4% against 57.9% in 1989.
In the interpersonal period, the urban population decreased by an average of 1.0% per year, and rural - by 0.13%, thus increasing the percentage gap between these categories of the population.
The population density in the interpersonal period decreased from 120.4 to 111.4 people per 1 square meter. km.
In 2008, about 25 thousand marriages were registered, which is 2 thousand less than 2007 indicators.
Women continue to be the predominant part of the country's population - 51.9% of the total number in 2004 and 52.3% - in 1989, at the last census, 175,5643 women were taken into account, which is 128 thousand more than men. For 1000 women accounted for 927 men, against 912 in 1989.
Despite the fact that the decline in the number of female population in the inter-desk period was more significant than the reduction of the number of male population, the prevalence of women has been preserved. Women are more numerous after a 30-year-old age.
In the interpersonal period, the average age of the population increased by 3.5 years and amounted to 35.3 years, for women - 36.8 years old, for men - 33.6 years (according to the 1989 census, the average age was 31.8 , 33.3 and 30.1 years).
At 1000 inhabitants of the Republic of Moldova in 2005, 78 cars accounted for.
History
Until the XIV century, the territory of modern Moldova was part of the possessions of various tribal unions (Heto Daki, Goths, Ants) and state entities ( Old Russian state, Galitsky Prince, Golden Horde). From the second half of the XIV century - as part of the Moldavian principality, in the XVI-XVIII centuries - under the authority of the Ottoman Empire. The historian historian of the XVI century Leonardo Goretsky speaking about Moldova and Moldovans celebrated Faith and rites Moldovan is very close to the Church of Greek and Armenian; The priests are married. Moldovans are especially famous for the Connection, even the poorest of them have riding horses suitable for hiking and battles. Like the Hungarians, they are armed with a shield, helmet and spear.
At the end of the XVIII century, Left Bank of the Dniester was departed to the Russian Empire, in 1812 - Bessarabia. In 1917, the Moldovan Democratic Republic was proclaimed. Since 1918 - Bessarabia as part of Romania. In 1924, Moldavian ASSR was formed in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940, as a result of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrope, Bessarabia was transferred to the USSR, the Moldovan SSR was formed. During the Great Patriotic War, the German and Romanian troops were occupied in 1941-1944. August 24, 1944, as a result of the Yaskovo-Chisinau operation, the territory of Bessarabia was again occupied by Soviet troops.
On August 27, 1991, the independence of the Republic of Moldova was proclaimed. In 1992, a tense political situation in the Zone of Transnistria turned into an armed conflict. In 1994, a constitution was adopted, operating so far. In April 2009, anti-government unrest occurred in Chisinau, overclocked by the police.
State device
The president
The President is the head of the state of Moldova.
The President of the Republic of Moldova is elected by the Parliament with secret ballot. Selected is considered a candidate who has gained three fifth voices of elected deputies.
Mircha Snegore - 1990-1996.
Peter Lucin - 1996-2000.
Vladimir Voronin - 2001-2009
Mihai Ghimpu (and. President) - 2009-to this day
On April 4, 2005, deputies from the Communist Party, as well as deputies from the Christian-Democratic People's Party, the Democratic Party of Moldova and the Social Liberal Party, re-elected as president of Vladimir Voronin.
In 2001, at the initiative of the PCRM, the Parliament adopted amendments for which, after two unsuccessful attempts to choose the president, the Parliament dissolves and prescribed repeated elections.
The election of the 2001 Communist Party was under the slogans of strengthening the social policy, the restoration of the economy, supporting collective forms of management on the village, strengthening relations with Russia, Belarus and the CIS as a whole. However, in November 2003, Russia and Moldova relations deteriorated when the plan to resolve the conflict between Moldova and Transnistria could not be signed by Russia, which provided for the federalization of Moldova.
Before the most elected, Vladimir Voronin met in Kiev with Viktor Yushchenko, and then accepted in Chisinau of the Georgian leader Mikhail Saakashvili. It gave observers reason to talk about creating a new " tripping Union»Post-Soviet states aimed against Russia. However, in the press, V. Voronin has repeatedly noted that Russia was and remains a strategic partner of Moldova.
Parliament
The highest legislative body of the country is a unicameral parliament (101 place).
Deputies are elected for 4 years on a proportional system with a six-surround barrier, which was raised in 2008 from 4%, and in 2009 - reduced to 5%.
The first parliamentary elections after the proclamation in 1991, the independence of Moldova from the USSR took place in 1994.
In the 2001 elections, the overwhelming majority received the Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (71th place).
On March 6, 2005, the next elections were held. Most votes (46.1%) and places in parliament (56 of 101) Communists received the second time in a row. This time, the leader of the PCRM declared that he would focus on joining the European Union, and the party intends to transform to the European Batch of New Type.
In the elections on April 5, 2009, the victory again won the PCRM (49.48% of the votes, 60 seats in parliament). Three opposition parties who received places in parliament, in the amount they scored about 35% of the vote. The international observers from the OSCE called the elections "generally free." The opposition challenged the election results by declaring their falsification. On April 6, protests were organized in the center of Chisinau. On April 7, the demonstration came out of control and turned into unrest, as a result of which the buildings of the Parliament and the President of Moldova were damaged. By morning April 8, the riots were stopped. About 200 people were detained. Peaceful protests continued during the week, their main requirement was the liberation of manifestations detained by the rules of law enforcement.
The opposition parties boycotted the presidential elections, as a result of which, according to the Constitution of Moldova, the parliament was dissolved, and on July 29, 2009 repeated parliamentary elections were held. The relative victory won the Communist Party, taking 44.69% of the votes and taking 48 mandates.
However, the remaining 4 games passed to the parliament: the Liberal Party (15 mandates), the Democratic Party of Moldova (13 mandates), the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (18 mandates) and the CenterRistan Alliance "Our Moldova" (7 mandates), united in the Alliance for the European Integration and formed a parliamentary majority (53 votes out of 101).
The Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova, headed by Vladimir Voronin, passed into the opposition, and failed to find allies to form a majority.
Administrative division
In administratively, Moldova is divided into 32 district, 5 municipalities (Beltsy, Bender, Chisinau, Comrat, Tiraspol) and 1 autonomous territorial education (Gagauzia). In 2005, the Parliament adopted the Law on the Special Legal Status of Transnistria, where he recorded the territorial autonomy as part of Moldova. The authorities and the people of Transnistria refused autonomy in favor of independence.
In Moldova, 65 cities and 917 villages.
At the moment, areas located on the left bank of the Dniester, as well as the Bender municipality and Tiraspol are under the control of the PMR.
Transnistria
In Moldova, there is an unrecognized state education - the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Under its control is the main part of the left bank of the Dniester, as well as the city of Bender and a number of villages on the right bank. The basis of the population of the region is: Moldovans (31.9%), Russians (30.3%) and Ukrainians (28.8%).
The conflict between the Moldovan and Transnistrian authorities, which began in 1989, led to armed confrontation and numerous victims on both sides. The conflict was able to stop due to the intervention of Russia and, in particular, thanks to the presence of Russian on the territory of the Transnistria armed Forces. Currently, security in the conflict zone provides joint peacekeeping forces of Russia, Moldova, Transnistria and military observers from Ukraine. During numerous negotiations, with the mediation of Russia, Ukraine and the OSCE, it was not possible to achieve agreement on the status of Transnistria. Relationships between the parties to the conflict remain strained.
Economy
In Moldova, a good climate and land, but no mineral resources. Therefore, the country's economy is tied at agriculture. Almost all energy resources have to import.
According to some estimates (Handbook of the US CIA) to 25% of the working force of Moldova, it works abroad.
Export - 1.6 billion dollars (in 2008) - Food products, textiles.
Major exports - Russia 29%, Romania 15%, Italy 10%.
Import - $ 4.9 billion (in 2008) - Mineral raw materials and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles.
Main import providers - Russia 21%, Romania 16%, Ukraine 15%.
In Moldova 174 of the winery.
Public National Budget 2008:
Revenues amounted to 23 billion 488 million lei.
Expenditures amounted to 26 billion lei.
The deficit is 2 billion 512 million lei.
The foreign exchange reserves of the National Bank of Moldova in 2008 amounted to 1.67 billion dollars.
The level of inflation in Moldova is one of the lowest in Eastern Europe: 7.3% in 2008 against 13.1% in 2007.
In 2005, he was recognized as the World Bank of the Polar Country of Europe with the settlement perverse GDP for 2008, according to the US CIA, $ 2.500 and the average monthly salary of $ 350.
Telecommunications
The national regulator is the National Administration Agency for Electronic Communications and Information Technologies (Narecit). On the territory of Moldova, there are two mobile operators in GSM and UMTS - Orange, MOLDCELL standards and two operators in the CDMA - Unité standard and the second on the territory of Transnistria - Interdnemnestrcom. Eventis operator in view of financial problems has been suspended the license and services are not provided. Mobile penetration as of December 31, 2009 was 78.1% with the number of subscribers of 2,785,000 (excluding Transnistria). In addition, there are fixed-line operators - Moldtelecom, Arax, Starnet, Calea Ferată Din Moldova, SiCres and others. MOLDTELECOM has a market share of fixed network subscribers about 95%. Main Internet providers - Moldtelecom, Arax, Starnet, Suncommunications.
The state-owned state-owned information and telecommunications system is the state enterprise Center for Special Telecommunications (in accordance with Government Decree No. 735 of June 11, 2002 "On Special Telecommunication Systems of the Republic of Moldova").
Foreign policy
GUAM.
GUAM is an interstate organization established in October 1997 former Soviet republics - Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005, Uzbekistan also included in the organization). The name of the organization has emerged from the first letters of the names of countries. Before the release of Uzbekistan, GUUAM was called from the organization. The organization's policy is aimed at strengthening links between its members.
Moldova and the EU
On January 12, 2010, Moldova began negotiations with the European Union on the signing of an agreement on associate membership. The question of the possible adoption of Moldova into the European Union is not yet affected - even with an eye on the long-term perspective.
International Agreements and Convention
On June 19, 2006, the Republic of Moldova joined the Hague Convention of 1961 (full name: "The Hague Convention, which cancels the requirement for the legalization of foreign official documents, of October 5, 1961). On March 16, 2007, the Convention entered into force. This convention, cancels the requirement for the legalization of foreign official documents for the participating countries of the Convention. The Convention establishes a special sign (stamp) affiliated into official documents created in one state and to be transferred to another state that replaces the procedure of consular legalization - apostille. Database of apostilled documents
Education
In Moldavia:
35 universities.
1551 schools, gymnasiums, lyceums.
51 college.
1295 kindergartens.
8 health structures.
56 children's camps.
116 hospital institutions.
Graduates of universities were:
17.4 thousand people in 2005.
104.4 thousand people from 1998 to 2005.
Literature
The Moldovan people keep a very rich and ancient literature, which is known far beyond.
Religion
The most common denomination - Orthodoxy, whose supporters are compiled, according to the US CIA, 98% of the country's population.
On the territory of Moldova, there are two parallel (which is usually considered canonical anomaly) Orthodox jurisdictions related to canonically recognized autocephalous churches: the Bessarabian Metropolis of the Romanian Church and a more numerous Moldovan-Chisinau Metropoline (the Orthodox Church of Moldova) in the canonical jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.
Also in the country there are believers of other denominations and religious flows: Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Baptists, Adventists, Pentecostals.
Tourism
Moldova is a country with a relatively underdeveloped tourist industry, despite the existence of historical and modern tourist attractions on its territory.
The place most visited by tourists in Moldova is her capital, Chisinau. Also, in terms of interest for tourists, other major cities can be distinguished: Tiraspol, Beltsy, Bender (Bendery Fortress), Orhei, famous for its medieval town of Old Orhei (Orheyul Vecch, Orheiul Vechi), and also located on the bank of the Dniester Spa Vadul Lui - factory ..
Moldova's main tourist attractions can also be attributed wine and tasting tours to the largest wine civars in Europe and small moles and visiting the old Moldova monasteries.
In addition, the Sanatorium of Moldova in the cities of Kamenka, Kalarash and Cagul are placed by balneleseboges.
It should be noted that the Left Bank of the Dniester and the city of Bender is out of control of the Moldova authorities, and visiting these seats is associated with the intersection of the Dniester security zone, controlled by the United Moldovan-Russian-Transnistrian peacekeeping contingent, as well as obtaining permission to stay on the territory of the PMR from local border guards.
Republic of Moldova, the state in Y. Vost. Europe. The name is inherited from Eastor. The territory of Moldova, which received the name according to r. Moldova, PP Syret. Hyronim is explained from Dr. GERM. Mulde Hollow with Glory, ending ov. Geographical names… … Geographic Encyclopedia
Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), the state in the south-east of Europe. 33.7 thousand km & sup2. Population of 4.36 million people (1993), 65% Moldovan, Ukrainians, Russian, Gagauz, and other mountains. us. 47% (1992). Official language Moldavian. Believers ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Bessarabia, Moldova Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Moldova Sostor., Number of synonyms: 3 Bessarabia (1) ... Synonym dictionary
Republic of Moldova, the state in South Eastern Europe. Moldova Romanian name of the historical region of Moldova, only a small part is within the limits of the republic under consideration, and a large (western) part in Romania. Square of the Republic 33 ... Encyclopedia Color
Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), the state in the south-east of Europe. 33.7 thousand km2. Population 4.36 million people (1993), 65% Moldovan; Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauz, etc. Urban population 47% (1995). The official language of Moldavian. Believers ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Moldova derivative - the name of the river in Romania, for the first time Moldava (Warmsonophone 15), adj. Malodatsky, Moldova (ibid.), Moldova, Dracula 659 (often). From Rum. Moldovă, old. MoLDAVA; See Wayigand. Jirspr. 26, 84; Yatimirsky, ethnogr. ... ... Etymological Dictionary Russian Language Max Fasmer
Moldova - (MOLDOVA) General information The official name of the Republic of Moldova (Moldav. Republica Moldova, English. Republic of MOLDOVA). Located in the south eastern part of Europe. The area is 33.8 thousand km2, the population is 3.6 million people. (2002, 4.2 million people. With ... ... Encyclopedia of countries of the world
Moldova - Republic of Moldova, state in Y. Vost. Europe. The name is inherited from Eastor. The territory of Moldova, which received the name according to r. Moldova, PP Syret. Hyronim is explained from Dr. Germ. Mulde Hollow with Glory, ending ov ... Toponymic Dictionary
Moldova - Moldavia. See Romania.1 The dictionary material containing the information on which this link indicates is not published ... Military encyclopedia
Moldova - See also the Moldovan Principality, border with Bessarabia. In the wilderness of Moldova, sadly humble tents of the tribes tribes attended Muse Pushkin (Evg. He., VIII, 5). In Moldova, in the wilderness of the steppes, the Nazon cumshot (I, 8) cumshot ... Dictionary of literary types
Books
- , I. P. Yakovenko, in the letters of Ignatia Yakovenka. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the publication of 1834 (Publisher` Sanctoperburg. Typography N. Grech`). In ... Category: Library Science Publisher: book on demand, Manufacturer: book on demand,
- Moldova and Valahia from 1820 to 1829, I. P. Yakovenko, in the letters of Ignatia Yakovenka. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the publication of 1834 (Publisher "St. Petersburg. Typography N. ... Category: Humanities Series: Publisher:
Decided to organize rest in Moldova? Looking for the best hotels in Moldova, burning tours, resorts and burning trips? We are interested in the weather in Moldova, prices, the cost of a ticket, whether a visa needs to the Republic of Moldova and would come in handy detailed map? Would you like to see what the Republic of Moldova looks like in a photo and video? What are excursions and attractions in Moldova? What stars and reviews about Moldova hotels?
The Republic of Moldova - State in the south-east of Europe. It borders with Ukraine in the north, east and south and Romania - in the West. Part of the territory of Moldova is controlled by the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Moldova is located on the extreme south-west of the Eastern European Plain, in the second time zone, and occupies most of the interfold of the Dniester and the rod, as well as the narrow band of the left bank of the Dniester in its middle and lower current.
The surface of Moldova is a hilly plain, dissected by river valleys. The average height above sea level is 147 m, and the maximum height reaches the Mount Balaneshts 429.5 m.
Airports of Republic Moldova
BELTSY AIRPORT Airport
Chisinau International Airport (Chisinau International Airport)
Hotels of Moldova 1 - 5 stars
Weather Moldova
The climate is moderately continental. Winter soft, short, summer roast, long. The average temperature of January -4 ° C, July + 21 ° C. Absolute minimum -36 ° C, maximum + 42 ° C. The average annual rainfall varies within 380-550 mm.
Moldova language
State language: Moldavian
Most people know Russian well, English is used in the tourist sphere.
Moldova currency
International title: MDL
In circulation - bills worth 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 lei, as well as coins 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 bans.
Cash currency, including US dollars, euros and rubles can be easily exchanged for lei in any of numerous exchange points and in banks.
ATMs are available at almost every major bank, and in a number of new shopping centers. Payment for credit cards is accepted in expensive hotels, in some of the largest shopping centers of Chisinau and a number of restaurants.
In the Transnistrian republic adopted its own currency - the Transnistrian ruble equal to 100 kopecks. This is not a convertible currency that does not have walking outside of Transnistria. The use of credit cards and tourist checks on the territory of Transnistria is almost impossible.
Visa
Lightweight entry mode
For Mr. Russia, entrance to Moldova visa-free. It is enough to present at the border of the passport.
Customs restrictions
The import into the country of foreign currency is not limited (money is better declared). The export of banknotes, coins and checks in the currency is allowed within the amount specified in the customs declaration. Required declaration of all banknotes, coins and checks in foreign and local currency. The import and export of banknotes, coins and checks in the amount not exceeding 2500 Moldovan Lei is allowed. In addition, it is allowed to export banknotes, coins and checks in foreign currency in the amount of up to $ 50 thousand (or equivalent). The sums over this limit are translated only by non-cash.
The duty-free import of things is allowed if imported goods are not intended for production or commercial activities or if the number of imported goods does not exceed the established norms (often change - it is better to consult in the consulate on the eve of the trip). If the goods are imported or exported in an amount exceeding the usual needs, then it is necessary to prove that the goods are not intended for commercial purposes.
When importing firearms, cold weapons, explosive substances, gas springs, the permission of Moldova MTD is necessary. When importing animals - a veterinary certificate. When importing drugs in the amount of more than necessary for one person to one course of treatment, as well as narcotic and psychotropic substances of medical purposes, it is necessary to resolve the Ministry of Health. It is forbidden to import food without a certificate of conformity, poisoning, radioactive, explosives and objects, printed and visual materials that contain the propaganda of the ideas of war and violence.
Voltage in the network
Kitchen
Moldavian cuisine dishes are popular far outside the republic. It is not by chance, since the widespread use and the original layout of a variety of vegetables and fruits, all sorts of spices and seasonings give many dishes the unique taste and sharpness. Experts argue that Moldavian cuisine with great historical experience, precisely thanks to a rich vegetable and fruit assortment, as well as the art of combinations of various products relates to the number of extremely delicious and healthy health.
Country code: +373
Geographical domain name of the first level: .md.
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